第13講-閱讀理解之6選5(二)

第十三講閱讀理解之六選五(二)【考點(diǎn)說明】六選五是自主招生英語閱讀理解中的新題型,也是近幾年華約聯(lián)盟中的?？碱}型。該題型突破了傳統(tǒng)閱讀理解讀文章選正確選項(xiàng)(四選一)的做法,而是在一篇文章中挖去五個(gè)句子，然后給出六個(gè)選項(xiàng)，考生要選出正確的選項(xiàng)填在原文的空白處,使之成為完整通順的語篇。這類題目對(duì)考生閱讀能力提出了很高的要求，考生要對(duì)全文有一個(gè)整體細(xì)致的把握才能選出答案。較之詞匯語法題，該題型沒有過分地強(qiáng)調(diào)詞匯量，而是更側(cè)重于考查對(duì)文章的主要內(nèi)容和通篇的邏輯關(guān)系的把握，掌握一定的解題方法與技巧是攻破這類題目的關(guān)鍵。【題型特點(diǎn)分析】該題型突破了傳統(tǒng)高考閱讀題目選正確選項(xiàng)（四選一）和選標(biāo)題的形式，并在其基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行了創(chuàng)新，既綜合了他們的特點(diǎn)又有自己獨(dú)特的命題形式。如果能對(duì)該題型有一個(gè)很好的把握與認(rèn)識(shí)并掌握一定的解題方法與技巧，便可輕而易舉的將此題拿下，將其變成提分題目。解答該題型的關(guān)鍵在于巧用文章脈絡(luò)的發(fā)展規(guī)律及通篇的邏輯銜接規(guī)則。根據(jù)文章的行文特點(diǎn)，這里主張采用：（1）擬小標(biāo)題法：應(yīng)對(duì)篇章內(nèi)容過渡明顯，層次清晰的題目側(cè)重于考查對(duì)文章脈絡(luò)的把握（2）標(biāo)關(guān)鍵詞法：應(yīng)對(duì)篇章內(nèi)容注重細(xì)節(jié)，話題發(fā)展緩慢的題目側(cè)重考查對(duì)文章邏輯關(guān)系的把握（3）綜合法：應(yīng)對(duì)篇章內(nèi)容兼有（1）和（2）的特點(diǎn)側(cè)重于考查綜合閱讀能力上一講詳細(xì)介紹了擬小標(biāo)題法及標(biāo)關(guān)鍵詞法，這一講將從運(yùn)用的角度將兩種方法結(jié)合運(yùn)用，穿插在整個(gè)解題的過程中，也就是知識(shí)整合的一個(gè)過程?！窘忸}技巧】方法回顧(一)擬小標(biāo)題法定義：給每個(gè)選項(xiàng)擬一個(gè)小標(biāo)題。在閱讀文章的時(shí)候，對(duì)照每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的小標(biāo)題，并按照文章發(fā)展的脈絡(luò)將恰當(dāng)?shù)男?biāo)題對(duì)應(yīng)的序號(hào)填到空白處。解題步驟：（1）閱讀選項(xiàng)，擬小標(biāo)題，并將其標(biāo)在選項(xiàng)旁邊（2）閱讀文章，對(duì)照小標(biāo)題，邊讀邊選（3）通讀全文，檢查答案，在必要的地方做出調(diào)整。注意問題：（1）先看選項(xiàng)，后讀文章，帶著小標(biāo)題閱讀文章。（2）邊讀邊選，切勿讀完文章選答案，浪費(fèi)時(shí)間（3）最后通讀，對(duì)比類似選項(xiàng)，確定最終答案。（二）標(biāo)關(guān)鍵詞法定義：閱讀選項(xiàng)，標(biāo)出關(guān)鍵詞。在閱讀文章的時(shí)候，定位主題詞及重現(xiàn)詞，解析銜接詞解題步驟：（1）閱讀選項(xiàng)，用不同的符號(hào)標(biāo)出關(guān)鍵詞，做到心中有數(shù)（2）閱讀文章，對(duì)照各選項(xiàng)，從主題、銜接、復(fù)現(xiàn)等角度選取答案。（3）通讀全文，檢查答案，在必要的地方做出調(diào)整。注意問題：（1）每類關(guān)鍵詞不限于一個(gè)，可以有兩個(gè)或多個(gè)；也不一定要有，可以是0個(gè)。（2）閱讀文章，對(duì)照各選項(xiàng)，從主題、銜接、復(fù)現(xiàn)等角度選取答案。（3）選完答案后要通讀全文，檢查答案，不可擱置不管。（注：老師要讓學(xué)生自己回顧這兩種方法的定義，解題步驟及注意問題；另外，對(duì)關(guān)鍵詞的理解也要進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的消化和深化。）二．方法綜合與深化之前提出擬小標(biāo)題法和標(biāo)關(guān)鍵詞法意在為考生提供一個(gè)做題的思路，也有意地將做題過程分解開且步驟化，這是為了讓考生熟悉一種答題方法，并將這種方法融入到自己的做題習(xí)慣中，但最終的目的是將各種方法融會(huì)貫通，答題時(shí)靈活應(yīng)變。（這就像學(xué)健美操，先學(xué)上身動(dòng)作，再學(xué)下身動(dòng)作，最后實(shí)現(xiàn)手腳并用）。本講就會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)這樣一個(gè)綜合與深化。（三）綜合法1.定義：將擬小標(biāo)題法和標(biāo)關(guān)鍵詞法綜合運(yùn)用，獲得每個(gè)選項(xiàng)最有意義的信息?？梢钥偨Y(jié)為以下公式：綜合法＝擬含有主題詞的小標(biāo)題（較簡化）+最給力的關(guān)鍵詞2．解題步驟：（1）閱讀選項(xiàng)，標(biāo)出關(guān)鍵詞，就關(guān)鍵詞中的主題詞擬小標(biāo)題（盡可能一目了然）（2）閱讀文章，對(duì)照各選項(xiàng)，從主要內(nèi)容、詞匯銜接和復(fù)現(xiàn)等角度考慮選取答案。（3）通讀全文，檢查答案，在必要的地方做出調(diào)整。3．注意問題：（1）小標(biāo)題與關(guān)鍵詞要配合使用，有些題目單靠一種方法找不到答案，在共同作用下反而事半功倍，但并不是說一定要有關(guān)鍵詞；要是有，就要有一定意義。（2）多留意每個(gè)空白所在段落的主題句，所選句子要與之主旨相吻合。（3）答題不分先后順序，先選確定選項(xiàng)，后采用排除法排除干擾選項(xiàng)。（4）對(duì)選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的數(shù)字（時(shí)間，距離等），專有名詞（地點(diǎn)，人名等）出現(xiàn)的位置及其作用多加留意?！镜淅v】Horrorstoriesaboutthefoodindustryhavelongbeenwithus–eversince1906,whenUptonSinclair’slandmarknovelTheJungletoldsomeuglytruthsabouthowAmericaproducesitsmeat．Inthecenturythatfollowed,thingsgotmuchbetter,andinsomewaysmuchworse．TheU.S．a(chǎn)griculturalindustrycannowproduceunlimitedquantitiesofmeatandgrainsatremarkablycheapprices．Butitdoessoatahighcosttotheenvironment,animalsandhumans．1.Addtothepricetagtheaccelerationofglobalwarming–ourenergy-intensivefoodsystemuses19%ofU.S．fossilfuels,morethananyothersectoroftheeconomy．Andperhapsworstofall,ourfoodisincreasinglybadforus,evendangerous．2．Afoodsystemthatgeneratescheap,fillingfoodattheexpenseofhealthierproduceisalsoamajorcauseofAmerica’swidespreadobesity．Atatimewhenthenationisclosetoacivilwaroverhealth-carereform,obesityadds$147billionayeartoourdoctorbills．“Thewaywefarmnowisdestructiveofthesoil,theenvironmentandus,”saysDougGurian-Sherman,aseniorscientistwiththefoodandenvironmentprogramattheUnionofConcernedScientists．3．FilmdocumentarieslikethehighlycriticalFoodInc．a(chǎn)ndtheworkofinvestigativejournalistslikeEricSchlosserandMichaelPollanarerepeatingSinclair’swork,awakeningasleepingpublictotheuncomfortablerealitiesofhowweeat．Changeisalsocomingfromtheverytop．FirstLadyMichelleObama’sWhiteHousegardenhassofaryieldedmorethan225lboforganicproduce–andtonsofpowerfulsymbolism．4．Sustainablefoodisalsomoreexpensivethanconventionalfoodandhardertofind．AndwhilelargecompanieslikeGeneralMillshaveopenedorganicdivisions,thereisworrythattheverydefinitionofsustainabilitywillbeusedbythosecompaniesonlyfortheirowngood．Butwecan’taffordtoremaininphilosophizingaboutfood．Withtheexhaustionofthesoil,theimpactofglobalwarmingandtheinevitablyrisingpriceofoil–whichwillaffecteverythingfromfertilizertosupermarketelectricitybills–ourindustrialstyleoffoodproductionwillendsoonerorlater．5．UnlessAmericansradicallyrethinkthewaytheygrowandconsumefood,theyfaceafutureofdamagedfarmland,emptied-outcountryside,terrifyinggerms,higherhealthcosts–andtastelessdiet．Sustainablefoodhasanélitistreputation,buteachofusdependsonthesoil,animalsandplants–andaseveryfarmerknows,ifyoudon’ttakecareofyourland,itcan’ttakecareofyou．(五校聯(lián)考,2010)SomeAmericansarepayingattentiontosuchwarningsandworkingtotransformthewaythecountryeats–farmerswhoareraisingsustainablefoodinwaysthatdon’tbankrupttheearth．B．Aseriesofrecallsinvolvingpollutedfoodsthisyear–includingacaseofsalmonellapoisoningfromtaintedpeanutsthatkilledatleasteightpeopleandsickened600–hasconsumersrightlyworriedaboutthesafetyoftheirmeals．C．But,despiteincreasingpublicawareness,sustainableagricultureremainsatinyenterprise:accordingtothemostrecentdatafromtheU.S．DepartmentofAgriculture,lessthan1%ofAmericancroplandisfarmedorganically．D．Andwhentherainscome,theexcessfertilizerthathelpedtotakesomuchcornoutofthegroundwillbewashedintotheMississippiRiveranddownintotheGulfofMexico,whereitwillhelpkillfishformilesandmilesaround．E．Thosehiddenpricesarethegradualdamageofourrichfarmland,cagesforegg-layingchickenssopackedthatthebirdscan’tevenraisetheirwingsandthehorribleriseofantibiotic-resistantbacteriaamongfarmanimals．F．Asthedevelopingworldgrowsricher,hundredsofmillionsofpeoplewillwanttoshifttothesamecalorie-heavy,protein-richdietthathasmadeAmericanssounhealthy–demandformeatandpoultryworldwideissettorise25%by2015–buttheearthcannolongerdeliver．【答案】EBACF【解析】本篇文章主要是關(guān)于食品工業(yè)發(fā)展付出的代價(jià)，即給環(huán)境、動(dòng)物和人類帶來的危險(xiǎn)，最后提議美國人重新思考獲得和消耗食品的方式，可持續(xù)的食品成為追求的目標(biāo)，人和土地要和平友好相處，才是正途。解答本題目的關(guān)鍵在于緊跟作者的思路，了解文章整體的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)，抓住一些有助于推測(cè)答案的關(guān)鍵詞?！窘忸}步驟】：（1）閱讀選項(xiàng)，標(biāo)出關(guān)鍵詞，就關(guān)鍵詞中的主題詞擬小標(biāo)題（盡可能一目了然）A．SomeAmericansarepayingattentiontosuchwarningsandworkingtotransformthewaythecountryeats–farmerswhoareraisingsustainablefoodinwaysthatdon’tbankrupttheearth．小標(biāo)題：轉(zhuǎn)變所吃食物的類型關(guān)鍵詞：suchwarnings，要解決其指代B．Aseriesofrecallsinvolvingpollutedfoodsthisyear–includingacaseofsalmonellapoisoningfromtaintedpeanutsthatkilledatleasteightpeopleandsickened600–hasconsumersrightlyworriedaboutthesafetyoftheirmeals．小標(biāo)題：有毒食物引起恐慌C．But,despiteincreasingpublicawareness,sustainableagricultureremainsatinyenterprise:accordingtothemostrecentdatafromtheU.S．DepartmentofAgriculture,lessthan1%ofAmericancroplandisfarmedorganically．小標(biāo)題：可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)仍然比重小關(guān)鍵詞：But,despite，要滿足讓步關(guān)系D．Andwhentherainscome,theexcessfertilizerthathelpedtotakesomuchcornoutofthegroundwillbewashedintotheMississippiRiveranddownintotheGulfofMexico,whereitwillhelpkillfishformilesandmilesaround．小標(biāo)題：雨水會(huì)使化肥殺死海洋生物關(guān)鍵詞：And，要滿足并列遞進(jìn)關(guān)系E．Thosehiddenpricesarethegradualdamageofourrichfarmland,cagesforegg-layingchickenssopackedthatthebirdscan’tevenraisetheirwingsandthehorribleriseofantibiotic-resistantbacteriaamongfarmanimals．小標(biāo)題：隱藏的代價(jià)包括的內(nèi)容關(guān)鍵詞：Thosehiddenprices解決“是誰的隱藏代價(jià)”F．Asthedevelopingworldgrowsricher,hundredsofmillionsofpeoplewillwanttoshifttothesamecalorie-heavy,protein-richdietthathasmadeAmericanssounhealthy–demandformeatandpoultryworldwideissettorise25%by2015–buttheearthcannolongerdeliver．小標(biāo)題：發(fā)展中國家飲食也向高熱量，高蛋白轉(zhuǎn)換，大地將不能承受。（2）閱讀文章，對(duì)照各選項(xiàng)，從主要內(nèi)容、詞匯銜接和復(fù)現(xiàn)等角度考慮選取答案。1.第一空出現(xiàn)在第一自然段，對(duì)照選項(xiàng)可以從第一空前的“soatahighcosttotheenvironment,animalsandhumans”，推斷出E。cost=price。2.第二空出現(xiàn)在第二自然段，緊跟主題句，那么這里要填的這句話很可能是輔助論證主題句的，主題句談到了現(xiàn)在食品的危險(xiǎn)性，但對(duì)照選項(xiàng)后，不難選出B，符合情景語境。3.第三空出現(xiàn)在第三自然段的開頭。要承上啟下，第二段主要講了食品安全問題，緊接著這段講了Howtoeat這樣一個(gè)思考，對(duì)照選項(xiàng)，A完全符合。4.第四空出現(xiàn)在第三自然段，其前一句“FirstLadyMichelleObama’sWhiteHousegardenhassofaryieldedmorethan225lboforganicproduce–andtonsofpowerfulsymbolism”表現(xiàn)了人們的覺醒，且很成功的例子，對(duì)照選項(xiàng)C、D、F，C項(xiàng)符合語境，這里也就解釋了讓步關(guān)系的原因。5.第五空出現(xiàn)在最后一個(gè)自然段，現(xiàn)在只剩下D、F兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，前一句提到“ourindustrialstyleoffoodproductionwillendsoonerorlater”，如果我們選F就進(jìn)一步解釋了為什么食品生產(chǎn)的工業(yè)化方式會(huì)結(jié)束，buttheearthcannolongerdeliver與之呼應(yīng)。通讀全文，檢查答案，在必要的地方做出調(diào)整。例題后的技巧總結(jié)：重點(diǎn)分析空白處前一句和后一句的信息點(diǎn)和其與空白處的關(guān)聯(lián)點(diǎn)要先分析選項(xiàng)，后閱讀文章，邊讀邊選，確定空白處所缺內(nèi)容,根據(jù)上下文的邏輯銜接關(guān)系便可選出答案善用排除法，先填確定選項(xiàng)，對(duì)比疑惑選項(xiàng)，排除干擾選項(xiàng)。善于總結(jié)小標(biāo)題；能夠準(zhǔn)確的抓住大義；善于尋找關(guān)鍵詞，培養(yǎng)對(duì)關(guān)鍵詞的敏感度。耐心沉著，認(rèn)真審題，從容作答。【真題模擬題訓(xùn)練】模擬題AAdvancenoticeisoftenreferredtoinAmericaas"leadtime,"anexpressionwhichissignificantinaculturewhereschedulesareimportant.Whileitislearnedinformally,mostofusarefamiliarwithhowitworksinourownculture,eventhoughwecannotstatetherulestechnically.1Atthemosttheyareknownbyexperiencetothosewholivedabroadforsometime.Yetthinkhowimportantitistoknowhowmuchtimeisrequiredtopreparepeople,orforthemtopreparethemselves,forthingstocome.Sometimesleadtimewouldseemtobeveryextended.Atothertimes,intheMiddleEast,anyperiodlongerthanaweekmaybetoolong.2Afterwhatseemedtohimasuitableperiodheletitbeknownthathewouldliketocallontheministerwhowashiscounterpart.Forvariousreasons,thesuggestedtimewasnotsuitable;allsortsofcuescamebacktotheeffectthatthetimewasnotyetripetovisittheminister.Ourfriend,however,persistedandforcedanappointment,whichwasreluctantlygranted.Arrivingalittlebeforethehour(theAmericanrespectpattern),hewaited.Thehourcameandpassed;fiveminutes-tenminutes-fifteenminutes.Atthispointhesuggestedtothesecretarythatperhapstheministerdidnotknowhewaswaitingintheouteroffice.3Twentyminutestwenty-fiveminutesthirtyminutesforty-fiveminutes(theinsultperiod)!Hejumpedupandtoldthesecretarythathehadbeen"coolinghisheels"inanouterofficeforforty-fiveminutesandhewas"damnedsickandtired"ofthistypeoftreatment.Thismessagewasrelayedtotheminister,whosaid,ineffect,"Lethimcoolhisheels."Theattache'sstayinthecountrywasnotahappyone.Theprincipalsourceofmisunderstandinglayinthefactthatinthecountryinquestionthefive-minutedelayintervalwasnotsignificant.Forty-fiveminutes,ontheotherhand,insteadofbeingatthetailendofthewaitingscale,wasjustbarelyatthebeginning.TosuggesttoanAmerican'ssecretarythatperhapsherbossdidn'tknowyouwerethereafterwaitingsixtysecondswouldseemabsurd,aswouldraiseastormabout"coolingyourheels"forfiveminutes.4Hefelt,asusual,thatAmericanswerebeingtotallyunreasonable.Throughoutthisunfortunateepisodetheattachewasactingaccordingtothewayhehadbeenbroughtup.5Yetevenifhehadbeentoldbeforehelefthomethatthissortofthingwouldhappen,hewouldhavehaddifficultynotfeelinginsultedafterhehadbeenkeptwaitingforforty-fiveminutes.If,ontheotherhand,hehadbeentaughtthedetailsofthelocaltimesystemjustashewouldhavebeentaughtthelocalspokenlanguage,itwouldhavebeenpossibleforhimtoadjusthimselfaccordingly.HowtroublesomedifferingwaysofhandlingtimecanbeiswellillustratedbythecaseofanAmericanagriculturalistassignedtodutyasanattacheofourembassyinaLatincountry.Deeplyinsultedwithin,hefeltmistreated,andthenprotestedvigorously,throwingallthedignityhehadassumedaway.C. AthomeintheUnitedStateshisresponseswouldhavebeennormalonesandhisbehaviorcorrect.D. Therulesforleadtimeinothercultures,however,haverarelybeenanalyzed.E. YetthisispreciselythewaytheministerregisteredthecomplaintsoftheAmericaninhisouteroffice!F. Thisgavehimthefeelinghehaddonesomethingconcreteandalsohelpedtoovercomethegreatanxietythatwasstirringinsidehim.解題步驟：解題步驟：閱讀選項(xiàng)，標(biāo)出關(guān)鍵詞，就關(guān)鍵詞中的主題詞擬小標(biāo)題（盡可能一目了然）各選項(xiàng)的總結(jié)：閱讀文章，對(duì)照各選項(xiàng)，從主要內(nèi)容、詞匯銜接和復(fù)現(xiàn)等角度考慮選取答案通讀全文，檢查答案，在必要的地方做出調(diào)整。（注：這里這個(gè)方框目的在于幫學(xué)生理順做題思路，小標(biāo)題的擬定老師考評(píng)就可以，沒有固定答案）Keys:1.D[解析]此句連接前后兩句。后句中的代詞they指此句中的therulesforleadtime。2.A[解析]此句是后面內(nèi)容的主題句。3.F[解析]此句中的代詞this指代上句話內(nèi)容“他暗示秘書：也許部長尚不知曉他在外面等候”這一舉動(dòng)。提醒秘書后，他覺得自己總算做了點(diǎn)事，同時(shí)內(nèi)心的焦慮似乎也緩和了些。4.E[解析]此句中的代詞this指上句話中的raisingastormabout"coolingyourheels"forfiveminutes.5.C[解析]athome與下句中的lefthome相呼應(yīng)。BWinter'sharshweather,shorterhoursofdaylightandfamilydemandscanallaggravatefeelingsofstress.AccordingtoDrPaulRosch,presidentoftheAmericanInstituteofStress,oneMidwesternheadacheclinicreportedthatcomplaintsoftensionandmigraineheadachesincreased40percentfromThanksgivingtoChristmas,comparedwithothersixweekperiodsduringtheyear.Manyphysiciansarenowtrainedintechniquestorelievetensionandstress.ButwhichSixinall,theyare:Soothewithfood.WhennutritionalbiochemistJudithWurtmanisstressedout,shedoeswhatalotofpeopledothistimeofyear:shereachesforfood.Butinhercase,it'sahealthyricecakeortwo.1Runfromyourproblem.DrKennethH.Cooperhandleshisownstresswithadailyafterworkrun.2Checkyourperspective.DrivinginforabusydayasaMayoClinicstress-managementup,"recallsTaylor,whothentriedhisquickstress-bustingstrategy.Heaskedhimself,isthisamatteroflifeordeath?No.Theoilcouldsafelybechangedthenextweek.3Looktothelightside.Onhiswaytothehospitalwherehisfatherwastoundergosurgery,authorandeducatorJoelGoodmansharedahotelcourtesyvanwiththeanxiousrelativesofseveralpatients.Thedriverbegantellinghisstressed-outpassengersafewjokes."Thenhedidsomemagictricksthathadmymotherandmelaughing,"Goodmansays."Inthatfive-minuteridehetaughtusthathumorcanrelieveourstress."Thesurgerywassuccessful.4Takeatimeout.Amajorcauseofanxietyisanoverloadedschedule.It'sonesourceofstressyoucanwardoffbypreparingahead.5Sayalittleprayer.PsychologistandmedicalscientistJoanBprysenkoofBoulder,Colo.,maintainsthatsincemostpeoplespendtoomuchtimeagonizingoverthepastorworryingaboutthefuture,thekeytolesseningstressislearninghowtoliveemotionallyinthepresent."Ithelpstohavesomeritualtodothis,"saysBorysenko.Forherthemostrelaxingritualisasnoradrenalineandadrenaline.Butremember,saysBorysenko,doctorscan'tturnontheirpatients'"internalhealingsystem".Thatinnerclaimisuptoyou.Soyou'resickofstress,healthyself.Williamscountshimselfamongthe20percentofadultswhosesusceptibilitytoangerishighenoughtothreatentheirhealth.Buteveryonecantryhisapproachtohandlingthestressorsthatsetangeroff—anditneedn'tbeinaworkenvironment."Aerobicexerciseisthebestwaytodissipatestressandmakethetransitionintofamilypatientstobesuretowalktheirdogeveryday,"hesayswithachuckle,"eveniftheydon'thaveone.""Myresearchsuggeststhatcarbohydratesraiselevelsofthemood-regulatingbrainchemicalserotonin,whichexertsacalmingeffectontheentirebody,"saystheM.I.Tresearch36scientist."Sosymptomsofstress--suchasanger,tension,irritabilityandinabilitytoconcentrate--areeased."Hetellspatientstodoonlythosetasksthatwouldhaveseriousconsequencesifleftundone."Willyoudieifyoudon'tdothelaundry?"heasks.Takingatleasthalfanhouradaytodosomethingyouenjoy,henotes,letsyourechargeyourbatteries.Especiallyaroundtheholidays,skipsomeroutinechorestomaketimeforfamilyandfriends.WhencardiologistRayRosenmanwasassociatechiefofmedicineatSanFrancisco'sMountZionHospital,hewouldblockoffhalfanhouradayonhisschedule."Ifanemergencycameup,Imovedpatientsintothatslot,"saysRosenman,co-authorofTypeABehaviorandYourHeart."Orusedthathalf-hourtoreturncallsorgothroughmymail.Youcan'tcontroleverything,butyoucancontrolyourscheduletocreatesomebreathingspaceforyourself."Hewassomovedbyhisexperiencethatheresearchedlaughter'spower."Agoodlaughrelaxesmuscles,lowersbloodpressure,suppressesstress-relatedhormonesandenhancestheimmunesystem,"hesays,Inhisworkshopshetellsclientstoaskthemselveshowtheirfavoritecomedianwouldseethisstressfulsituation.解題步驟：閱讀選項(xiàng)，標(biāo)出關(guān)鍵詞，就關(guān)鍵詞中的主題詞擬小標(biāo)題（盡可能一目了然）各選項(xiàng)的總結(jié)：閱讀文章，對(duì)照各選項(xiàng)，從主要內(nèi)容、詞匯銜接和復(fù)現(xiàn)等角度考慮選取答案（3）通讀全文，檢查答案，在必要的地方做出調(diào)整。（注：這里這個(gè)方框目的在于幫學(xué)生理順做題思路，小標(biāo)題的擬定老師考評(píng)就可以，沒有固定答案）Keys:C[解析]本題的選擇可以至少從以下三個(gè)角度考慮。其一，從本語段話題概念來看，選項(xiàng)中的“carbohydrates(碳水化合物)”與原文中的“food”等構(gòu)成了篇章的詞匯銜接關(guān)系。其二，從論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)的論證關(guān)系來看，本論據(jù)說明的就是食物對(duì)于緩解壓力的作用。其三，注意本段中上下義詞的關(guān)系分析。B[解析]本題的選擇可以至少從以下三個(gè)角度考慮。其一，從本語段話題概念來看，選項(xiàng)中的“aerobicexercise”與原文中的“run”等構(gòu)成了篇章的詞匯銜接關(guān)系。其二，從論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)的論證關(guān)系來看，本論據(jù)說明的就是鍛煉對(duì)于緩解壓力的功能。其三，注意本語段“鍛煉”概念在原文的表達(dá)方式分析。D[解析]本題的選擇可以至少從以下三個(gè)角度考慮。其一，從本語段話題角度來看，歸納本選項(xiàng)中的內(nèi)容，不難看出寫作的主要目的是為了說明調(diào)整看待問題角度的好處。其二，注意作者在本語段的寫作中大量使用了疑問句，分析其在段落中的功能或作者表達(dá)的深層含義。其三，本語段與原文的已知部分共同作為論據(jù)支持了該段標(biāo)題的論點(diǎn)。F[解析]本題的選擇可以至少從以下三個(gè)角度考慮。其一，從本語段話題概念來看，選項(xiàng)中的“l(fā)aughter”，“comedian”與原文中的“thelightside”，“joke”等構(gòu)成了篇章的詞匯銜接關(guān)系。其二，從論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)的論證關(guān)系來看，本論據(jù)闡明了輕松看待問題的效果。其三，注意分析本語段中“幽默”概念的相關(guān)表達(dá)。E[解析]本題的選擇可以至少從以下三個(gè)角度考慮。其一，從本語段話題角度來看，選項(xiàng)中的“somebreathingspace”與原文中的“atimeout”等構(gòu)成了篇章的詞匯銜接關(guān)系。其二，從論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)的論證關(guān)系來看，本論據(jù)說明的就是留給自己休息時(shí)間對(duì)減輕壓力的重要性。其三，注意分析各個(gè)發(fā)展段落與全文第一、二自然段之間內(nèi)在的、分析性的思維關(guān)系。CAlthoughtheglobalrecessionisseriousanditsdurationisuncertain,theworldmustneverthelesscontinuetofocusonthefar-reachingthreatofclimatechange.Indeed,ifwearesmart,publicpolicycanservethetwingoalsofstimulatinggrowthandfightingglobalwarming.GovernmentshammeringoutasuccessoragreementtotheKyotoProtocolattheUnitedNationsclimateconferenceinCopenhagenlaterthisyearshouldadoptstrongincentivestocutgreenhouse-gasemissions.1Thebroadoutlinesofaneffectiveandefficientresponsetoglobalwarminghavebeenclearforyears.AsystemtocapCO2emissionsandtradeemissionallowanceswouldchannelresourcestowardthemostcost-effectivereductionmeasures.Andwidespreadadoptionofefficiencystandardsforappliances,vehicles,andbuildingswouldhelpcompaniesandindividualsuselessenergy.2Whilethatremainstheultimategoal,ithassofarprovenverycomplextoformulate.Apossiblestepping-stonewouldbeagreementsbetweensmallergroupsofpivotalcountriestocapemissionsfromindividualhigh-emittingsectorsoftheireconomies.3Sectorstofocusonincludepowergeneration,whichaccountsforabout35%ofglobalCO2emissions,andproductionofcement,chemicalsandsteel.Involvingalimitednumberofthemostimportantcountrieswouldfacilitateacompromise.Suchdealswouldeaseconcernincompetitiveglobalindustriesthatstrictemissionrulesinoneregionwouldputcompaniesatadisadvantagerelativetorivalsincountrieswithlessstrictpolicies.ClimatenegotiatorsshouldalsogiveCO2captureandstorage(CCS)highpriority.Whileincreaseduseofrenewableandnuclearenergywillhelpreduceemissions,bythemselvestheywillnotbeabletokeepupwithfast-growingenergydemand.4PolicymakersshouldpromoteCCSinseveralways.First,theymustputapriceonCO2emissions.Theycoulddosobycappingemissionsandcreatingamarketwherecompaniescanbuyandsellemissionallowances,asintheEuropeanEmissionsTradingScheme.Second,CCSneedstoberecognizedwithintheKyotoProtocol'sCleanDevelopmentMechanism,throughwhichdevelopedcountriescaninvestinemission-reductionprojectsindevelopingcountries. Finally,governmentsshouldstimulatethedevelopmentandcommercialdemonstrationoftechnologiesthatholdpromiseforalow-carbonenergyfuture.5Nooneknowsiftheeconomiccrisiswilllastmonthsoryears.ButagoodoutcomeinCopenhagenwillservetheworldfordecadestocomebysparkinggrowthandtakingstepstocontrolgreenhouse-gasemissions.A. Doingsocouldkick-startprivateinvestmentandhelptofueleconomicrecovery.B. Suchadealcouldincludemechanismsfortransferringclean-coaltechnologyfromdevelopedcountriestodevelopingones.Thedramaticdropinenergypricesinrecentmonthsmakesitlesslikelythatprivateinvestorswillgambleonunproventechnologies. Suchagreementscouldbeimportantbuildingblocksforabroaderdeal.E. Fossilfuels,likeitornot,willremaintheworld'smainsourceofenergyfordecades.F. Untilnow,negotiatorshaveaimedforaglobaldealpalatabletodevelopedanddevelopingcountriesalike.解題步驟：閱讀選項(xiàng)，標(biāo)出關(guān)鍵詞，就關(guān)鍵詞中的主題詞擬小標(biāo)題（盡可能一目了然）各選項(xiàng)的總結(jié)：閱讀文章，對(duì)照各選項(xiàng)，從主要內(nèi)容、詞匯銜接和復(fù)現(xiàn)等角度考慮選取答案（3）通讀全文，檢查答案，在必要的地方做出調(diào)整。（注：這里這個(gè)方框目的在于幫學(xué)生理順做題思路，小標(biāo)題的擬定老師考評(píng)就可以，沒有固定答案）Keys:A[解析]文章的第一段講到盡管現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣，但我們必須繼續(xù)關(guān)注環(huán)境的變化，如果我們夠智慧的話，通過一些政策可以取得雙贏。文章第二段繼續(xù)此觀點(diǎn)，指出各國政府在哥本哈根氣候會(huì)議上繼承了《京都協(xié)定》的主張，即我們應(yīng)當(dāng)采取強(qiáng)有力的刺激手段以減少造成溫室效應(yīng)氣體的排放。選項(xiàng)A的意思是“這樣做我們才能夠啟動(dòng)個(gè)人投資并且有助于經(jīng)濟(jì)的復(fù)蘇”，在意義上和語境較吻合。F[解析]上文提到了控制二氧化碳排放的制度以及采取一系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有助于企業(yè)和個(gè)人減少能源消耗。選項(xiàng)F的意思是“到目前，談判者力爭達(dá)成一個(gè)全球協(xié)議，不僅適用于發(fā)達(dá)國家，而且適用于發(fā)展中國家”。接下來一句承接第一句，表示這個(gè)終極目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)絕非輕而易舉之事。D[解析]此空前一句提到“達(dá)到目的的關(guān)鍵是少數(shù)重要國家同意限制其經(jīng)濟(jì)中高排放部分的碳的排放”。選項(xiàng)D顯然起到承接作用，“這些協(xié)議是達(dá)成最終協(xié)議的關(guān)鍵”。E[解析]此段講到環(huán)境談判者也應(yīng)該高度注意碳的捕獲和存儲(chǔ)，雖然新能源和原子能源能夠減少碳的排放，但其本身并不能滿足我們對(duì)能源的需求。選項(xiàng)E顯然符合語境，表示“不管喜歡與否，化石燃料在未來幾十年間仍然是最主要的能源”。C[解析]此段開始作者講到政府應(yīng)該刺激那些能夠降低碳排放的技術(shù)的開發(fā)和商業(yè)展示，選項(xiàng)C解釋了為什么，即“最近幾個(gè)月能源價(jià)格的急劇下降使得私人在未知技術(shù)上的冒險(xiǎn)投資變得更加不可能”。DAllofushavereadthrillingstoriesinwhichtheherohadonlyalimitedandspecifiedtimetolive.Sometimesitwasaslongasayear;sometimesasshortastwenty-fourhours.1Ispeak,ofcourse,offreemenwhohaveachoice,notcondemnedcriminalswhosesphereofactivitiesisstrictlydelimited.Suchstoriessetusthinking,wonderingwhatweshoulddoundersimilarcircumstances.Whatevents,whatexperiences,whatassociationsshouldwecrowdintothoselasthoursasmortalbeings?Whathappinessshouldwefindinreviewingthepast?Andwhatregrets?2Suchanattitudewouldemphasizesharplythevaluesoflife.Weshouldliveeachdaywithagentleness,avigor,andakeennessofappreciationwhichareoftenlostwhentimestretchesbeforeusintheconstantpanoramaofmoredaysandmonthsandyearstocome.Therearethose,ofcourse,whowouldadopttheEpicureanmottoof"Eat,drink,andbemerry",butmostpeoplewouldbechastenedbythecertaintyofimpendingdeath.Instoriesthedoomedheroisusuallysavedatthelastminutebysomestrokeofthemeaningoflifeanditspermanentspiritualvalues.Ithasoftenbeennotedthatthosewholive,orhavelived,intheshadowofdeathbringamellowsweetnesstoeverythingtheydo.Mostofus,however,takelifeforgranted.3Thedaysstretchoutinanendlessvista.Sowegoaboutourpettytasks,hardlyawareofourlistlessattitudetowardlife.Thesamelethargy,Iamafraid,characterizestheuseofallourfacultiesandsenses.4Butthosewhohaveneversufferedimpairmentofsightorhearingseldommakethefullestuseoftheseblessedfaculties.Theireyesandearstakeinallsightsandsoundshazily,withoutconcentrationandwithlittleappreciation.Itisthesameoldstoryofnotbeinggratefulforwhatwehaveuntilweloseit,ofnotbeingconsciousofhealthuntilweareill.Ihaveoftenthoughtitwouldbeablessingifeachhumanbeingwerestrickenblindmoreappreciativeofsight;silencewouldteachhimthejoysofsound.NowandthenIhavetestedmyseeingfriendstodiscoverwhattheysee.RecentlyIwasvisitedbyaverygoodfriendswhohadjustreturnedfromalongwalkinthewoods,andIaskedherwhatshehadobserved."Nothinginparticular,"shereplied.5Howwasitpossible,Iaskedmyself,towalkforanhourthroughthewoodsandseenothingworthyofnote?Iwhocannotseefindhundredsofthingstointerestmethroughmeretouch.Ifeelthedelicatesymmetryofaleaf.Ipassmyhandslovinglyaboutthesmoothskinofasilverbirch,ortherough,shaggybarkofapine.Weknowthatonedaywemustdie,butusuallywepicturethatdayasfarinthefuture.Whenweareinbuoyanthealth,deathisallbutunimaginable.Weseldomthinkofit.Itishuman,perhaps,toappreciatelittlethatwhichwehaveandtolongforthatwhichwehavenot,butitisagreatpitythatintheworldoflightthegiftofsightisusedonlyasamereconveniencesratherthanasameansofaddingfullnesstolife.Butalwayswewereinterestedindiscoveringjusthowthedoomedmanchosetospendhislastdaysorhislasthours.D.SometimesIhavethoughtitwouldbeanexcellentruletoliveeachdayasifweshoulddietomorrow.E.Onlythedeafappreciatehearing,onlytheblindrealizethemanifoldblessingsthatlieinsight.Particularlydoesthisobservationapplytothosewhohavelostsightandhearinginadultlife?F.ImighthavebeenincreduloushadInotbeenaccustomedtosuchresponses,forlongagoIbecameconvincedthattheseeingseelittle.解題步驟：（1）閱讀選項(xiàng)，標(biāo)出關(guān)鍵詞，就關(guān)鍵詞中的主題詞擬小標(biāo)題（盡可能一目了然）各選項(xiàng)的總結(jié)：（2）閱讀文章，對(duì)照各選項(xiàng)，從主要內(nèi)容、詞匯銜接和復(fù)現(xiàn)等角度考慮選取答案（3）通讀全文，檢查答案，在必要的地方做出調(diào)整。（注：這里這個(gè)方框目的在于幫學(xué)生理順做題思路，小標(biāo)題的擬定老師考評(píng)就可以，沒有固定答案）【keys】C[解析]文章開始講到“我們大家都讀過一些令人激動(dòng)的故事，這些故事里的主人公僅僅活在有限并且特定的時(shí)間內(nèi)，有時(shí)長達(dá)一年，有時(shí)短到24小時(shí)”。然后作者話鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，講到“但我們總是有興趣發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些命中注定要死的人如何度過他的最后幾天或者幾個(gè)小時(shí)”。但作者關(guān)注的不是這些人，而是“那些有選擇自由的人”。因此，選擇C。D[解析]此空后面講到“這種態(tài)度鮮明地強(qiáng)調(diào)了生命的價(jià)值”。這種態(tài)度便是指“過好每一天是個(gè)非常好的習(xí)慣，似乎我們明天就會(huì)死去”。因此選擇D。A[解析]該段開始講到“但是．我們大多數(shù)人把生活認(rèn)為是理所當(dāng)然的”。此空后面也講到“日子在無窮的展望中延展著，于是我們干著瑣碎的事情，幾乎意識(shí)不到我們對(duì)生活的倦怠態(tài)度”。因此只有選項(xiàng)A符合文義：“我們知道，某一天我們一定會(huì)死，但通常我們把那天想象在遙遠(yuǎn)的將來。當(dāng)我們心寬體健時(shí)，死亡幾乎是不可想象的，我們很少想到它”。E[解析]此空后面講到“而那些從沒有遭受視覺或聽覺缺陷之苦的人卻很少充分利用這些天賜的官能”。顯然空缺中內(nèi)容與之相對(duì)，講那些失去視覺或聽覺的人，所以選擇選項(xiàng)E:“只有聾子才珍惜聽力，唯有瞎子才體會(huì)到能看見事物的種種幸福，這種結(jié)論特別適合于那些在成年階段失去視力和聽力的人們”。F[解析]該段講到“我的一個(gè)很好的朋友來看我，她剛從一片森林里散步許久回來，我問她看到了什么，她答道：‘沒什么特別的”’。顯然，作者對(duì)朋友的回答很驚訝，但“如果我不是習(xí)慣了聽到這種回答，我可能都不相信，因?yàn)楹芫靡詠砦乙汛_信這個(gè)情況：能看得見的人卻看不到什么”。因此選擇F。拓展題Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions1-5,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollection