2023年考研外語命題預(yù)測試卷9

考研外語命題預(yù)測試卷9

一、UseofEnglish

1>Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsusea

varietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some(1)

bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.Some

usetheSunas(2)guideduringtheday,andthen(3)

tostarnavigationbynight.Onestudyshowsthatthehoming

pigeonusestheEarth'smagneticfieldsasaguide(4)

findingitswayhome,andthereareindicationsthatvarious

otheranimals,frominsectstomollusks(軟體動物)，canalso

make(5)ofmagneticcompasses.(6)isofcoursevery

usefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagnetic

compasswhencloudscoverthesun;(7)itWouldjusthave

tolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.(8)with

theSunorstarstosteerby,theproblemsofnavigationare

morecomplicated(9)theymightseematfirst.Forexample,

aworkerhoneybee(10)hasfoundarichsourceofnectar

andpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto(11):A

naturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout(12)her

reportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive,(13)she

tellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodis,but

alsowhatdirectiontoflyin(14)totheSun.(15)

theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart

(16)togatherthefood,theSunmay(17)havechanged

itspositionintheskysomewhat.Inlatertripsduringtheday,

theSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yet

theworkerbeesseemtohaveno(18)atallinfindingthe

foodsource.Theirinner(19)tellthemjustwheretheSun

willbe,andtheychangetheircourse(20).

A.move

B.fly

C.steer

D.swim

2、(2)

A.their

B.its

C.one's

D.theirs

3、⑶

A.convert

B.switch

C.plunge

D.revolve

4、(4)

A.in

B.at

C.for

D.on

5、(5)

A.way

B.sense

C.use

D.advantage

6、(6)

A.This

B.That

C.What

D.It

7、(7)

A.otherwise

B.however

C.meanwhile

D.nevertheless

8、⑻

A.Still

B.Even

C.Yet

D.While

9、(9)

A.when

B.as

C.than

D.asthough

10、(10)

A.that

B.if

C.when

D.ir

IK(11)

A.report

B.say

C.tell

D.remind

12、(12)

A.transmit

B.do

C.transfers

D.delivers

13、(13)

A.how

B.why

C.inwhich

D.inthisway

14、(14)

A.order

B.function

C.relation

D.response

15、(15)

A.And

B.Also

C.For

D.But

16、(16)

A.away

B.on

C.with

D.out

17、(17)

A.already

B.yet

C.certainly

D.finally

18、(18)

A.fun

B.trouble

C.use

D.way

19、(19)

A.times

B.clocks

C.journals

D.circumferences

20、(20)

A.cooperatively

B.coordinately

C.correspondingly

D.coherently

二、ReadingComprehension

1PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Fortunatelytherearestillafewtastythingsforusgourmands

toenjoyinrelativesecurity.Theirnumbers,however,are

depletedalmostdaily.Itseems,byruthlessproclamationsfrom

theever-vigilantFoodandDrugAdministrationanditsallies,

ourdoctors.Thelatestfelontofaceprosecutionisthesalt

oflife,sodiumchloride.

Ostensibly,overuseofsaltmuseshighbloodpressureand

hypertension,thecauseofhalfthedeathsintheUnitedStates

everyyear.Afewyearsagotheanti-saltcampaignersraised

sucharumpusthatsaltwasbannedfrombabyfood.Currently

pressureisbeingappliedtofoodmanufacturerstoobligethem

tolabeltheirproductstoshowsodiumcontent.Bemusedoing

sowouldcostmercenarymanufacturersmoney,theyarguethat

theyhavenoideahowmuchsaltremainsonsuchthingsaspotato

chipsandhowmuchstickstothebag.Furthermore,saltisn't

theonlyharmfulingredientinfood.Ifthemanufacturerhas

toprovidesodiumcontent,whynotrequirehimtolistevery

ingredientandspecifywhicharedetrimentaltoourhealth?

Cigaretteshaveawarningprintedonthem.Shouldn'tthesame

typeofwarningappearoncannedfoodsthatarenotoriously

over-salted?

Thereareendlessifsandbutsinthecontroversy,butthemost

tellingoftheseisthequestionableproofofsalt'sdiabolic

effectuponbloodpressure.True,peoplewhocuttheirsalt

intakeloweredtheirbloodpressure,butwhereisthe

scientificproofthatsomethingotherthansaltdidn'tdothe

trick?Themostcommonmeansofprovidingdubiousproofthat

saltcauseshypertensionistocomparesocietiesthatuse

littlesaltwiththosethatusemountainsofsaltintheirdaily

diets.Whichgrouphasthehigherrateofhypertension?Whose

bloodpressureislower?Whathappenswhensaltisintroduced

intoagroupwheresaltisanovelty?Doesthebloodpressure

risesignificantly?StudiesoftheJapaneseindicatethatas

theworld'sgreatestsalters,theysufferthemostfrom

hypertension.Ontheotherhand,thesimple,salt-freecuisine

ofseveraltribesintheSolomonIslandshaskeptolder

tribesmenandwomenfromdevelopinghypertensionandhighblood

pressure,ailmentstraditionallykillingtheirpeersin

America.Noaccountistakenoftheeffectsofinflation,

recession,pollution,crime,andsundryotherillstowhich

Americansunlikepeopleonprimitiveislands,areexposed.

Tosaltornottosalt?Thatisthequestion.Nowthatthe

questionhasarisen,itmustnotbetreatedwithlevitybut,

rather,withsearchingscientificinvestigationsothatthose

ofuswhoarepreoccupiedwithbothsavoryfoodandlongevity

maydecidewhichofthetwoisworthitssalt.

Whatistheattitudeoftheauthorofthispassagetowardthe

saltcontroversy?

A.Wemuststopeatingsaltimmediately.

B.Sheisnotconvincedthatsaltisharmful.

C.TheFoodandDrugAdministrationworkswel1withdoctors.

D.Soontherewon'tbeanythingtastylefttoeat.

2、

Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothetopic?

A.Angry.

B.Humorous.

C.Scientific.

D.Sympathetic:

3、

Whatdoestheword，，felon，/(Sentence4,Paragraph1)probably

mean?

A.food

B.additive

C.criminal

D.gourmand

4、

Foodmanufacturersdonotwanttolabelpackageswithsodium

contentbecause.

A.theydisagreewiththeFDA

B.saltdoesn，tsticktopotatochips

C.theywouldhavetospendmoremoney

D.itisn'timportanttosingleoutsalt

5、

Whichofthefollowingistheauthor'ssuggestionwithregard

tothesaltcontroversy?

A.Americansshouldlearnalessonform.Japanese.

B.Comparesocietiesthatlittlesaltwiththoseusemountains

ofsaltintheirdailydiets.

C.Weshouldeataslittlesaltaspossible.

D.Doscientificinvestigationandletpeoplethemselvesmake

choices.

6、Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930,overtenpercent

oftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouth,

wheremostoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocated,and

migratedtonorthernstates,withthelargestnumbermoving,

itisclaimed,between1916and1918.Ithasbeenfrequently

assumed,butnotproved,thatthemajorityofthemigrantsin

whathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromrural

areasandweremotivatedbytwofactors:thecollapseofthe

cottonindustry,whichbeganin1898,andincreaseddemandin

theNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropean

immigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin

1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthe

migrants，subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthis

tiedtoruralbackground,abackgroundthatimplies

unfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills.

ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeen

thoroughlyinvestigated.Althoughnumerousinvestigations

documentanexodus（大批出走）fromruralsouthernareasto

southerncitiespriortotheGreatMigration,noonehas

consideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonorthern

cities.In1910over600,000Blackworkers,ortenpercentof

theBlackworkforce,reportedthemselvestobeengagedin

''manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits”,thefederalcensus

categoryroughlyencompassingtheentireindustrialsector.

TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyof

thisgroupandtheirfamilies.Itisperhapssurprisingtoargue

thatanemployedpopulationcouldbeenticedtomove,butan

explanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentinthe

South.

Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationinthe

Southwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheold

artisanclassofslavery一blacksmiths,masons,

carpenters一whichhadhadamonopolyofcertaintrades,but

theyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetition,

mechanization,andout-date.Theremainingsixty-fivepercent,

morerecentlyurbanized,workedinnewlydeveloped

industries一tobacco,lumber,coalandironmanufacture,and

railroads.WagesintheSouth,however,werelow,andBlack

workerswereaware,throughlaborrecruitersandtheBlack

press,thattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersin

theNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.Duringthat

period,urbanblackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthe

continuingarrivalofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkers,who

weredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrial

jobs.Thusamovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroup

thatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployed,andtheeasy

conclusiontyingtheirsub-sequenteconomicproblemsinthe

Northtotheirruralbackgroundcomesintoquestion.

Whichofthefollowingrecordshasbeenasourceofinformation

inherinvestigation?

A.UnitedStatesImmigrationServicereportsfrom1914to1930.

B.Payrollsofsouthernmanufacturingfirmsbetween1910and

1930.

C.TheVolumeofcottonexportsbetween1898and1910.

D.Thefederalcensusof1910.

7、

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueof

wagesinsoutherncitiesin1910?

A.Theywerebeingpushedlowerasaresultofincreased

competition.

B.Theyhadbeguntorisesothatsouthernindustrycould

attractruralworkers.

C.Theyhadincreasedinlargesoutherncitiesanddecreased

insmallsoutherncities.

D.Theyhadincreasedinnewlydevelopedindustriesbut

decreasedintheoldertrades.

8、

Theauthorcitieseachofthefollowingaspossibleinfluences

inaBlackworkers'decisiontomigratenorthintheGreat

MigrationEXCEPT.

A.wagelevelsinnortherncities

B.votingrightsinnorthernstates

C.theBlackpress

D.competitionfromtheruralworkers

9、

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat"easy

conclusion/，(Paragraph3)isbasedononeofthefollowing

assumptions:

A.Peoplewhomigratefromruralareastolargecitiesusually

dosoforeconomicreasons.

B.Mostpeoplewholeaveruralareastotakejobsincities

returntoruralareasassoonasitisfinanciallypossiblefor

themtodoso.

C.Peoplewithruralbackgroundsarelesslikelytosucceed

economicallyincitiesthanarethosewithurbanbackgrounds.

D.Mostpeoplewhowereonceskilledworkersarenotwilling

toworkasun-skilledworkers.

10、

Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto.

A.arguethatadiscardedtheorydeservesnewattention

B.presentevidencethatresolvesacontradiction

C.introducearecentlydiscoveredsourceofinformation

D.challengeawidelyacceptedexplanation

11、ThementalhealthmovementintheUnitedStatesbeganwith

aperiodofconsiderableenlightenment.DorotheaDixwas

shockedtofindthementallyillinjailsandalmshousesand

crusadedfortheestablishmentofasylumsinwhichpeoplecould

receivehumanecareinhospital-likeenvironmentsand

treatmentwhichmighthelprestorethemtosanity.Bythe

mid-1800s20stateshadestablishedasylums.Butduringthe

late1800sandearly1900s,inthefaceofeconomicdepression,

legislatureswereunabletoappropriatesufficientfundsfor

decentcare.Asylumsbecameovercrowdedandprison-like.

Additionally,patientsweremoreresistanttotreatmentthan

thepioneersinthementalhealthfieldhadanticipated,and

securityandrestraintwereneededtoprotectpatientsand

others.Mentalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressing

placesinwhichthefightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten.

TheseconditionscontinueduntilafterWorldWarII.Atthat

time,newtreatmentswerediscoveredforsomemajormental

illnessesconsidereduntreatable(penicillinforsyphilisof

thebrainandinsulintreatmentforschizophreniaand

depressions),andasuccessionofbooks,motionpictures,and

newspaperscalledattentiontotheplightofthementallyill.

Improvementsweremade,andDr.DavidVail'sHumanePractices

Programmeisabeaconfortoday.Butchangeswerestorein

cominguntiltheearly1960s.Atthattime,theCivi1Rights

MovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica,sprisons,which

weredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturn

followedprisonersintotheinstitutionsthatwereworsethan

thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.Theprisonswere

filledwithangryyoungmenwho,encouragedbylegalsupport,

werequicktodemandtheirfights.Thehospitalsforthe

criminallyinsane,bycontrast,werepopulatedwithpeoplewho

wereconsidered“crazy'andwhowereoftenkeptobedientlyin

theirplacethroughtheuseofseverebodilyrestraintsand

largedoseofmajortranquillizers.Theyoungcadreofpublic

interestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.The

lawyersfoundapopulationthatwasbothpassiveandeasyto

champion.Thesewere,afterall,peoplewho,unlikecriminals,

haddonenothingwrong.Andinmanystates,theywerebeingkept

inhorrendousinstitutions,aninjustice,which,onceexposed,

washoundtoshockthepublicand,particularly,thejudicial

conscience.

Judicialinterventionshavehadsomedefinitepositiveeffects,

butthereisgrowingawarenessthatcourtscannotprovidethe

standardsandthereviewmechanismsthatassuregoodpatient

care.Thedetailsofprovidingday-to-daycaresimplycannot

bemandatedbyacourt,soitistimetotakefromthecourts

theresponsibilityfordeliveryofmentalheathcareand

assuranceofpatientfightsandreturnittothestatemental

healthadministratorstowhomthemandatewasoriginallygiven.

Thoughitisadifficulttask,administratorsmustundertake

towriterulesandstandardsandtoprovidethetrainingand

surveillancetoassurethattreatmentisgivenandpatient

rightsarerespected.

Themainpurposeofthepassageisto.

A.discusstheinfluenceofDorotheaDixonthementalhealth

movement

B.provideahistoricalperspectiveonproblemsofmental

healthcare

C.increasepublicawarenessoftheplightofthementallyill

D.shockthereaderwithvividdescriptionsofasylums

12、

Theauthor,sattitudetowardspatientsinstareinstitutions

cartbestbedescribedas.

A.inflexibleandinsensitive

B.detachedandneutral

C.understandingandsympathetic

D.knowledgeablebutunsupportive

13、

Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueintheearly1960s,

accordingtothepassage?

A.Theprisonersaremainlyblacks.

B.Theprisonersarepassiveandeasytochampion.

C.Theprisonersaretreatedwithnewly-developedtreatments

formentalillnesses.

D.Theprisonersarereluctanttodemandtheirrights.

14、

ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbutfortheCivil

RightsMovement,.

A.stateswouldneverhaveestablishedasylumsforthe

mentallyill

B.newtreatmentsformajormentalillnesseswouldnothave

beendeveloped

C.thenumberofwhitesinprisonwouldhaveincreased

D.conditionsinmentalhospitalsmighthave,escaped

judicialscrutiny

15、

Thetoneofthefinalparagraphcanbestbedescribedas.

A.highlyargumentative

B.overlyemotional

C.cleverlymisleading

D.generallyobjective

16、Oursisasocietythattriestokeeptheworldsharply

dividedintomasculineandfeminine,notbecausethatisthe

waytheworldis,butbecausethatisthewaywebelieveit

shouldbe.Ittakesunwaveringbeliefandconsiderableeffort

tokeepthisdivision.Italsoleadsustomakesomefairly

foolishjudgments,particularlyaboutlanguage.

Becausewethinkthatlanguagealsoshouldbedividedinto

masculineand.femininewehavebecomeveryskilledatignoring

anythingthatwillnotfitourpreconceptions.Wewouldrather

changewhatwehearthanchangeourideasaboutthegender

divisionoftheworld.Wewillcallassertivegirlsunfeminine

andsupportiveboyseffeminate,andtrytochangethemwhile

stillretainingourstereotypesofmasculineandfemininetalk.

Thisiswhysomeresearchonsexdifferencesandlanguagehas

beensointeresting.Itisanillustrationofhowwrongwecan

be.Ofthemanyinvestigatorswhosetouttofindthe

stereotypedsexdifferencesinlanguage,fewhavehadany

positiveresults.Itseemsthatourimagesofserious

taciturn（緘默的）malespeakersandgossipygarrulous（饒舌

的）femalespeakersarejustthatimages.

Manymythsassociatedwithmasculineandfemininetalkhavehad

tobediscardedasmoreresearchhasbeenundertaken.Iffemales

dousemoretrivialwordsthanmales,stoptalkingin

mid-sentence,ortalkaboutthesamethingsoverandoveragain,

theydonotdoitwheninvestigatorsarearound.

Noneofthesecharacteristicsoffemalespeechhavebeenfound.

Andevenwhensexdifferenceshavebeenfound,thequestion

arisesastowhetherthedifferencesisintheeyeorearof

thebeholder,ratherthaninthelanguage.

Ifmalesdonotspeakinhigh-pitchedvoices,itisnotusually

becausetheyareunabletodoso.Thereasonismorelikelyto

bethattherearepenalties.Maleswithhigh-pitchedvoicesare

oftentheobjectofridicule.Butpitchisnotanabsolute,for

whatisconsideredtherightpitchformalesvariesfromcountry

tocountry.

Thepassageimpliesthattheauthor,sattitudetowardsthe

divisionoffemininetalkandmasculinetalkis.

A.assertive

B.snobbish

C.approving

D.critical

0----------￡

i20

17、

Whatdoestheword，，effeminate，/(Sentence3,Paragraph2)mean?

A.Unfeminine.

B.Powerful.

C.Obedient.

D.Unmasculine.

18、

Theauthorusespitchasanexampleinordertoindicate.

A.thatpitchisnotagoodexampletoexplainthesex

differencesinlanguage

B.thatmalesshouldtalkinlowpitchedvoicesandfemales

inhighpitchedvoices

C.thatsexdifferencesinlanguagecannotbewell

illustrated

D.thatsexdifferenceslieineyeorearofthebeholder,

ratherthaninthelanguage

19、

WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtothestereotypeof

femininetalk?

A.Alwaysusingtrivialwords.

B.Repeatthesamethingoverandover.

C.Stoptalkingwhenthesentenceisnotfinished.

D.Noneoftheabove.

20、

Malesdonorspeakloudlybecause.

A.malesareunabletodoso

B.malesareafraidofbeinglaughedat

C.highpitchisacharacteristicoffemalespeechratherthan

malespeech

D.anatomyhasprovedthatmalestendtohavelowerpitches

thanfemales

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、

B、C、D、E、F>G....)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.

Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

gaps.(10points)

USPresidentBushhasbeenhavingadifficultsummer.Recent

pollsshowaconsiderabledeclineinpublicapprovalofhis

conductofthenation'sbusiness,yetinjustfewweeksvoters

willdecidewhetherheorDemocratJohnKerryistobethenext

president.IfthingsaregoingsobadlyforBush,thenKerry

mustbedoingwell,right?

(41).Hispublicappearanceskindlelittleenthusiasm.

HisTVadsswayfewviewers.Asaresult,Kerrysupporterstend

tobemoreanti-Bushthantheyaregenuinelypro-Kerry.

DemocraticstrategistspointoutthatKerryhasapatternof

comingfrombehindtowinpoliticalraces.AndeventhoughKerry

stirslittleexcitement,manyAmericansarequiteeagerto

learnwhomhewillchooseashisrunningmate.Apopularvice

presidentialcandidatecouldenergizehiscampaign,especially

sincethereislittlechancethatPresident.Bushwilldumpthe

much-loathedRichardCheneyfromtheRepublicanticket.

MostobserversagreethatKerryisnotaparticularlystrong

candidatefortheUSpresidency.Hetendstoberespected,but

hearouseslittleenthusiasm.(42).Butthen,twoweeks

ago,theRepublicanscounterattackedvigorously,endtherace

isonceagainwideopen.

Thepublic'sgenerallypositiveimpressionofSenator's

Kerry'scharacterisbasedinlargepartonhisrecordduring

thewarinVietnam,whenheperformedheroicallyasthe

commanderofa"swiftboat”,alightmilitarycraftusedbythe

USNavytothreadtheriversandcanalsofsouthernVietnam.

Thecrewofhisoldboatareunitedintheirpraiseofhim.

(43).Twoweeksagotheybeganappearinginstingingly

negativeTVadsairedincrucialstateswherecurrently

undecidedvoterswillprobablydeterminetheoutcomeofthe

election.Andtheadswereeffective,drawingindependent

votersawayfromKerry.Inthemeantime,Kerry'sowncrewmen

havestronglyrejectedthenewversionofevents.

(44).Journalistsquicklyturneduplinksbetweenthe

navyveteransandTexasfatcatswhohadlongsuppliedtheBush

familywithfundsforpoliticalcampaigns.Theserichfolks

wereinturnlinkedtoKarlRove,Bush,smasterfulpolitical

strategist—hisveryownZhugeLiang.

(45).CartoonistDavidHorsey,likemanyotherobservers,

thinksKarlRoveisuptohisoldtricks;asimilareffort—in

thiscase,untraceableslanderousrumorsduringakeyprimary

race一underminedpopularRepublicanSenatorJohnMcCaine's

campaignfortheGOPnominationin2000.Intoday'scartoonRove

isportrayedasthepuppeteercontrollingBush'swealthy

supportersinTexas(noticetheTexas-style.cowboyhat).The

handpuppetinturnseemstobemanipulatinganother,smaller

puppetthatrepresentstheangryswiftboatveterans.

A.Nonetheless,thankstothesloweconomicrecovery,the

difficultsituationinIraqandchangingperceptionsof

PresidentBush'scompetence,heseemedtobeontheroadtoa

verynarrowvictoryinNovember.

B.Butleadership,youknow,isn'tabouttakingtheeasyroute;

itisaboutmakingthetough,sometimesunpopulardecisions.

PresidentBushhasdemonstratedthathecanmaketough

decisions,andIpersonallylikethefactthathisfaithend

hisvaluesarethefoundationofhisdecisions.

C.Notexactly.AmericansoutsideMassachusetts,whichKerry

representsintheSenate,seemtofindithardtorelatetothe

Democraticcandidate.

D.WhileBushwoulddearlylovetoundermineKerry'simage,he

cannotaffordtobeseendoingso.(Hisownmilitaryrecord,

afterall;makesasorrycontrastwithKer

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Theworldisatanenvironmentalcrossroadswherethechoice

betweengreedandhumanitywilldecidethefateofmillionsof

peoplefordecadestocome,theUnitedNationsEnvironment

Program(UNEP)said.''Fundamentalchangesarepossibleand

required”,UNEPexecutivedirectorKlausToepfertoldanews

conferencepresentingthethirdGlobalEnvironmentOutlook

(GEO)report."Itwouldbeadisastertositbackandignore

thepicturepainted”,

(46)TheGEO-3report,designedtokickworldleadersinto

actionaheadoftheJohannesburgearthsummitinlateAugust,

seesableakoutlookforthefutureunlessradicalactionis

takennow."Thechoicesmadetodayarecriticalfortheforest