饑餓對(duì)紅火蟻非接觸性攻擊行為和捕食效率的影響

序號(hào)：編碼：第十一屆“挑戰(zhàn)杯”廣東大學(xué)生課外學(xué)術(shù)科技作品競(jìng)賽作品申報(bào)書作品名稱：饑餓對(duì)紅火蟻非接觸性攻擊行為和捕食效率的影響學(xué)校全稱：華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)申報(bào)者姓名（集體名稱）：曹流、匡倍慶、楊嘉玲、宋銀平類別：■自然科學(xué)類學(xué)術(shù)論文 □哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)類社會(huì)調(diào)查報(bào)告和學(xué)術(shù)論文□科技發(fā)明制作A類□科技發(fā)明制作B類說(shuō)明1．申報(bào)者應(yīng)在認(rèn)真閱讀此說(shuō)明各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容后按要求詳細(xì)填寫。2．申報(bào)者在填寫申報(bào)作品情況時(shí)只需根據(jù)個(gè)人項(xiàng)目或集體項(xiàng)目填寫A1或A2表，根據(jù)作品類別（自然科學(xué)類學(xué)術(shù)論文、哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)類社會(huì)調(diào)查報(bào)告和學(xué)術(shù)論文、科技發(fā)明制作）分別填寫B(tài)1、B2或B3表。所有申報(bào)者可根據(jù)情況填寫C表。3．表內(nèi)項(xiàng)目填寫時(shí)一律用鋼筆或打印，字跡要端正、清楚，此申報(bào)書可復(fù)制。4．序號(hào)、編碼由第十一屆“挑戰(zhàn)杯”廣東大學(xué)生課外學(xué)術(shù)科技作品競(jìng)賽組委會(huì)填寫。5．學(xué)術(shù)論文、社會(huì)調(diào)查報(bào)告及所附的有關(guān)材料必須是中文（若是外文，請(qǐng)附中文本），請(qǐng)以4號(hào)楷體打印在A4紙上（文章版面尺寸14.5×22cm），附于申報(bào)書后，論文不超8000字，調(diào)查報(bào)告不超15000字。6．作品申報(bào)書須按要求由各校競(jìng)賽組織協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)構(gòu)統(tǒng)一寄送。7．其他參賽事宜請(qǐng)向本校競(jìng)賽組織協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)構(gòu)咨詢。A2申報(bào)者情況（集體項(xiàng)目）說(shuō)明：1．必須由申報(bào)者本人按要求填寫；2．申報(bào)者代表必須是作者中學(xué)歷最高者，其余作者按學(xué)歷高低排列；3．本表中的學(xué)籍管理部門簽章視為申報(bào)者情況的確認(rèn)。申報(bào)者代表情況姓名曹流性別女出生年月1990年1月學(xué)校華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)系別、專業(yè)、年級(jí)2008級(jí)植物保護(hù)專業(yè)學(xué)歷本科學(xué)制四年入學(xué)時(shí)間2008級(jí)9月作品名稱饑餓對(duì)紅火蟻非接觸性攻擊行為和捕食效率的影響畢業(yè)論文題目無(wú)通訊地址廣東省廣州市天河區(qū)華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)五山公寓16棟樓203號(hào)郵政編碼510642辦公電話常住地通訊地址廣東省廣州市天河區(qū)華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)五山公寓16棟樓203號(hào)郵政編碼510642住宅電話其他作者情況姓名性別年齡學(xué)歷所在單位匡倍慶女20本科華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院楊嘉玲女21本科華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院宋銀平女19本科華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院資格認(rèn)定學(xué)校學(xué)籍管理部門意見以上作者是否為2011□是□否（部門簽章）年月日院、系負(fù)責(zé)人或?qū)熞庖姳咀髌肥欠駷檎n外學(xué)術(shù)科技或社會(huì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)成果?！跏恰醴褙?fù)責(zé)人簽名：年月日B1．申報(bào)作品情況（自然科學(xué)類學(xué)術(shù)論文）說(shuō)明：1．必須由申報(bào)者本人填寫；2．本部分中的科研管理部門簽章視為對(duì)申報(bào)者所填內(nèi)容的確認(rèn)；3．作品分類請(qǐng)按作品的學(xué)術(shù)方向或所涉及的主要學(xué)科領(lǐng)域填寫；4．碩士研究生、博士研究生作品不在此列。作品全稱作品分類（D）A．機(jī)械與控制（包括機(jī)械、儀器儀表、自動(dòng)化控制、工程、交通、建筑等）B．信息技術(shù)（包括計(jì)算機(jī)、電信、通訊、電子等）C．?dāng)?shù)理（包括數(shù)學(xué)、物理、地球與空間科學(xué)等）D．生命科學(xué)（包括生物、農(nóng)學(xué)、藥學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)、健康、衛(wèi)生、食品等）E．能源化工（包括能源、材料、石油、化學(xué)、化工、生態(tài)、環(huán)保等）作品撰寫的目的和基本思路對(duì)饑餓處理后紅火蟻工蟻的攻擊行為和捕食效率進(jìn)行研究，以期為揭示紅火蟻在不利外界環(huán)境或生物因素作用下行為的變化規(guī)律提供科學(xué)依據(jù)，對(duì)研究紅火蟻的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力和對(duì)本地生物的影響具有重要意義。作品的科學(xué)性、先進(jìn)性及獨(dú)特之處本作品從饑餓角度研究外界因素對(duì)紅火蟻行為的影響符合紅火蟻可能遭受極端不利的環(huán)境條件的實(shí)際情況，選題有針對(duì)性和科學(xué)性。根據(jù)檢索結(jié)果，國(guó)內(nèi)外無(wú)類似報(bào)道，作品的研究?jī)?nèi)容具有原始創(chuàng)新性，同時(shí)在定量研究紅火蟻攻擊行為方面也具有獨(dú)特性。作品的實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義從方法上為研究入侵螞蟻的攻擊或捕食能力提供了定量的評(píng)價(jià)手段。從理論上為紅火蟻的行為學(xué)和對(duì)生物多樣性影響等方面的研究提供科學(xué)參考，并為解釋紅火蟻的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和入侵定殖特征帶來(lái)新的理論依據(jù)。學(xué)術(shù)論文文摘研究了饑餓對(duì)紅火蟻非接觸性攻擊行為和捕食效率的影響。結(jié)果表明：紅火蟻工蟻面對(duì)皮氏大頭蟻工蟻時(shí)會(huì)表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的非接觸性攻擊行為，但在饑餓處理前后紅火蟻工蟻的觸角和上顎的張開次數(shù)均無(wú)顯著差異。不同饑餓處理對(duì)桔小實(shí)蠅幼蟲的死亡率（紅火蟻的捕食效率）有顯著的影響，具體表現(xiàn)為對(duì)照和僅１d饑餓的處理組內(nèi)實(shí)蠅幼蟲的死亡率要明顯高于較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間饑餓處理組。當(dāng)饑餓時(shí)間大于2d時(shí)，紅火蟻工蟻對(duì)實(shí)蠅幼蟲便表現(xiàn)很強(qiáng)的捕食效率，將實(shí)蠅幼蟲暴露于紅火蟻工蟻30min后，其死亡率會(huì)迅速降低到50%。而在對(duì)照組和令進(jìn)行１d饑餓處理的，實(shí)蠅的存活率要高于90%。綜合以上結(jié)果，饑餓因素對(duì)紅火蟻的攻擊行為非接觸性攻擊行為無(wú)顯著影響但提高了捕食效率。關(guān)鍵詞：紅火蟻，饑餓處理，非接觸性攻擊行為，捕食作品在何時(shí)、何地、何種機(jī)構(gòu)舉行的會(huì)議上或報(bào)刊上發(fā)表及所獲獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)已被SCI源刊物Sciobiology接收發(fā)表并印刷中，校對(duì)稿見附件。于2011年3月獲華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)“丁穎杯”課外學(xué)術(shù)科技作品競(jìng)賽一等獎(jiǎng)。鑒定結(jié)果請(qǐng)?zhí)峁?duì)于理解、審查、評(píng)價(jià)所申報(bào)作品具有參考價(jià)值的現(xiàn)有技術(shù)及技術(shù)文獻(xiàn)的檢索目錄Bessin,R.T.&T.E.Reagan1993.Cultivarresistanceandarthropodpredationofsugarcaneborer(Lepidoptera:Pyralidae)affectsincidenceofdeadheartsinLouisianasugarcane.J.Econ.Entomol.86,929-932.Haight,K.L2006.Defensivenessofthefireant,Solenopsisinvicta,isincreasedduringcolonyrafting.InsectesSociaux,53(1):32-36.Hu,G.Y.&J.H.Frank1996.Effectoftheredimportedfireant(Hymenoptera:Formicidae)ondung-inhabitingarthropodsinFlorida.Environ.Entomol.25,1290-1296.Jones,D.&W.L.Sterling1979.Manipulationofredimportedfireants(Solenopsisinvicta)inatrapcropforbollweevil(Anthonomusgrandis)suppression.Environ.Entomol.8,1073–1077.Lemke,L.A.&J.B.Kissam1988.Impactofredimportedfireant(Hymenoptera:Formicidae)predationonhornflies(Diptera:Muscidae)inacattlepasturetreatedwithPro-Drone.J.Econ.Entomol.81,855-858.Lee,J.,Johnson,S.J.&V.L.Wright1990.Quantitativesurvivorshipanalysisofthevelvetbeancaterpillar(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)pupaeinsoybeanfieldsinLouisiana.Environ.Entomol.19,978-986.Negm,A.&S.D.Hensley1967.Therelationshipofarthropodpredatorstocropdamageinflictedbythesugarcaneborer.J.Econ.Entomol.60,1503-1506.Reilly,J.J.&W.L.Sterling1983a.Interspecificassociationbetweentheredimportedfireant(Hymenoptera:Formicidae),aphids,andsomepredaceousinsectsinacottonagroecosystem.Environ.Entomol.12,541-545.Reilly,J.J.&W.L.Sterling1983b.Dispersionpatternsoftheredimportedfireant(Hymenoptera:Formicidae),aphids,andsomepredaceousinsectsineastTexascottonfields.Environ.Entomol.12,380-385.申報(bào)材料清單（申報(bào)論文一篇，相關(guān)資料名稱及數(shù)量）申請(qǐng)論文一篇（含中英文版）科研管理部門簽章年月日C.當(dāng)前國(guó)內(nèi)外同類課題研究水平概述說(shuō)明：1.申報(bào)者可根據(jù)作品類別和情況填寫；2.填寫此欄有助于評(píng)審。紅火蟻是重要的入侵害蟲，因?yàn)槠錁O強(qiáng)的攻擊性而著名。在經(jīng)受不利的外界條件后紅火蟻的行為可能發(fā)生變化，如經(jīng)歷水面漂筏的蟻群螯針釋放的毒液量會(huì)顯著增加（Haight,2006）。紅火蟻在蟻群被苗木攜帶進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)距離運(yùn)輸或遇到洪水等極端狀況等可能會(huì)經(jīng)受饑餓，然而，紅火蟻在經(jīng)歷饑餓后攻擊行為是否發(fā)生變化以及饑餓對(duì)其捕食效率是否產(chǎn)生影響卻未見報(bào)道。本作品從饑餓角度研究外界因素對(duì)紅火蟻行為的影響符合紅火蟻可能遭受極端不利的環(huán)境條件的實(shí)際情況，選題有針對(duì)性和科學(xué)性。根據(jù)檢索結(jié)果，國(guó)內(nèi)外無(wú)內(nèi)容接近的相關(guān)報(bào)道，作品具有原始創(chuàng)新性。

D.推薦者情況及對(duì)作品的說(shuō)明說(shuō)明：1．由推薦者本人填寫；2．推薦者必須具有高級(jí)專業(yè)技術(shù)職稱，并是與申報(bào)作品相同或相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的專家學(xué)者或?qū)I(yè)技術(shù)人員（教研組集體推薦亦可）；3．推薦者填寫此部分，即視為同意推薦；4．推薦者所在單位簽章僅被視為對(duì)推薦者身份的確認(rèn)。推薦者情況姓名曾玲性別女年齡61職稱教授工作單位華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)紅火蟻研究中心通訊地址廣州市天河區(qū)五山路483號(hào)郵政編碼510642單位電話住宅電話推薦者所在單位簽章（簽章）年月日請(qǐng)對(duì)申報(bào)者申報(bào)情況的真實(shí)性作出闡述作品報(bào)道的研究結(jié)果在我研究中心完成，具有原創(chuàng)性。請(qǐng)對(duì)作品的意義、技術(shù)水平、適用范圍及推廣前景作出您的評(píng)價(jià)作品的價(jià)值在于填補(bǔ)了紅火蟻攻擊行為的研究，并為其他相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究提供新的理論基礎(chǔ)。其它說(shuō)明推薦者情況姓名陸永躍性別男年齡38職稱副教授工作單位華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)紅火蟻研究中心通訊地址廣州市天河區(qū)五山路483號(hào)郵政編碼510642單位電話住宅電話推薦者所在單位簽章（簽章）年月日請(qǐng)對(duì)申報(bào)者申報(bào)情況的真實(shí)性作出闡述作品報(bào)道的研究結(jié)果在我研究中心完成，具有原創(chuàng)性。請(qǐng)對(duì)作品的意義、技術(shù)水平、適用范圍及推廣前景作出您的評(píng)價(jià)作品的價(jià)值在于為解釋紅火蟻入侵能力和對(duì)生物多樣性影響等方面的研究提供的科學(xué)依據(jù)。其它說(shuō)明學(xué)校組織協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)構(gòu)確認(rèn)并蓋章（團(tuán)委代章）年月日校主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)或校主管部門確認(rèn)蓋章年月日

E．大賽組織委員會(huì)秘書處資格和形式審查意見組委會(huì)秘書處資格審查意見審查人（簽名）年月日組委會(huì)秘書處形式審查意見審查人（簽名）年月日組委會(huì)秘書處審查結(jié)果□合格□不合格負(fù)責(zé)人（簽名）年月日F．參賽作品打印處饑餓對(duì)紅火蟻非接觸性攻擊行為和捕食效率的影響曹流，匡倍慶，楊嘉玲，宋銀平華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)紅火蟻研究中心廣州510640摘要：研究了饑餓對(duì)紅火蟻非接觸性攻擊行為和捕食效率的影響。結(jié)果表明：紅火蟻工蟻面對(duì)皮氏大頭蟻工蟻時(shí)會(huì)表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的非接觸性攻擊行為，但在饑餓處理前后紅火蟻工蟻的觸角和上顎的張開次數(shù)均無(wú)顯著差異。不同饑餓處理對(duì)桔小實(shí)蠅幼蟲的死亡率（紅火蟻的捕食效率）有顯著的影響，具體表現(xiàn)為對(duì)照和僅１d饑餓的處理組內(nèi)實(shí)蠅幼蟲的死亡率要明顯高于較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間饑餓處理組。當(dāng)饑餓時(shí)間大于2d時(shí)，紅火蟻工蟻對(duì)實(shí)蠅幼蟲便表現(xiàn)很強(qiáng)的捕食效率，將實(shí)蠅幼蟲暴露于紅火蟻工蟻30min后，其死亡率會(huì)迅速降低到50%。而在對(duì)照組和令進(jìn)行１d饑餓處理的，實(shí)蠅的存活率要高于90%。綜合以上結(jié)果，饑餓因素對(duì)紅火蟻的攻擊行為非接觸性攻擊行為無(wú)顯著影響但提高了捕食效率。關(guān)鍵詞：紅火蟻，饑餓處理，非接觸性攻擊行為，捕食前言紅火蟻（膜翅目：蟻科）在入侵美國(guó)南部以已成為一種為害嚴(yán)重的害蟲（MacKay&Fagerlund1997,Vinson1997,Anonymous1999），并且已經(jīng)擴(kuò)散到許多國(guó)家和地區(qū)（Callcott2002,Davisetal.2001,Harris2001,Pascoe2001,Nattrass&Vanderwoude2001,Zengetal.2005）。這個(gè)物種被認(rèn)為是害蟲，主國(guó)是由于它強(qiáng)大的攻擊性，并通過(guò)蜇咬給人帶來(lái)疼痛以及可能產(chǎn)生的過(guò)敏性傷害，具有極高密度和龐大的蟻丘（Adams1986,Vinson1997）。在其的入侵地，紅火蟻與本地物種的豐富度和多樣性的喪失密切相關(guān)（Porter&Savignano1990,Pennisi2000），并可能直接導(dǎo)致非蟻類無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物類群的減少（Allenetal.1995,Hu&Frank1996），以及破壞螞蟻與植物之間的關(guān)系（Zettleraetal.2001）。紅火蟻工蟻是節(jié)肢動(dòng)物貪婪的消費(fèi)者，在許多生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中是最活躍和數(shù)量?jī)?yōu)勢(shì)的的捕食者。根據(jù)報(bào)道紅火蟻具有重要的生態(tài)和經(jīng)濟(jì)意義，因捕食許多昆蟲種類，包括甘蔗螟蟲（Negm&Hensley1967,Reaganetal.1972,Bessin&Reagan1993），喇叭蠅（Lemke&Kissam1988,Hu&Frank1996），棉鈴蟲（Sterling1978,Jones&Sterling,1979），天鵝絨豆毛蟲幼蟲（Leeetal.1990）及粉虱（Morrill1977）。此外，一些研究表明，在德州紅火蟻不干擾棉花地里其他經(jīng)濟(jì)重要捕食性天敵的的作用（Sterlingetal.1979,ReillyandSterling1983a,b）。紅火蟻在蟻群被苗木攜帶進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)距離運(yùn)輸或遇到洪水等極端狀況等可能會(huì)經(jīng)受饑餓，然而，紅火蟻在經(jīng)歷饑餓后攻擊行為是否發(fā)生變化以及饑餓對(duì)其捕食效率是否產(chǎn)生影響卻未見報(bào)道。因此，我們的目標(biāo)是首先要確定饑餓處理對(duì)紅火蟻的非接觸性攻擊行為的影響；其次，我們觀察紅火蟻在饑餓后對(duì)桔小實(shí)蠅幼蟲捕食效率的變化。材料與方法供試?yán)ハx供試的紅火蟻工蟻采自華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)在增城教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)基地中紅火蟻的多蟻后種群。紅火蟻的社會(huì)型由蟻群中蟻后的數(shù)量進(jìn)行確定（Porter1992），蟻群中的蟻后數(shù)量介于2和25。直接用鐵鍬對(duì)蟻丘進(jìn)行挖取并放入塑料箱(20cm*18cm*10cm)內(nèi)，箱內(nèi)壁涂上滑石粉以防止螞蟻逃逸。所收集的螞蟻用10％蜂蜜和黃粉蟲的幼蟲進(jìn)行飼養(yǎng)，充滿水和用棉堵塞的試管（200mm*25mm）作為人工蟻巢并作為水源使用。大頭蟻Pheidolepieli工蟻用香腸進(jìn)行誘集，帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室在人工巢中飼養(yǎng)至少一周后供試。螞蟻在實(shí)驗(yàn)室保持在25±2℃，約60-80％的相對(duì)濕度，以及12L：12D的光周期。桔小實(shí)蠅的實(shí)驗(yàn)種群于2009年4月采集于廣州，并于香蕉和玉米為基礎(chǔ)的人工飼料飼養(yǎng)下，室內(nèi)保持在25±2℃，16L：8D的光周期和60-80％相對(duì)濕度的條件。三齡幼蟲被選定為捕食生物測(cè)定。非接觸性攻擊行為測(cè)試方法紅火蟻與大頭蟻之間面對(duì)面的非接觸性攻擊行為通過(guò)在固定的“對(duì)抗”裝置上完成，裝置用塑料培養(yǎng)皿制成。在培養(yǎng)皿邊緣剪出V形開口（圖1a），讓工蟻的頭露在培養(yǎng)皿外面，用膠帶在培養(yǎng)皿的邊緣固定'螞蟻以防止從V形開口爬過(guò)。頭部下方用石膏塊墊住以保持與“對(duì)抗”目標(biāo)的平行（圖1b）（Lucasetal.2005）。石膏塊工蟻的頭部膠帶培養(yǎng)皿a石膏塊工蟻的頭部膠帶培養(yǎng)皿abb圖1(a)“對(duì)抗”裝置正前視圖，(b)“對(duì)抗”裝置俯視圖(Lucasetal.2005)在固定“對(duì)抗”試驗(yàn)前先用干凈的鑷子將工蟻裝入瓶中進(jìn)行冷暈迷處理。采用覓食蟻進(jìn)行測(cè)試，為避免適應(yīng)每頭工蟻僅供試一次。大頭蟻工蟻在25±2℃和相對(duì)濕度60-80％條件下被固定并在兩小時(shí)內(nèi)完成試驗(yàn)。測(cè)試在上午8時(shí)和16時(shí)內(nèi)進(jìn)行。兩個(gè)固定裝置，各包含一頭工蟻固定正面相對(duì)。試驗(yàn)前中間放一塊預(yù)先用酒精清洗過(guò)的不透明的塑料片隔開，5min后拿開隔片后20秒開始正式試驗(yàn)，試驗(yàn)持續(xù)1min，用錄像機(jī)觀察并分別記錄兩頭螞蟻上顎和觸角張開的時(shí)間（Gamboaetal.1991）。試驗(yàn)重復(fù)10次。捕食試驗(yàn)該試驗(yàn)測(cè)定饑餓處理的紅火蟻工蟻對(duì)桔小實(shí)蠅幼蟲捕食效率，生物測(cè)定在一個(gè)白色的塑料杯（500毫升）內(nèi)進(jìn)行，其內(nèi)壁涂上Fluon以防止螞蟻逃脫。用軟鑷子取5頭工蟻置于杯子的底部5min后再一次性放入10頭桔小實(shí)蠅幼蟲。進(jìn)行35min的暴露捕食試驗(yàn)，每5min記錄幸存的幼蟲數(shù)。試驗(yàn)重復(fù)10次。統(tǒng)計(jì)分析不同饑餓時(shí)間處理紅火蟻觸角和上顎張開次數(shù)的差異以及桔小實(shí)蠅幼蟲的存活率均用方差分析（ANOVA）完成。統(tǒng)計(jì)分析采用SPSS13.0軟件包。

結(jié)果與分析工蟻間的敵對(duì)行為對(duì)以下兩種行為進(jìn)行了觀察和并量化其持續(xù)程度（統(tǒng)計(jì)每min內(nèi)的累計(jì)次數(shù)）：（1）上顎的張開：當(dāng)其中一個(gè)上顎（≥120°）（圖2a），（2）觸角：當(dāng)其中一根觸角向后越過(guò)唇基軸（圖2b）。圖2(a)上顎張開；(b)觸角張開(Lucasetal.,2005).紅火蟻工蟻面對(duì)皮氏大頭蟻工蟻時(shí)會(huì)表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的非接觸性攻擊行為，紅火蟻工蟻在意識(shí)到大頭蟻工蟻存在時(shí)會(huì)張開上顎和觸角。但在饑餓處理前后紅火蟻工蟻的上顎(F=0.772，P=0.549)和觸角(F=0.0743，P=0.568)的張開次數(shù)均無(wú)顯著差異。表明了饑餓處理對(duì)紅火蟻工蟻的非接觸性攻擊行為無(wú)顯著影響。圖1紅火蟻工蟻饑餓處理后對(duì)皮氏大頭蟻的行為反應(yīng)Table1BehavioralresponsesofSolenopsisinvictaencounteredPheidolepieliafterdifferentdurationofstarvationtreatment.饑餓處理時(shí)間Starvationduration(d)n累積次數(shù)Cumulativetime(min.)上顎張開/Mandible觸角張開/Antennalretractionopening0107.001.63a10.001.15a1109.401.23a10.501.40a2105.802.24a8.501.33a4108.402.09a10.701.21a81010.102.51a8.501.10aMeanswithinacolumnfollowedbythesameletterarenotsignificantdifferent(P0.05,one-wayANOVAwithDuncan’smultiplerangetest).圖3暴露于紅火蟻工蟻條件下桔小實(shí)蠅幼蟲的存活率（圖中柱上不同字母表現(xiàn)經(jīng)方差分析（Duncan’s）差異顯著）Fig.3SurvivalrateoftheBactroceradorsalisexposedtoSolenopsisinvictaworkersafterdifferentstarvationduration.Therewasahighlysignificantdifferenceinsurvivalratebetweenthetreatmentgroups.Barswithdifferentletteraresignificantdifferent(P0.05,one-wayANOVAwithDuncan’smultiplerangetest).捕食效率不同饑餓處理對(duì)桔小實(shí)蠅幼蟲的死亡率（紅火蟻的捕食效率）有顯著的影響(F=17.273,P=0.000)，具體表現(xiàn)為對(duì)照和僅１d饑餓的處理組內(nèi)實(shí)蠅幼蟲的死亡率要明顯高于較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間饑餓處理組。當(dāng)饑餓時(shí)間大于2d時(shí)，紅火蟻工蟻對(duì)實(shí)蠅幼蟲便表現(xiàn)很強(qiáng)的捕食效率，將實(shí)蠅幼蟲暴露于紅火蟻工蟻30min后，其死亡率會(huì)迅速降低到50%。而在對(duì)照組和令進(jìn)行１d饑餓處理的，實(shí)蠅的存活率要高于90%（圖3，4）。活動(dòng)水平I組的百分率高于II組表明II組狀態(tài)的桔小實(shí)蠅幼蟲在被紅火蟻攻擊后的很快死亡（即圖3中的III級(jí)）。隨著暴露時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)，桔小實(shí)蠅幼蟲的存活（包括活動(dòng)水平I和II組）呈減少的趨勢(shì)（圖3，4）。圖4桔小實(shí)蠅幼蟲面對(duì)不同饑餓處理紅火蟻在不同存活組中的比例（a,1d;b,2d;c,3d;d,4d;l空白表示可爬動(dòng)，陰影表示身體受刺激可動(dòng)但不能爬動(dòng)，黑色表示死亡）Fig.4PercentageofBactroceradorsalislarvaeineachactivitygroup(Iopenwalking,IIhatchedmovementofbody,IIIsolidnomovement)afterstarvationofoneday(a),twodays(b),fourdays(c)andeightdays(d)workersunderdifferentexposedtime討論成對(duì)固定的攻擊行為測(cè)定結(jié)果表明，當(dāng)面對(duì)其他種類的螞蟻時(shí)紅火蟻表現(xiàn)出很強(qiáng)的攻擊行為。紅火蟻工蟻對(duì)它們的同類表現(xiàn)出極強(qiáng)的侵略性，不僅表現(xiàn)為提供食物條件，更表現(xiàn)在經(jīng)過(guò)饑餓處理的狀態(tài)下。饑餓處理前后紅火蟻工蟻的觸角和上顎的張開次數(shù)均無(wú)顯著差異說(shuō)明了非接觸性攻擊行為并不受饑餓這個(gè)生物因素的影響。雖然捕食生物測(cè)定結(jié)果表明，饑餓可大大促進(jìn)了紅火蟻對(duì)其它昆蟲的消滅能力。試驗(yàn)中由于空間限制桔小實(shí)蠅只能與紅火蟻單獨(dú)接觸，其幼蟲的死亡率較高，而在田間桔小實(shí)蠅幼蟲通過(guò)鉆到土壤中逃避捕滅。這種差異可能主要是因?yàn)樵囼?yàn)時(shí)桔小實(shí)蠅幼蟲不能避免接觸到紅火蟻的工蟻。饑餓2至8天對(duì)紅火蟻工蟻的捕食效率有顯著的促進(jìn)作用，饑餓的閾值約為2d。另外，直到那時(shí)捕食效率是在同一水平。饑餓對(duì)自相殘殺的正向影響曾在Pachycondylavillosa復(fù)合種有報(bào)道（Lucasetal.,2005）。在其它物種中饑餓同樣也影響到攻擊行為，侵略性似乎總是與取食的動(dòng)機(jī)有直接聯(lián)系（Sakakura&Tsukamoto1997）。然而，在試驗(yàn)觀察中發(fā)現(xiàn)紅火蟻的非接觸性攻擊行為在受饑餓幾周后仍然表現(xiàn)為同一水平。我們的研究結(jié)果證明了紅火蟻的取食動(dòng)機(jī)與其捕食密切相關(guān)，而這與其對(duì)其它生物尤其是同類的攻擊行為有本質(zhì)上的區(qū)別。致謝我們的研究得到973課題(編號(hào)：2009CB119200)的資助，特此致謝。同時(shí)感謝匿名審稿人的評(píng)審與寶貴的意見。ReferencesAllen,C.R.,Lutz,R.S.&S.Demaris1995.RedimportedfireantimpactsonNorthernBobwhitepopulations.EcologicalApplications5:632-638.Anonymous1999.NewfireantendangersCaliforniaagriculture.Calif.Grower23,18.Bessin,R.T.&T.E.Reagan1993.Cultivarresistanceandarthropodpredationofsugarcaneborer(Lepidoptera:Pyralidae)affectsincidenceofdeadheartsinLouisianasugarcane.J.Econ.Entomol.86,929-932.Callcott,A.M.A.2002.Rangeexpansionoftheimportedfireant-1918-2001.In:DiffieSK(ed)AnnualImportedFireAntResearchConference,Athens,Davis,L.R.J.,Vander,M.R.K.&S.D.Porter2001.RedimportedfireantsexpandtheirrangeacrosstheWestIndies.FloridaEntomologist84:735-736.Harris,R.2001.BlatantBreachesoftheBorder.Stowaways1:11.Hu,G.Y.&J.H.Frank1996.Effectoftheredimportedfireant(Hymenoptera:Formicidae)ondung-inhabitingarthropodsinFlorida.Environ.Entomol.25,1290-1296.Jones,D.&W.L.Sterling1979.Manipulationofredimportedfireants(Solenopsisinvicta)inatrapcropforbollweevil(Anthonomusgrandis)suppression.Environ.Entomol.8,1073–1077.Lee,J.,Johnson,S.J.&V.L.Wright1990.Quantitativesurvivorshipanalysisofthevelvetbeancaterpillar(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)pupaeinsoybeanfieldsinLouisiana.Environ.Entomol.19,978-986.Lemke,L.A.&J.B.Kissam1988.Impactofredimportedfireant(Hymenoptera:Formicidae)predationonhornflies(Diptera:Muscidae)inacattlepasturetreatedwithPro-Drone.J.Econ.Entomol.81,855-858.Lucasa,C.,Pho,D.B.,Jallon,J.M.&D.Fresneau2005.RoleofcuticularhydrocarbonsinthechemicalrecognitionbetweenantspeciesinthePachycondylavillosaspecies.complexJournalofInsectPhysiology51,1148-1157MacKay,W.P.&R.Fagerlund1997.Rangeexpansionoftheredimportedfireant,SolenopsisinvictaBuren(Hymenoptera:Formicidae),intoNewMexicoandextremewesternTexas.Proc.Entomol.Soc.Morrill,W.L.1977.Redimportedfireantforaginginagreenhouse.Environ.Entomol.6,416-418.Nattrass,R.&C.Vanderwoude2001.APreliminaryinvestigationoftheecologicaleffectsofFireants(Solenopsisinvicta)inBrisbane.EcologicalManagement&Restoration2(3):220-223.Negm,A.&S.D.Hensley1967.Therelationshipofarthropodpredatorstocropdamageinflictedbythesugarcaneborer.J.Econ.Entomol.60,1503-1506.Pascoe,A.2001.Turninguptheheatonfireants.Biosecurity32:6.Pennisi,E.2000.Ecology-whenfireantsmovein,othersleave.Science289(5477),231.Porter,S.D.&D.A.Savignano1990.Invasionofpolygynefireantsdecimatesnativeantsanddisruptsarthropodcommunity.Ecology71:2095-2106.Reagan,T.E.Coburn,G.&S.D.Hensley1972.EffectsofmirexonthearthropodfaunaofaLouisianasugarcanefield.Environ.Entomol.1,588–591.Reilly,J.J.&W.L.Sterling1983a.Interspecificassociationbetweentheredimportedfireant(Hymenoptera:Formicidae),aphids,andsomepredaceousinsectsinacottonagroecosystem.Environ.Entomol.12,541-545.Reilly,J.J.&W.L.Sterling1983b.Dispersionpatternsoftheredimportedfireant(Hymenoptera:Formicidae),aphids,andsomepredaceousinsectsineastTexascottonfields.Environ.Entomol.12,380-385.Sakakura,Y.&K.Tsukamoto1998.Effectsofdensity,starvationandsizedifferenceonaggressivebehaviourinjuvenileyellowtails(Seriolaquinquevadiata).J.Appl.Ichthyol.14,9-13Sterling,W.L.1978.Fortuitousbiologicalsuppressionofthebollweevilbytheredimportedfireant.Environ.Entomol.7,564-568.Sterling,W.L.,Jones,D.&D.A.Dean1979.Failureoftheredimportedfireant(Solenopsisinvicta)toreduceentomophagousinsectandspiderabundanceinacottonagroecosystem.Environ.Entomol.8,976-981.Vinson,S.B.1997.Invasionoftheredimportedfireant(Hymenoptera:Formicidae):Spread,biology,andimpact.Am.Entomol.43,23-39.Zettlera,J.A.Spiraa,T.P.&C.R.Allenb2001.Ant-seedmutualisms:canredimportedfireantssourtherelationship?BiologicalConservation101:249-253.Zeng,L.,Lu,Y.Y.,He,X.F.Zhang,W.Q.&G.W.Liang2005.IdentificationofredimportedfireantSolenopsisinvictaBurentoinvademainlandChinaandinfestationinWuchuan,Guangdong.ChineseBulletinofEntomology42(2):44Effectofstarvationonthecontact-freeaggressivebehaviorandpredationofSolenopsisinvictaBuren(Hymenoptera:Formicidae)CaoLiu,Bei-qinKuang,Jia-lingYang,Yin-pingSongRedimportedfireantresearchcenter,SouthChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Guangzhou510640,ChinaAbstract:TheeffectsofstarvationonaggressivebehaviourandpredationofSolenopsisinvictawereinvestigated.ThefireantworkersshowedsignificantlyaggressivebehaviourtowardsPheidolepieliworkerswhenoncetheywerefacetoeachother.Therewasnosignificantdifferenceincumulativetimeofmandibleopeningandantennalretractionbetweendifferenttreatments.TherewasahighlysignificantdifferenceinsurvivalrateofBactroceradorsalislarvaeamongdifferentstarvationtreatments,withthegroupsofcontrolandonedaystarvationtreatmentshowingahighersurvivalrateofB.dorsalisthanlongerstarvationtreatments.Aftermorethantwodays’starvation,thefireantworkerswereactiveinattackingthemaggots.Thirtyminutesafterputtingthefireantandmaggotstogether,thesurvivaloftheB.dorsalisdecreasesharplytonearly50%inthegroupsofstarvationdurationweremorethantwodays,whereasincontroloronedaystarvationgroupthesurvivalofthemaggotswasmorethan90%.Synthesizingtheresults,thestarvationfactorhadnosignificanteffectontheaggressivebehaviourofS.invictabutdidonthepredationefficiency.Keywords:Solenopsisinvicta,starvation,contact-freeaggressivebehavior,predationIntroductionRedimportedfireant,SolenopsisinvictaBuren(Hymenoptera:Formicidae),hasbecomeaseriouspestafteritintroducedtothesouthernUnitedStates(MacKay&Fagerlund1997,Vinson1997,Anonymous1999)andhasexpandedtomanycountriesandregions(Callcott2002,Davisetal.2001,Harris2001,Pascoe2001,Nattrass&Vanderwoude2001,Zengetal.2005).Thisspeciesisconsideredpestbecauseit’saggressive,hasapainfulandoftenallergenicsting,reachextremelyhighdensities,andhavelargemounds(Adams1986,Vinson1997).Initsintroducedrange,theredimportedfireantwasassociatedwithlossesofrichnessanddiversificationofresidentants(Porter&Savignano1990,Pennisi2000),anditiscloselyresponsibleforthereductionofnonantinvertebrates(Allenetal.1995,Hu&Frank1996),anddisruptionofant-plantmutualisms(Zettleraetal.2001).S.invictaworkersarevoraciousconsumersofarthropodsandareamongthemostactiveandabundantpredatorsinmanyecosystems.Redimportedfireanthasbeenreportedasecologicallyandeconomicallysignificantpredatorofalargekindsofinsects,includingsugarcaneborer(Negm&Hensley1967,Reaganetal.1972,Bessin&Reagan1993),hornflies(Lemke&Kissam1988,Hu&Frank1996),bollweevils(Sterling1978,Jones&Sterling,1979),velvetbeancaterpillarlarvae(Leeetal.1990),andwhiteflies(Morrill1977).Inaddition,severalTexasstudiessuggestedthatredimportedfireantdidnotinterferewithothereconomicallyimportantpredatorsincotton(Sterlingetal.1979,ReillyandSterling1983a,b).Thefireantmayinthestatusofstarvationwhenthecoloniesweretransportedforlongdistancebyuntreatednurserystock,encounteredfloodconditionandsoon.However,littleisknownabouttheeffectsofbioticfactorsontheaggressivebehaviourandpredationofthisspecies.ThusouraimwasfirsttodeterminetheeffectsofstarvationonaggressivebehaviourofS.invictawhenencounterwithotherantspecies.Secondly,weinvestigatedthepredationefficiencyofS.invictaonB.dorsalislarvaeafterstarvationtreatments.MaterialsandmethodsTestanimalsS.invictaworkerswerecollectedrandomlyfromtenpolygynecoloniesintheexperimentalfieldsofSouthChinaAgriculturalUniversityatZengcheng,Guangzhou,China.Moreover,thesocialformofS.invictawasconfirmedbythepresenceofqueennumberineachcolony(Porter1992).Thequeennumberinpolygynecoloniesrangedbetween2and25.Antswerecollecteddirectlyfrommoundswithagardeningtrowelandplacedinplasticboxes(20cm*18cm*10cm)linedalongtheupperinneredgewithtalcumpowdertopreventescape.Thecollectedantswerefedonamixtureof10%honeyandliveinsects(TenebriomolitorL.),andatesttubenest(25by200mm)whichwasfilledpartiallywithwaterandpluggedwithcottonwasusedaswatersource.AlaboratorystrainoforientalfruitflyB.dorsaliswasoriginallycollectedformGuangzhou,PairwiseencountersofimmobilizedantsConfrontationsbetweenantswerestagedusinganimmobilizing‘‘joust’’deviceconsistingofaPetridishwithaV-shapedopeninginitsrim(Fig.1a)whichlettheheadofanantslipthroughit,whateveritssize.Apieceofadhesivetapewasthenputontherimjustbehindtheheadtoblocktheantbythe‘‘V’’.Aclaycylinderwasputundertheheadtomaintainitparalleltothecameraobjective.Thebodyoftheanimalwasfreeinsidethebox(Fig.1b)(Lucasetal.2005).Ant’sheadAdhesivetapeClaycylinderAnt’sheadAdhesivetapeClaycylinderPetridishFig.1.(a)‘‘Front’’viewoftheimmobilizing‘‘joust’’device.(b)Samedeviceseenfromabovewithouttheupperlid,inapairwiseencounter(Lucasetal.2005).Workerswerepickedupwithcleanforcepsandputintochilledvialsbeforeimmobilization.Theyallwereforagers.Allweretestedonlyoncetoavoidanyhabituation.NativeworkerswereintroducedintotheirrespectivedisposablePetridishesfor2hat25±2°Candwith60–80%relativehumidity.Everyteststarted2hafterthebeginningofthelightphaseofthedailycycleand?nished2hbeforeitsend.Twoimmobilizingdevices,containingoneworkereach,werepositionedsothattheworkersfacedeachother.Anopaqueslidepreviouslycleanedwithethanolphysicallydividedthetwoantspriortostartingtheexperiment.Distancesbetweenworkerswerethesameforallexperiments.Fiveminuteslater,theslidewastakenoffandtheencounterwasrecordedonvideotape.EachPetridishwasusedonlyonce.Behavioralresponsesweremeasuredduring1minstarting20safterremovingtheslide.ThebehaviouralresponsesofS.invictaworkerswerestudiedwhenencounteredP.pieli.Behaviouralanalyseswerecarriedoutblindtoavoidanyexperimentationeffects(Gamboaetal.1991).Thisprocedurewasrepeatedfortenreplicates.PredationbioassayThebioassayusedinthisstudymeasuredthestarvationeffectonthepredationofthefireantworkersontheB.dorsalislarvae.Thebioassayconsistedofawhiteplasticcup(500ml)coatedinsidewithFluontopreventantescape.Fiveworkerantswereindividuallyplacedinthebottomofthecupwithasoftforcep.TenB.dorsalislarvaewereplacedinanemptyspaceinthebottomofthecupfiveminutesaftertheworkershavebeenintroducedtotheplasticcup.B.dorsalislarvaewereexposedtofireantworkersfor35minutes,andthenumberofsurvivingmaggotswascounted.Thisprocedurewasrepeatedfortenreplicates.StatisticalanalysesVariationsinthemandibleopeningandantennalretractionofdifferentstarvationdurationtreatmentsofS.invictawhenencounteringP.pieliworkerswereanalyzedusinganalysisofvariance(ANOVA).Dataforpredationbioassayalsoanalyzedusinganalysisofvariance(ANOVA).AllthestatisticalanalyseswereconductedutilizingtheSPSS13.0softwarepackage.ResultsBehavioraldiscriminationbetweenspeciesTwobehaviourswereobservedandtheirdurationsquantified(ascumulativetimes,inminutes):(1)mandibleopening:whenoneofmandibleswasopenedwide(≥120o)andremainedinthispositionwithoutlabiumextension(Fig.2a);(2)antennalretraction:whenoneofantennaewasbroughtbackwardssuchthatatleastthebasalsegmentsarebehindtheaxisformedbythefrontendsoftheclypeus(Fig.2b).Fig.2.(a)Mandibleopening,(b)antennalretraction(Lucasetal.,2005).ThefireantworkersshowedsignificantlyaggressivebehaviourtowardsP.pieliworkerswhenoncetheywerefacetoeachother.Fireantworkersoftenopentheirmandiblesandantennalwhentheyawaretheotherantspeciesisclosing.Fromtheresultsweknowthattherewerenosignificantdifferenceincumulativetimeofmandibleopening(F=0.772，P=0.549)andantennalretraction(F=0.0743，P=0.568)betweendifferenttreatments,whichindicatedthatstarvationhadnoeffectontheaggressivebehaviourofS.invictaTable1BehavioralresponsesofSolenopsisinvictaencounteredPheidolepieliafterdifferentdurationofstarvationtreatment.Starvationduration(d)nCumulativetime(min.)MandibleopeningAntennalretraction0107.001.63a10.001.15a1109.401.23a10.501.40a2105.802.24a8.501.33a4108.402.09a10.701.21a81010.102.51a8.501.10aMeanswithinacolumnfollowedbythesameletterarenotsignificantdifferent(P0.05,one-wayANOVAwithDuncan’smultiplerangetest).Fig.3SurvivalrateoftheBactroceradorsalisexposedtoSolenopsisinvictaworkersafterdifferentstarvationduration.Therewasahighlysignificantdifferenceinsurvivalratebetweenthetreatmentgroups.Barswithdifferentletteraresignificantdifferent(P0.05,one-wayANOVAwithDuncan’smultiplerangetest).PredationactivityTherewasahighlysignificantdifference(F=17.273,P=0.000)insurvivalrateofB.dorsalislarvaeamongdifferentstarvationtreatments,withthegroupsofcontrolandonedaystarvationtreatmentshowingahighersurvivalrateofB.dorsalisthanlongerstarvationtreatments.Aftermorethantwodays’starvation,thefireantworkerswereactiveinattackingthemaggots.Thirtyminutesafterputtingthefireantandmaggotstogether,thesurvivaloftheB.dorsalisdecreasesharplytonearly50%inthegroupsofstarvationdurationweremorethantwodays,whereasincontroloronedaystarvationgroupthesurvivalofthemaggotswasmorethan90%(Figs.3,4).ThepercentageofactivitylevelIwashigherthanactivitylevelIIsuggestingthatmaggotsofactivitylevelIIdiedquitequickly(whichiscalledactivitylevelIIIinFig.3)aftertheattackingofthefireants.Thepercentageofsurvival(includingactivitylevelsIandII)decreasedastheexposedtimeincreased(Figs.3,4).Fig.4PercentageofBactroceradorsalislarvaeineachactivitygroup(Iopenwalking,IIhatchedmovementofbody,IIIsolidnomovement)afterstarvationofoneday(a),twodays(b),fourdays(c)andeightdays(d)workersunderdifferentexposedtimeDiscussionTheresultsofthepairwiseencountersaggressionbioassaysshowedthatS.invictawasaggressivewhenfacetotheotherantspecies.WorkersofS.invictawerehighlyaggressivetowardstheircongenersnotonlytheywereintheconditionoffood-supplied,butalsoafterstarvation.Therewasnosignificantdifferenceincumulativetimeofmandibleopeningandantennalretractionbetweendifferenttreatmentsindicatedthattheaggressivebehaviourofthefireantwasnotaffectedbythisbiologicfactor.WhiletheresultofpredationbioassayshowedthatstarvationcouldgreatlypromotedtheannihilationabilityofS.invictatootherinsects.InsmallarenastudieswithisolatedgroupsofS.invictaworkers,themortalityratiosofB.dorsalislarvaewerehighinthetreatments,whileinthefieldthemaggotscouldescapeintothesoil.Thisdifferencemaybebecauseinsmallarenas,themaggotscannotavoidcontactingthefireantworkers.Starvationfrom2to8dencouragedpredationefficiencysignificantly.Athresholdstarvationisabout2h,untilwhichtimepredationefficiencyismaintainedatthesamelevel.PositiveeffectsofstarvationoncannibalismarereportedinthePachycondylavillosaspeciescomplex(Lucasetal.,2005).Aggressivebehaviourwasaffectedbystarvationinotherspecies;aggressionappearedtobebasedonfeedingmotivation(Sakakura&Tsukamoto1997).However,aggressivebehaviourofS.invictawasobservedatthesamelevel,evenwhentheantswerenotsuppliedfoodforseveralweeksinourexperiment.Ourresultsapparentlyindicatingthepresenceofamotivationalsystemdirectlyrelatedtofeedingorpredatorybehaviour,whichisdifferentfromthemotivationforaggressioninS.invicta