測報告和修改

網(wǎng)頁無障礙的技術方法：檢測、報告和修改2009年10月第一部分1議程2目前狀況輔助技術種類及舉例網(wǎng)頁標準討論網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容無障礙指南2.0版本（WCAG）的由來WCAG1.0和2.0的比較WCAG2.0和中國網(wǎng)頁無障礙標準概述解讀各項WCAG

2.0等級A指導方針《聯(lián)合國殘疾人權(quán)利公約》檢測工具類型議程

（繼續(xù)...）3如何使用這些工具來測試網(wǎng)站的無障礙情況

使用這些工具及其他測試工具對網(wǎng)站進行檢測時的最好做法檢測流程中檢查表的使用修改網(wǎng)站中不符合無障礙要求的錯誤如何創(chuàng)建網(wǎng)頁無障礙檢測報告實踐練習目前狀況

殘疾人是世界上未被完全開發(fā)的勞動人口、消費人群、購買力、選民群體中為數(shù)最眾多的。全球超過6.5億人患有殘疾。

報告表明世界人口中至少10%的人具有不同類型的殘疾。還有更多人具有隱藏或未報告的殘疾。4目前狀況

（繼續(xù)...)5

業(yè)內(nèi)專家預測，未來殘疾人口數(shù)量將因戰(zhàn)爭、傷害、勞動人口老化而持續(xù)增長。

由于勞動人口年齡和勞動技能需求增長，雇用者正在尋找新的途徑，挖掘潛在員工，以保持競爭力。同樣地，企業(yè)正在尋找新的目標消費市場。

時機已經(jīng)到來，契機正在形成：殘疾人（包括因老年而遭遇挑戰(zhàn)的人）代表了企業(yè)的未來。這種趨勢從未像現(xiàn)在馬上成為可能，這么充滿希望。信息無障礙的演變慈善事業(yè)1960

/

1970s1950

/

1960s1980s1990s1914200020012009年以來在私營企業(yè)，無障礙特性以及國際規(guī)范共同推動顧客對無障礙產(chǎn)品和服務的需求。在公共事業(yè)領域，州政府、地方政府和教育機構(gòu)采用政府法規(guī)。法律法規(guī)信息無障礙在過去曾經(jīng)是慈善性質(zhì)，在新千年來臨之際，轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉煞ㄒ?guī)的要求。如今，市場正在推動著信息無障礙的發(fā)展。6目前情況7目前政府以及私營機構(gòu)都認識到如果現(xiàn)在技術不是無障礙的，那么：有可能導致法律訴訟有可能失去聯(lián)邦政府采購的機會有可能流失客戶/顧客有可能錯失為客戶/顧客服務的機會有可能損害公眾形象/品牌形象We

now

realize

that

it

is

more

cost

effective

to

retain

skilled

employees

than

to

recruit

new

ones.

By

using

accessible

technology,

organizationscan

keep

agingemployees

in

the

workplace

longer.Without

accessibility

strategies

to

attract

or

retain

these

workers,

companies

will

have

a

significant

loss

in

knowledge

workers

over

the

next

10

to15

years.In

addition,

there

is

an

increase

in

the

number

of

people

withdisabilities

graduatingfrommajor

universities

and

trainingprograms

entering

the

jobmarket.

Accessible

technology

is

therefore

critical.

比起招聘新員工，保持有技能的員工成本效率更高。無障礙技術可以延長老年員工的工作時間。

如果沒有無障礙策略來吸引或保留這些老年員工，企業(yè)在下1個10-15年內(nèi)將導致知識型員工嚴重流失。

從高校和職業(yè)培訓機構(gòu)畢業(yè)、進入職場的殘疾人數(shù)量不斷增長。目前情況（繼續(xù)...）8創(chuàng)新的步伐9與此同時，依賴計算機技術的總?cè)丝跀?shù)量也持續(xù)增長:系統(tǒng)、部門和公司之間數(shù)據(jù)共享。強大的搜索能力正在簡化信息檢索。跨國團隊建設和管理變得更容易。移動性提高使業(yè)務幾乎可以在任何地方進行。但是，公司和員工（不論殘疾與否）在以下方面所面臨的困難逐步增加：郵件、即時通訊、短信音頻/視頻會議、在線虛擬會議互聯(lián)網(wǎng)以及內(nèi)部網(wǎng)站簡易信息聚合博客和社交媒體等等創(chuàng)新的步伐繼續(xù)...沒有跡象表明變化的速度會下降：技術聚焦使新的應用場景成為可能方案。新技術取代現(xiàn)有的解決方案。

存儲能力的增長、更小形式的因素加速出現(xiàn)創(chuàng)造了新的可能。10即將來臨的是什么？11

殘疾人越來越被認為是重要的以及正在成長的產(chǎn)品及服務市場。殘疾人現(xiàn)在開始提出需求并期望被了解。

由于殘疾人已經(jīng)越來越開始成為未被開發(fā)的消費群體和選民群體，這個群體被直接定位為可以引領無障礙技術未來的發(fā)展。世界范圍的例子讓我們看一看！12Mostly

related

to

Web

Accessibility輔助技術種類和舉例13輸入替代設備：使個人可以通過標準的鍵盤裝置或指點裝置以外的方式來控制電腦。例如：替代鍵盤電子指點裝置吹吸控制裝置拐杖以及操作桿控制桿軌跡球觸摸屏Braille

embossers

transfer

computer

generated

text

into

embossed

Braille

output.

Braille

translationprograms

convert

text

scanned-in

orgenerated

via

standard

word

processing

programs

into

Braille,

which

can

be

printed

on

the

embosser.Keyboard

filters

are

typingaids

such

as

word

predictionutilities

and

add-on

spellingcheckers

that

reduce

the

required

number

of

keystrokes.Keyboard

filters

enable

users

to

quickly

access

the

letters

they

need

and

to

avoid

inadvertentlyselecting

keys

they

don"t

want.Light

signaler

alerts

monitor

computer

sounds

and

alert

the

computer

user

with

light

signals.

This

is

useful

when

a

computer

user

can

nothear

computer

sounds

or

is

notdirectly

in

front

of

the

computerscreen.

As

an

example,

a

light

can

flash

alerting

the

user

when

a

new

e-mail

message

has

arrived

or

a

computer

command

has

completed.On-screen

keyboards

provide

an

image

of

astandard

or

modified

keyboard

on

the

computer

screen

that

allows

the

user

to

select

keys

with

amouse,

touch

screen,

trackball,

joystick,

switch,

or

electronic

pointing

device.

On-screen

keyboards

oftenhave

a

scanning

option

that

highlightsindividual

keys

that

can

be

selected

by

the

user.

On-screen

keyboards

are

helpful

for

individuals

who

are

not

able

to

usea

standard

keyboard

dueto

dexterity

or

mobility

difficulties.Reading

tools

and

learning

disabilities

programs

include

software

and

hardware

designed

to

make

text-based

materials

more

accessible

forpeople

who

have

difficultywithreading.

Options

can

include

scanning,

reformatting,

navigating,

or

speaking

text

out

loud.

These

programs

arehelpful

for

those

who

have

difficultyseeing

or

manipulating

conventional

print

materials;

people

who

are

developingnew

literacyskills

or

who

arelearning

English

asa

foreignlanguage;

and

people

who

comprehend

better

whenthey

hear

and

see

text

highlighted

simultaneously.Refreshable

Braille

displays

provide

tactile

outputof

information

represented

on

the

computer

screen.

A

Braille

"cell"

is

composed

of

aseriesof

dots.

The

pattern

of

the

dots

and

various

combinations

of

the

cells

are

used

in

place

of

letters.

Refreshable

Braille

displays

mechanically

liftsmall

rounded

plastic

or

metal

pins

as

needed

to

form

Braille

characters.

The

user

reads

the

Braille

letters

with

his

or

her

fingers,

and

then,

after

aline

is

read,

can

refresh

the

display

to

read

the

next

line.輔助技術種類和舉例·盲文打印機·鍵盤過濾器·光源信號燈警報14Braille

embossers

transfer

computer

generated

text

into

embossed

Braille

output.

Braille

translationprograms

convert

text

scanned-in

orgenerated

via

standard

word

processing

programs

into

Braille,

which

can

be

printed

on

the

embosser.Keyboard

filters

are

typingaids

such

as

word

predictionutilities

and

add-on

spellingcheckers

that

reduce

the

required

number

of

keystrokes.Keyboard

filters

enable

users

to

quickly

access

the

letters

they

need

and

to

avoid

inadvertentlyselecting

keys

they

don"t

want.Light

signaler

alerts

monitor

computer

sounds

and

alert

the

computer

user

with

light

signals.

This

is

useful

when

a

computer

user

can

nothear

computer

sounds

or

is

notdirectly

in

front

of

the

computerscreen.

As

an

example,

a

light

can

flash

alerting

the

user

when

a

new

e-mail

message

has

arrived

or

a

computer

command

has

completed.On-screen

keyboards

provide

an

image

of

astandard

or

modified

keyboard

on

the

computer

screen

that

allows

the

user

to

select

keys

with

amouse,

touch

screen,

trackball,

joystick,

switch,

or

electronic

pointing

device.

On-screen

keyboards

oftenhave

a

scanning

option

that

highlightsindividual

keys

that

can

be

selected

by

the

user.

On-screen

keyboards

are

helpful

for

individuals

who

are

not

able

to

usea

standard

keyboard

dueto

dexterity

or

mobility

difficulties.Reading

tools

and

learning

disabilities

programs

include

software

and

hardware

designed

to

make

text-based

materials

more

accessible

forpeople

who

have

difficultywithreading.

Options

can

include

scanning,

reformatting,

navigating,

or

speaking

text

out

loud.

These

programs

arehelpful

for

those

who

have

difficultyseeing

or

manipulating

conventional

print

materials;

people

who

are

developingnew

literacyskills

or

who

arelearning

English

asa

foreignlanguage;

and

people

who

comprehend

better

whenthey

hear

and

see

text

highlighted

simultaneously.Refreshable

Braille

displays

provide

tactile

outputof

information

represented

on

the

computer

screen.

A

Braille

"cell"

is

composed

of

aseriesof

dots.

The

pattern

of

the

dots

and

various

combinations

of

the

cells

are

used

in

place

of

letters.

Refreshable

Braille

displays

mechanically

liftsmall

rounded

plastic

or

metal

pins

as

needed

to

form

Braille

characters.

The

user

reads

the

Braille

letters

with

his

or

her

fingers,

and

then,

after

aline

is

read,

can

refresh

the

display

to

read

the

next

line.輔助技術種類和舉例·屏幕鍵盤·閱讀工具和學習障礙程序·可刷新額盲文顯示器15Screen

enlargers,

or

screen

magnifiers,

work

like

a

magnifying

glass

for

the

computer

by

enlarging

a

portion

of

the

screen

which

can

increaselegibility

and

make

it

easier

to

see

items

on

the

computer.

Some

screen

enlargers

allow

aperson

to

zoomin

and

out

on

aparticular

area

of

thescreen.Screen

readers

are

used

to

verbalize,

or

"speak,"

everythingon

the

screen

including

text,

graphics,

control

buttons,

and

menus

into

acomputerized

voice

that

is

spoken

aloud.

In

essence,

ascreen

reader

transformsagraphic

user

interface

(GUI)

into

an

audio

interface.

Screenreaders

are

essential

for

computer

users

who

are

blind.Speech

recognition

or

voice

recognition

programs,

allow

people

to

give

commands

and

enter

data

using

their

voicesratherthan

a

mouse

or

keyboard.

Voice

recognition

systems

use

a

microphone

attached

to

the

computer,

which

can

be

used

tocreate

text

documents

such

aslettersor

e-mail

messages,

browse

the

Internet,

and

navigate

among

applications

and

menus

by

voice.Text-to-Speech(TTS)

or

speech

synthesizers

receive

information

going

to

the

screen

in

the

formof

letters,

numbers,

and

punctuation

marks,and

then

"speak"

it

out

loud

in

a

computerized

voice.

Using

speech

synthesizers

allows

computer

users

who

are

blind

or

who

have

learningdifficulties

to

hear

what

they

are

typing

and

also

providea

spoken

voice

for

individuals

who

can

not

communicate

orally,

but

can

communicatetheir

thoughts

through

typing.Talking

and

large-print

word

processors

are

software

programs

that

use

speechsynthesizers

to

provide

auditory

feedback

of

what

is

typed.Large-print

word

processors

allowthe

user

to

view

everything

in

large

text

without

added

screen

enlargement.TTY/TDD

conversion

modems

are

connected

between

computers

and

telephones

to

allow

an

individual

to

type

a

message

on

a

computer

andsend

ittoa

TTY/TDDtelephone

or

other

Baudot

equipped

device.輔助技術種類和舉例·屏幕放大鏡或屏幕放大器·讀屏軟件·語音識別或聲音識別程序16Screen

enlargers,

or

screen

magnifiers,

work

like

a

magnifying

glass

for

the

computer

by

enlarging

a

portion

of

the

screen

which

can

increaselegibility

and

make

it

easier

to

see

items

on

the

computer.

Some

screen

enlargers

allow

aperson

to

zoomin

and

out

on

aparticular

area

of

thescreen.Screen

readers

are

used

to

verbalize,

or

"speak,"

everythingon

the

screen

including

text,

graphics,

control

buttons,

and

menus

into

acomputerized

voice

that

is

spoken

aloud.

In

essence,

ascreen

reader

transformsagraphic

user

interface

(GUI)

into

an

audio

interface.

Screenreaders

are

essential

for

computer

users

who

are

blind.Speech

recognition

or

voice

recognition

programs,

allow

people

to

give

commands

and

enter

data

using

their

voicesratherthan

a

mouse

or

keyboard.

Voice

recognition

systems

use

a

microphone

attached

to

the

computer,

which

can

be

used

tocreate

text

documents

such

aslettersor

e-mail

messages,

browse

the

Internet,

and

navigate

among

applications

and

menus

by

voice.Text-to-Speech(TTS)

or

speech

synthesizers

receive

information

going

to

the

screen

in

the

formof

letters,

numbers,

and

punctuation

marks,and

then

"speak"

it

out

loud

in

a

computerized

voice.

Using

speech

synthesizers

allows

computer

users

who

are

blind

or

who

have

learningdifficulties

to

hear

what

they

are

typing

and

also

providea

spoken

voice

for

individuals

who

can

not

communicate

orally,

but

can

communicatetheir

thoughts

through

typing.Talking

and

large-print

word

processors

are

software

programs

that

use

speechsynthesizers

to

provide

auditory

feedback

of

what

is

typed.Large-print

word

processors

allowthe

user

to

view

everything

in

large

text

without

added

screen

enlargement.TTY/TDD

conversion

modems

are

connected

between

computers

and

telephones

to

allow

an

individual

to

type

a

message

on

a

computer

andsend

ittoa

TTY/TDDtelephone

or

other

Baudot

equipped

device.輔助技術種類和舉例17·文本語音轉(zhuǎn)換（TTS）或語音合成系統(tǒng)DECTalk,Eloquence·語音和大字體排印文字處理軟件·TTY/TDD轉(zhuǎn)換調(diào)制解調(diào)器NexTalk-VM

TTY調(diào)制解調(diào)器/軟件例子：JAWS

Reader讓我們看一看！18網(wǎng)頁無障礙標準討論19WCAG2.0概述20·

1999年5月，W3C推薦了一整套WCAG1.0指導方針，用來幫助網(wǎng)頁開發(fā)者創(chuàng)建對所有終端用戶（不管其是否殘疾）無障礙的網(wǎng)站。

然而，網(wǎng)站及web應用所使用技術正高速發(fā)展。因此，在剛發(fā)布WCAG1.0之后不久，就幾乎立即開始制定新的WCAG2.0指導方針·

2008年12月17日，W3C發(fā)布了WCAG2.0最終版本。它的目的在于使指導方針更便于理解，更準確測試，以及能應用于當今開發(fā)者所使用的高級技術。WCAG2.0的影響21這是目前WCAG2.0、美國508法案以及國際上致力于無障礙的各種努力之間達成一致的成果。政府部門和他們的供應廠商應該積極主動地實施WCAG2.0檢查點。在達到WCAG2.0合規(guī)等級A之前，被這一變化所影響的開發(fā)者會找不到合適的指導方針來幫助他們確認網(wǎng)站是否既符合WCAG2.0的標準又符合可能兼容的標準。The

guidelines

and

Success

Criteria

are

organized

around

the

following

four

principles,

which

lay

the

foundation

necessary

for

anyone

to

accessand

use

Web

content.

Anyone

who

wants

to

use

the

Web

must

have

content

that

is:Perceivable

-

Informationand

user

interface

components

must

be

presentable

to

users

in

ways

they

can

perceive.This

means

that

users

must

be

able

to

perceive

the

information

being

presented

(it

can"t

be

invisible

to

all

of

their

senses)Operable

-

User

interface

components

and

navigation

must

be

operable.This

means

that

users

must

be

able

to

operate

the

interface

(the

interface

cannot

require

interaction

that

auser

cannot

perform)Understandable

-

Informationand

the

operation

of

user

interface

must

be

understandable.This

means

that

users

must

be

able

to

understand

the

information

as

well

as

the

operation

of

the

user

interface

(the

content

or

operation

cannot

bebeyond

their

understanding)Robust

-

Content

must

be

robust

enoughthat

it

can

be

interpreted

reliably

by

awide

variety

of

user

agents,

including

assistive

technologies.This

means

that

users

must

be

able

to

access

the

content

as

technologies

advance

(as

technologies

and

user

agents

evolve,

the

content

shouldremain

accessible)If

any

of

these

are

not

true,

users

with

disabilities

will

not

be

able

to

use

the

Web.WCAG2.0的探索22WCAG2.0被分成4個主要設計原則：可感知性可操作性可理解性健全性這四大原則的每一個均包括若干條指導方針（共12條），劃分為3個合規(guī)等級：A、AA或AAAThe

Guidelines:

One

of

the

key

objectives

of

the

guidelines

is

to

ensure

that

content

is

directly

accessible

to

as

many

people

as

possible,

andcapable

of

being

re-presented

indifferent

forms

to

matchdifferent

peoples"

sensory,

physical

and

cognitive

abilities.Success

Criteria:

Theyare

similar

to

the

"checkpoints"

in

WCAG

1.0.

Each

Success

Criterion

is

written

as

a

statement

that

will

be

either

true

orfalse

when

specific

Web

content

is

tested

against

it.

The

Success

Criteria

are

written

to

be

technologyneutral.AllWCAG

2.0

Success

Criteria

are

written

as

testable

criteria

for

objectively

determining

if

content

satisfies

the

Success

Criteria.

While

some

ofthe

testing

can

be

automated

using

software

evaluation

programs,

others

require

human

testers

for

part

or

all

of

the

test.Although

content

may

satisfy

the

Success

Criteria,

the

content

may

not

always

be

usable

by

people

with

a

wide

variety

of

disabilities.

Professionalreviews

utilizing

recognized

qualitative

heuristics

are

important

inachieving

accessibility

for

some

audiences.

Inaddition,

usabilitytestingisrecommended.

Usabilitytesting

aims

to

determine

how

well

people

can

use

the

content

for

its

intended

purpose.Sufficient

andAdvisory

Techniques:

Rather

than

having

technology

specific

techniques

in

WCAG

2.0,

the

guidelines

and

Success

Criteriathemselves

have

been

written

in

a

technology

neutral

fashion.

In

order

to

provide

guidance

and

examples

for

meeting

the

guidelines

using

specifictechnologies

(for

example

HTML)

the

workinggroup

has

identified

sufficient

techniques

for

each

Success

Criterion

that

are

sufficient

to

meetthat

Success

Criterion.

In

addition

to

the

sufficient

techniques,

there

are

a

number

of

advisory

techniques

that

canenhance

accessibility,

but

didnot

qualify

as

sufficient

techniques

because

they

are

not

sufficient

to

meet

the

full

requirements

of

the

Success

Criteria,

they

are

not

testable,and/or

because

they

are

good

and

effective

techniques

insome

circumstances

but

not

effective

or

helpful

in

others.WCAG2.0標準的層次23指導方針：在基本原則之下的是指導方針，共有12條指導方針。合格標準：對于每個指導方針，都提供了明確描述必須遵從的標準。充分技術和推薦技術：對于WCAG2.0中的每個指導方針和合格標準，

W3C工作組已確認充分滿足合格標準的充分技術。除充分技術之外，另一個是推薦采用的技術，能夠提高無障礙性能。Note

1:

Although

conformance

canonly

be

achieved

at

the

stated

levels,

authors

are

encouraged

to

report

(in

their

claim)

any

progress

towardmeeting

success

criteria

fromall

levels

beyond

the

achieved

level

of

conformance.Note

2:Itis

not

recommended

that

Level

AAA

conformance

be

required

as

ageneral

policy

for

entire

sites

because

it

is

not

possible

to

satisfy

allLevel

AAA

Success

Criteria

for

some

content.WCAG2.0合規(guī)等級24為了使一個網(wǎng)頁符合WCAG2.0，必須滿足以下所有的合規(guī)要求：合規(guī)等級：完全符合如下任一等級：等級A：對于合規(guī)等級A（最低合規(guī)等級），網(wǎng)頁滿足所有等級A合格標準，或者提供了一個合規(guī)的替代版本；等級AA：對于合規(guī)等級AA，網(wǎng)頁滿足所有等級A和等級AA合格標準，或者提供一個符合等級AA的替代版本；等級AAA：對于合規(guī)等級AAA，網(wǎng)頁滿足所有等級A、等級AA和等級AAA合格標準或者提供一個符合等級AAA的替代版本。WCAG1.0和2.0的比較25隨著技術從過去的基本靜態(tài)網(wǎng)頁演變到現(xiàn)在復雜的網(wǎng)絡應用，WCAG2.0發(fā)生了相應的演變。每個指導方針都增加了可測試的合規(guī)標準，能適用于不同的技術，WCAG2.0可以應用于現(xiàn)在和將來更廣泛的內(nèi)容類型。WCAG

2.0總結(jié)26隨著技術從過去的基本靜態(tài)網(wǎng)頁演變到現(xiàn)在復雜的網(wǎng)絡應用，WCAG2.0發(fā)生了相應的演變。每個指導方針都增加了可測試的合規(guī)標準，能適用于不同的技術，WCAG2.0可以應用于現(xiàn)在和將來更廣泛的內(nèi)容類型。Controls,

Input:

If

non-text

content

is

acontrol

or

accepts

user

input,

then

it

has

a

name

that

describes

its

purpose.

(Refer

to

Guideline

4.1

foradditional

requirements

for

controls

and

content

that

accepts

user

input.)Time-Based

Media:

If

non-text

content

is

time-based

media,

then

text

alternatives

at

least

provide

descriptive

identification

of

the

non-textcontent.

(Refer

to

Guideline

1.2

for

additional

requirements

for

media.)Test:

If

non-text

content

is

atest

or

exercise

that

would

be

invalid

if

presented

in

text,

then

text

alternatives

at

least

provide

descriptiveidentification

of

the

non-text

content.Sensory:

If

non-text

content

is

primarily

intended

to

create

a

specific

sensory

experience,

then

text

alternatives

at

least

provide

descriptiveidentification

of

the

non-text

content.CAPTCHA:

If

the

purpose

of

non-text

content

is

to

confirm

that

content

is

being

accessed

by

a

person

rather

than

acomputer,

then

textalternatives

that

identifyand

describe

the

purpose

of

the

non-text

content

are

provided,

and

alternative

forms

of

CAPTCHA

using

output

modesfor

different

types

of

sensory

perception

are

provided

to

accommodate

different

disabilities.Decoration,

Formatting,

Invisible:

If

non-text

content

is

pure

decoration,

is

used

onlyfor

visual

formatting,

or

is

not

presented

to

users,

then

it

isimplemented

in

a

way

that

it

can

be

ignored

by

assistive

technology.WCAG2.0和中國網(wǎng)頁無障礙標準概述報告人：IBM

Phill

Jenkins27Phill

Jenkins全球信息無障礙中心資深專家pjenkins@奧斯丁，德克薩斯州/able被美國總統(tǒng)任命為美國聯(lián)邦政府無障礙委員會專家–2009-2013www.access-華盛頓特區(qū)網(wǎng)頁無障礙項目小組

(WAI)自1996年起，WAI顧問委員會/WAIWCAG

2.0

does

NOT

include

requirements

for

the

assistive

technologies,

not

for

the

browser,

not

for

the

developer

tools

either

–

onlythe

webcontent.網(wǎng)頁無障礙必不可少的組成部分WCAG2.0由網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容需求組成中國網(wǎng)頁無障礙要求·

2006年4月27日WCAG2.0的草案初稿·

2008年3月13日由中華人民共和國信息產(chǎn)業(yè)部發(fā)布·

2008年7月1日生效·

2008年12月11日WCAG2.0發(fā)布最終版本302006:

W3C

published

WCAG

2.0

Last

Call

draft

in

April.

It

specified

3

levels

of

priority:

A,

AA,

and

AAA2007:

IBM

published

Web

4.0

checklist

internally

containing

the

Level

A

requirements

from

the

WCAG

2.0

Last

Call

draft.

W3C

continued

makingchanges

to

WCAG

2.0

to

resolve

public

comment

issues.

New

requirements

were

introduced

at

Level

A.2008:

IBM

products

began

to

come

into

compliance

with

WCAG

2.0

Last

Call

Level

A.China

published

Web

accessibility

standards

based

on

WCAG

2.0

Last

Call

Level

A.The

W3C

completes

WCAG

2.0

in

December

2008.

The

final

standard

contains

25

Level

A,

13

Level

AA,

and

23

Level

AAA

requirements.2009:

IBM

plans

to

publish

Web

5.0

checklist

incorporating

all

changes

in

the

WCAG

2.0

Level

A

requirements

as

aninterim

step

to

WCAG2.0

AA

compliance.Australia

plans

to

have

new

Web

accessibility

recommendations

based

on

WCAG

2.0

in

March.The

compliance

level

is

unknown

but

is

expected

to

be

Level

A

based

on

their

current

policy.Several

European

countries

such

as

UK,

Germany,

and

Italy

appear

to

be

taking

aserious

look

at

WCAG

2.0

and

may

not

wait

for

EU

levelaction

to

update

their

policies

to

WCAG

2.0

AA.2010:

IBMproducts

will

begin

to

come

into

compliance

withWCAG

2.0

Level

A.IBM

will

need

to

publish

Web

6.0

checklist

to

incorporate

the

WCAG

2.0

Level

AA

requirements.

Date

is

TBD.

But

if

it

is

in

2010,

IBMproducts

will

begin

to

come

into

compliance

in

2011.2011:

Expect

federal

regulation

in

the

US

to

beginrequiringWCAG

2.0

AA

compliance.Also,

public

sector

organizations

in

Ontario,

Canada

must

be

compliant

with

WCAG

2.0

AA

by

year

end

2010.EU

standards

and

certification

scheme

are

also

expected

to

complete

in

2011

driving

another

27

countries

to

adopt

WCAG

2.0

AA.Other

countries

that

looked

poised

to

adopt

WCAG

2.0

are

Brazil,

Switzerland,

India,

and

Japan

but

their

timeframes

are

currently

unknown.等級A20062007200820092012IBM

Web

4.0IBM

Web

5.1澳大利亞(A?)安大略(AA)歐盟27個成員(AA)美國

(AA)中國改變新的等級AWCAG

2

.0

LC

4

/

06WCAG

2

.0

12

/

08等級AA等級AAA等級A

(25)等級

AA

(13)等級AAA

(23)日本?印度?瑞士?巴西?英國，德國，意大利等等？(AA)2010

2011美國508法案修正案?IBM

Web

?2005IBM

Web

3.5等級

A?等級

AA?時間表四（4）大原則的相似性[6]網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容和控件必須是可理解的[7]兼容性要求[中國標準中的節(jié)號]中國標準

WCAG

2.0

最終版本網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容必須是可感知的

? 可感知性網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容中的界面組件必須是

? 可操作性可操作的可理解性健全性比較13條和12條指導方針中國標準1可感知性1.1為所有非文本內(nèi)容提供替代文本。1.2為同步媒體提供[同步的]替代文本。1.3

保證信息和結(jié)構(gòu)可以與表現(xiàn)相分離。1.4

前景信息和背景要容易區(qū)分。2可操作性– 2.1

所有功能都可通過鍵盤接口操作。

2.2給[殘疾]用戶提供足夠的時間來閱讀和使用網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容。2.3在設計內(nèi)容時不使用已知會導致疾病發(fā)作的方式。

2.4提供辦法以幫助[殘疾]用戶查找內(nèi)容,確定自己所處的位置和導航。2.5

幫助用戶避免錯誤，并在出現(xiàn)錯誤時方便地加以糾正。3可理解性3.1使文本內(nèi)容是可讀的和可理解的。3.2

內(nèi)容的布置和功能性是可預測的。4健全性

4.1最大限度地兼容目前和未來的用戶代理（包括輔助技術）。4.2確保內(nèi)容是無障礙的或者提供一個無障礙的選項。WCAG2.0最終版本1

可感知性

1.1為所有非文本內(nèi)容提供替代文本，使之可以轉(zhuǎn)化為用戶需要的其他形式（例如大字版本、盲文、語音、符號語言、簡化語言）。1.2為時基媒體提供替代文本。

1.3創(chuàng)建能以不同形式（例如簡化布局）展現(xiàn)而不丟失信息或結(jié)構(gòu)的內(nèi)容。

1.4使用戶更容易看到或聽到內(nèi)容，包括從背景信息中區(qū)分出前景信息。2

可操作性2.1所有功能均可通過鍵盤操作。2.2給用戶提供足夠的時間來閱讀和使用網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容。2.3在設計內(nèi)容時不使用已知會導致疾病發(fā)作的方式。2.4提供幫助用戶導航、查找內(nèi)容和定位的方法。3

可理解性3.1使文本內(nèi)容是可讀的和可理解的。3.2使網(wǎng)頁以可預測的方式展示和操作。3.3幫助用戶避免和糾正錯誤。4

健全性– 4.1最大限度地兼容目前和未來的用戶代理（包括輔助技術）。合規(guī)要求(經(jīng)修訂的部分)[最終版本里的刪除][最終版本中的明確部分][最終版本中添加]等級A(1)合格標準的差異中國標準–18條等級1合格標準對于所有非文本內(nèi)容，下列中一項是正確的。對預先錄制的多媒體信息要提供字幕。對于預先錄制的多媒體信息，對包括任何互動信息在內(nèi)的內(nèi)容，要提供視頻內(nèi)容的 語音描述信息，或提供全部多媒體內(nèi)容的文本替代描述信息。用“表現(xiàn)”來傳遞的信息和“關系”可以用軟件識別，“表現(xiàn)”發(fā)生變化時，用戶代理以及輔助技術能夠得到通知。對于用顏色傳遞的信息，在沒有色彩時同樣清晰可辨。當內(nèi)容的順序影響它的含義時，順序可以被軟件識別和確定。無網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容中的所有功能都能夠以與時間無關的方式通過鍵盤接口來操作，除非任務 要求采用類似的、與時間相關的輸入方式。對于網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容中設置的暫停時間，應至少滿足下列一個規(guī)定。保證內(nèi)容不違背通用的閃爍門限或紅色閃爍門限。用一種機制來跳過在多個Web單元中反復出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容快。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)輸入錯誤，能夠指出該錯誤并以文本方式向用戶描述。網(wǎng)頁單元(WebUnit)的主要自然語言或幾種語言能夠通過程序識別。當組件被“聚焦”時，不會造成上下文的改變。表單的控制和字段設置的改變不會造成上下文的自動改變（除了按Tab順序移到下一個字段之外），除非在控制之前被編輯單元中包含描述該控制行為的指令。網(wǎng)頁單元(Web

Unit)或作者編輯組件能夠被清晰地解析，同時生成的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的關 系也是明確的。對于所有的用戶接口組件，名字和角色能夠由程序識別，用戶有權(quán)設置的值能夠通 過程序設定，各個條目修改的通告對用戶代理是可用的，包括輔助技術。內(nèi)容至少有一個版本滿足所有等級1的有效規(guī)定，但是不滿足所有等級1有效規(guī)定的替代版本也可以從同一個URI鏈接出來。內(nèi)容應滿足以下標準即使內(nèi)容使用了不在所選準線內(nèi)的技術。WCAG2.0最終版本–25條等級A合格標準非文本內(nèi)容純音頻和純視頻（預錄制）字幕（預錄制）音頻描述或媒體替代文本（預錄制）信息和關系有含義的