2009年社會(huì)工作實(shí)務(wù)(初級)模擬試題35198

Chapter

2：The

Internet,

the

Web,

and

Electronic

Commerc2012.3.41Discuss

the

origins

of

the

Internet

and

the

Web.

Describe

how

to

access

the

Web

using

providers

andbrowsers.

Discuss

Internet

communications,

including

e-mail,instant

messaging,

and

social

networking.

Describe

search

tools,

including

search

engines,metasearch

engines,

and

specialized

search

engines.

Evaluate

the

accuracy

of

information

presented

on

theWeb.

Discuss

electronic

commerce,

including

B2C,

C2C,

B2B,and

security

issues.

Describe

these

Web

utilities:

Web-based

applicationsFTP,

plug-ins,

and

filters.2The

Internet

was

launched

in

1969

when

the

UnitedStates

funded

a

project

that

developed

a

national

computnetwork

called

Advanced

Research

Project

AgencyNetwork

(ARPANET).

The

Internet

is

a

large

network

thatconnects

together

smaller

networks

all

over

the

globe.

TWeb

was

introduced

in

1992

at

the

Center

for

EuropeanNuclear

Research

(CERN)

in

Switzerland.因特網(wǎng)首創(chuàng)于1969年，當(dāng)時(shí)美國政府撥款開發(fā)了一個(gè)全國的計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，叫做阿帕網(wǎng)。這個(gè)因特網(wǎng)是一個(gè)巨大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，它把全球的小型網(wǎng)絡(luò)都連接在一起。萬維網(wǎng)是1992年在瑞士的歐洲核子研究中心被引進(jìn)的。3Prior

to

the

Web,

the

Internet

was

all

text——graphics,

animations,

sound,

or

video.

The

Web

made

itpossible

to

include

these

elements.

It

provided

a

multiminterface

to

resources

available

on

the

Internet.

From

tearly

research

beginnings,

the

Internet

and

the

Web

haveevolved

into

one

of

the

most

powerful

tools

for

the

21stcentury.在萬維網(wǎng)之前，因特網(wǎng)全部都是文字——沒有任何圖像，動(dòng)畫，聲音，視頻。萬維網(wǎng)使得包含這些元素變成了可能。它為因特網(wǎng)上的有效資源提供了一個(gè)多媒體的界面。從這些早期的研究開始之后，因特網(wǎng)與萬維網(wǎng)就已經(jīng)演變成了21世紀(jì)最強(qiáng)大的工具之一。4It

is

easy

to

get

the

Internet

and

the

Web

confused,

but

tare

not

the

same

thing.

The

Internet

is

the

actual

physicalnetwork.

It

is

made

up

of

wires,

cables,

and

satellites.

Beiconnected

to

this

network

is

often

described

as

being

onlineInternet

connects

millions

of

computers

and

resources

availon

the

Internet.

Every

day

over

a

billion

users

from

nearly

ecountry

in

the

world

use

the

Internet

and

the

Web.

What

are

tdoing?

The

most

common

uses

are

the

following:我們很容易將因特網(wǎng)與萬維網(wǎng)弄混淆，盡管它們不是同一個(gè)概念。因特網(wǎng)實(shí)際上指的是物理的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。它由電線，電纜和衛(wèi)星組成。我們常常把連接到這個(gè)物理的網(wǎng)絡(luò)說成是正在聯(lián)線。因特網(wǎng)將成千上萬的計(jì)算機(jī)和因特網(wǎng)上的有效資源連接起來。每一天都有超過十億的來自世界各地的用戶使用因特網(wǎng)和萬維網(wǎng)。他們都在做什么呢？最常見的用途有以下幾種：5Communicating

is

by

far

the

most

popular

Internet

activitycan

exchange

e-mail

with

your

family

and

friends

almostanywhere

in

the

world.

You

can

join

and

listen

to

discussiondebates

on

a

wide

variety

of

special-interest

topics.通訊是迄今為止最受歡迎的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)活動(dòng)。你可以與你的家人以及幾乎世界上任何地方的朋友互換電子郵件。你可以加入并且聆聽討論，以及對很廣范圍的關(guān)于特殊興趣的話題進(jìn)行爭論。Shopping

is

one

of

the

fastest-growing

Internet

applicatiocan

window

shop,

look

for

the

latest

fashions,

search

for

baand

make

purchases.購物也是一種迅速增長的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用。你可以只看不買，找尋最新的時(shí)尚，搜索特價(jià)商品并購買商品。6Searching

for

information

has

never

been

more

convenient.can

access

some

of

the

world’s

largest

libraries

directly

fyour

home

computer.

You

can

find

the

latest

local,

national,international

news.搜索信息已經(jīng)變得不能比這再簡便了。你可以從你家里的計(jì)算機(jī)直接訪問到一些世界上最大的圖書館。你也可以找到最新的地方的，國家的以及國際的新聞。Entertainment

options

are

nearly

endless.

You

can

find

musmovies,

magazines,

and

computer

games.

You

will

find

liveconcerts,

movies

previews,

book

clubs,

and

interactive

livegames.娛樂的選項(xiàng)幾乎是無窮無盡的。你可以找到音樂，電影，雜志和計(jì)算機(jī)游戲。你也會(huì)找到現(xiàn)場直播的音樂會(huì)，電影的預(yù)映，圖書俱樂部以及互動(dòng)的在線游戲。7Education

or

e-learning

is

another

rapidly

emerging

Webapplication.

You

can

take

classes

on

almost

any

subject.There

are

courses

just

for

fun

and

there

are

courses

for

hschool,

college,

and

graduate

school

credit.

Some

costnothing

to

take

and

others

cost

a

lot.教育或者是電子學(xué)習(xí)是另一種迅速興起的網(wǎng)上應(yīng)用。你可以上幾乎任意一門學(xué)科的課。有的課程僅僅是為了娛樂，有的課程是高中，大學(xué)和研究所的課程。The

first

step

to

using

the

Internet

and

Web

is

to

getconnected,

or

to

gain

access

to

the

Internet.第一步就是使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和萬維網(wǎng)來進(jìn)行連接，或者是說得以訪問互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。8Describe

how

the

Internet

and

the

Web

started.What

is

the

difference

between

the

Internet

and

theWeb?List

and

describe

five

of

the

most

common

used

of

theInternet

and

the

Web.9The

Internet

and

the

telephone

system

are

similar—you

can

connect

a

computer

to

the

Internet

much

like

youconnect

a

phone

to

the

telephone

system.

Once

you

are

onthe

Internet,

your

computer

becomes

an

extension

of

whatseems

like

a

giant

computer——a

computer

that

branchesall

over

the

world.

When

provided

with

a

connection

to

thInternet,

you

can

use

a

browser

program

to

search

the

Web互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和電話系統(tǒng)很相似——你可以將一臺計(jì)算機(jī)連接到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上，就像你把一部電話連接到電話系統(tǒng)上。一旦你連上互聯(lián)網(wǎng)了，你的計(jì)算機(jī)就變成了一個(gè)巨型計(jì)算機(jī)的分機(jī)，這個(gè)巨型機(jī)在全世界都有分支。10The

most

common

way

to

access

the

Internet

is

throughan

Internet

service

provider

(ISP).

The

providers

are

alconnected

to

the

Internet

and

provide

a

path

or

connectifor

individuals

to

access

to

the

Internet

either

throughlocal

area

networks

or

through

a

dial-up

or

telephoneconnection.

There

are

also

some

companies

that

offer

freInternet

access.訪問互聯(lián)網(wǎng)最常見的方式是通過一個(gè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)供應(yīng)者。這些供應(yīng)者是已經(jīng)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連上了，他們?yōu)榻K端用戶提供路徑，從而使用戶們可以通過局域網(wǎng)或是撥號，或是電話連接來訪問到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。有些公司有提供免費(fèi)的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)訪問權(quán)。11The

most

widely

used

commercial

Internet

service

providare

national

and

wireless

providers.最普遍使用的商業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)提供商是國家的和無線提供商。National

service

providers

like

American

Online

(AOL)

aremost

widely

used.

They

provide

access

through

standardtelephone

or

cable

connections.

Users

can

access

the

Internfrom

almost

anywhere

within

the

country

for

a

standard

feewithout

incurring

long-distance

telephone

charges.像美國在線這樣全國性的服務(wù)提供商是使用最廣泛的。他們通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的電話或電纜連接來提供訪問。用戶們可以從幾乎全國的任意一個(gè)地方訪問互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，只需付一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的費(fèi)用而不會(huì)引起長途電話費(fèi)的價(jià)格。12第九章會(huì)講到更多，用戶連接互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)供應(yīng)商，使用多種連接技術(shù)中的一種：撥號，數(shù)字用戶線，電纜和無線調(diào)制解調(diào)器。Wireless

service

providers

do

not

use

telephone

or

cable

liThey

provide

Internet

connections

for

computers

with

wirelemodems

and

a

wide

array

of

wireless

devices.無線服務(wù)商既不使用電話，也不使用電纜線。他們?yōu)榘惭b有無線調(diào)制解調(diào)器的電腦以及很多系列的無線設(shè)備提供互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接。As

we

will

discuss

in

Chapter

9,

users

connect

to

ISPs

using

of

a

variety

of

connection

technologies

including

dial-up,

cable,

and

wireless

modems.我們將會(huì)在第九章里討論，用戶通過很多不同類型的連接技術(shù)與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)供應(yīng)商相連，包括撥號，數(shù)字用戶線，電纜以及無線調(diào)制解調(diào)器。13網(wǎng)景的瀏覽器叫navigatorBrowsers

are

programs

that

provide

access

to

Web

resourcThis

software

connects

you

to

remote

computers,

opens

andtransfers

files,

displays

text

and

images,

and

provides

in

oan

uncomplicated

interface

to

the

Internet

and

Web

documentBrowsers

allow

you

to

explore,

or

to

surf,

the

Web

by

easilymoving

from

one

Web

site

to

another.

Three

well-knownbrowsers

are

Mozilla

Firefox,

Netscape

Communications,

andMicrosoft

Internet

Explorer.瀏覽器是給網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源提供訪問的程序。這種軟件使得你可以和遠(yuǎn)處的計(jì)算機(jī)連接起來，打開并傳送文件，顯示文字和圖像，將這些功能集合成一個(gè)工具，為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)文件提供了一個(gè)不復(fù)雜的界面。瀏覽器使你可以探索或是漫游網(wǎng)絡(luò)輕松地從一個(gè)網(wǎng)站移動(dòng)到另一個(gè)網(wǎng)站。三種最熟悉的瀏覽器是Mozilla的火狐瀏覽器，網(wǎng)景通訊，和微軟的InternetExplorer.14For

browsers

to

connect

to

resources,

the

location

or

adof

the

resources

must

be

specified.

These

addresses

are

calluniform

resource

locators

(URLs).

All

URLs

have

at

least

twobasic

parts.

The

first

part

presents

the

protocol

used

to

cothe

resource.

As

we

will

discuss

in

Chapter

9,

protocols

arefor

exchanging

data

between

computers.

The

protocol

http://the

most

widely

used

Web

protocol.

The

second

part

presentsdomain

name.

It

is

the

name

of

the

server

where

the

resourcelocated.為了使得瀏覽器可以連接到資源，這些資源的位置或是地址必須有規(guī)定。這些地址叫做統(tǒng)一資源定位符（簡稱

URLs）。所有的統(tǒng)一資源定位符都有至少兩個(gè)基本組成部分。第一部分顯示的是連接資源所使用的協(xié)議。我們在第九章會(huì)討論到，協(xié)議是計(jì)算機(jī)之間交換數(shù)據(jù)的規(guī)則。協(xié)議“http://”是使用最廣泛的網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議。第二部分顯示的是域名。它是放置那個(gè)資源的服務(wù)器的名字。15In

Figure

2-4

the

server

is

identified

as

.

(many

URLs

have

additional

parts

specifying

directory

pathsnames,

and

pointers.)

The

last

part

of

the

domain

name

follothe

dot

(.)

is

the

top-level

domain

(TLD).

It

identifies

theorganization.

For

example,

.com

indicates

a

commercial

siteURL

connects

your

computer

to

a

computer

that

provides

information

about

MTV.在圖2-4里，服務(wù)器被定為。（許多統(tǒng)一資源定位符都有附加的部分來制定文件夾路徑，文件名稱和指針）在域名中，跟著點(diǎn)的最后一部分是最高級的域名（簡稱TLD）。它指示了組織的類型。比如，“.com”標(biāo)志一個(gè)商業(yè)網(wǎng)站。而URL則將你的電腦和一個(gè)提供關(guān)于MTV信息的電腦聯(lián)系起來。16Once

the

browser

has

connected

to

the

Web

site,

a

document

file

isback

to

your

computer.

This

document

typically

contains

HyperteMarkup

Language

(HTML)

commands.

The

browser

interprets

the

HTML

commands

and

displays

the

document

as

a

Web

page.

Forexample,

when

your

browser

first

connects

to

the

Internet,

it

opeto

a

Web

page

specified

in

the

browser

settings.

This

page

preseninformation

about

the

site

along

with

references

and

hyperlinksthat

connect

to

other

documents

containing

related

informationfiles,

graphic

images,

audio,

and

video

clips.一旦瀏覽器和網(wǎng)站連接起來，一個(gè)文檔文件就會(huì)送回你的計(jì)算機(jī)。這個(gè)文檔通常包含超文本鏈接標(biāo)示語言指令。瀏覽器可以讀懂HTML指令，并將文檔以網(wǎng)頁的形式顯示。例如，當(dāng)你的瀏覽器第一次連接到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，它會(huì)打開一個(gè)網(wǎng)頁用來規(guī)定瀏覽器的設(shè)置。這個(gè)網(wǎng)頁顯示關(guān)于站點(diǎn)的信息，同時(shí)還有標(biāo)記，超鏈接或著包含其它相關(guān)信息（包括文字文檔，平面圖像，音頻和視頻片段）的鏈接。17These

documents

may

be

located

on

a

nearby

computer

systemor

on

one

halfway

around

the

world.

The

links

typically

appeon

the

Web

page

as

underlined

and

colored

text

and/or

imagesTo

access

the

referenced

material,

all

you

do

is

click

on

thehighlighted

text

or

image.

A

connection

is

automatically

mathe

computer

containing

the

material,

and

the

referenced

maappears

on

your

display

screen.這些文檔也許被放置在一個(gè)離你很近的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，也許被放置在一個(gè)距你在地球另一邊的計(jì)算機(jī)。這些鏈接通常在網(wǎng)頁上顯示為有下劃線的和有顏色的文字或圖片。要想訪問到這些參考材料，你只需要在這些突出的文字或圖片上點(diǎn)擊一下。一個(gè)鏈接就會(huì)自動(dòng)地接到那臺含有材料的計(jì)算機(jī)，并且這些參考材料就會(huì)在你的顯示屏上出現(xiàn)了。18Web

pages

also

can

contain

special

programs

called

applethat

are

typically

written

in

a

programming

language

sucas

Java.

These

programs

can

be

downloaded

quickly

andrun

by

most

browsers.

Java

applets

are

widely

used

to

addinterest

and

activity

to

a

Web

site

by

presenting

animatdisplaying

graphics,

providing

interactive

games,

and

mmore.網(wǎng)頁也包含特殊的程序叫做微程序，通常是由例如Java這樣的編程語言編寫的。這些程序可以被大多數(shù)瀏覽器迅速地下載并運(yùn)行。Java微程序廣泛應(yīng)用于給網(wǎng)站增加趣味和活力，它通過展示動(dòng)畫，顯示圖片，提供交互式游戲還有其它很多手段等等。19What

is

the

function

of

an

ISP?

Describe

two

types

ofISPs.What

is

the

function

of

a

browser?What

are

URLs,

HTML,

Web

pages,

hyperlinks,applets,

and

Java?20As

previously

mentioned,

communication

is

the

mostpopular

Internet

activity,

and

its

impact

cannot

be

overestAt

a

personal

level,

friends

and

family

can

stay

in

contact

wone

another

even

when

separated

by

thousands

of

miles.

At

abusiness

level,

electronic

communication

has

become

a

standand

many

times

preferred,

way

to

stay

in

touch

with

supplieremployees,

and

customers.

The

three

most

popular

types

ofInternet

communication

are

e-mail,

instant

messaging,

anddiscussion

groups.正如之前提到的，通訊是應(yīng)用最廣泛的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)活動(dòng)，它的影響不能被高估。在個(gè)人的層面，朋友和家人即使分隔千里也可以保持聯(lián)系。在商業(yè)的層面，電子通訊已經(jīng)變成了一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，很多時(shí)候是首選的，與供應(yīng)商，員工以及客戶保持聯(lián)系的方式。三種最流行的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)通信類型是電子郵件，即時(shí)通訊和討論小組。21E-mail

or

electronic

mail

is

the

transmission

of

electronicmessages

over

the

Internet.

At

one

time,

e-mail

consisted

only

oftext

messages.

Now

e-mail

routinely

includes

graphics,

photos,many

different

types

of

file

attachments.

People

all

over

the

wore-mail

to

each

other.

You

can

e-mail

your

family,

your

co-workerseven

your

senator.

All

you

need

to

send

and

receive

e-mail

is

an

eaccount,

access

to

the

Internet,

and

an

e-mail

program.

Two

of

thwidely

used

e-mail

programs

are

Microsoft’s

Outlook

Express

anMozilla

Thunderbird.電子郵件是電子信息在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的傳播。曾經(jīng)，電子郵件被認(rèn)為只是基本的文字信息。現(xiàn)在電郵慣常地包含圖片、照片和許多不同種類的文件附件。全世界的人們互相發(fā)郵件。你可以給你的家人，你的同事，甚至你的參議員發(fā)郵件。要收發(fā)電郵只需要有一個(gè)電郵賬戶，訪問到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和一個(gè)電郵軟件就可以了。兩個(gè)最廣泛使用的電郵軟件是微軟的Outlook

Express和Mozilla的Thunderbird（雷鳥）。22A

typical

e-mail

message

has

three

basic

elements:header,

message,

and

signature.

The

header

appearsfirst

and

typically

includes

the

following

informati一個(gè)典型的電郵信息有三個(gè)基本元素：標(biāo)題，信息和簽名。首先出現(xiàn)的是標(biāo)題，它通常包含下列信息：23dcoats@Addresses:

Addresses

of

the

persons

sending,

receiving,

anoptionally,

anyone

else

who

is

to

receive

copies.

E-mailaddresses

have

two

basic

parts.

The

first

part

is

the

user’and

the

second

part

is

the

domain

name,

which

includes

the

tolevel

domain.

In

our

example

e-mail,

dcoats

is

Dan’s

user

nThe

server

providing

e-mail

service

for

Dan

is

.

Thelevel

domain

indicates

that

the

provider

is

an

educationalinstitution.地址：人們收信發(fā)信的地址，還有那些可以選擇地，任

何能收到抄送本的人。電郵地址也有兩個(gè)基本部分。第一部分是用戶的名字，第二部分是域名，包括頂級域名。在我們的電郵例子(dcoats@)里，dcoats是Dan的用戶名。為

Dan提供電郵服務(wù)的服務(wù)器是。這個(gè)頂級域名指出了提供者是一個(gè)教育機(jī)構(gòu)。24Subject:

A

one-line

description,

used

to

present

the

to

the

message.

Subject

lines

typically

are

displayed

when

person

checks

his

or

her

mailbox.主題：一個(gè)一行的描述，用來顯示信息的話題。主題行通常是在人們檢查郵箱的時(shí)候會(huì)顯示。Attachments:Many

e-mail

programs

allow

you

to

attachfiles

such

as

documents

and

worksheets.If

a

message

hasattachment,the

file

name

appears

on

the

attachment

line附件：許多電郵軟件都允許你附上諸如文檔和工作表一類文件。如果一封郵件有一個(gè)附件，這個(gè)文件名就會(huì)出現(xiàn)在附件行上。25The

letter

or

message

comes

next.

It

is

typically

shoand

to

the

point.

Finally,

the

signature

line

provideadditional

information

about

the

sender.

Typically,information

includes

the

sender’s

name,

address,

antelephone

number.接著是信或者短信。它通常很短，簡明扼要。

最后簽名檔提供一些關(guān)于發(fā)信人的附加信息。通常

的，這個(gè)信息包括發(fā)信人的名字、地址和電話號碼。26E-mail

can

be

a

valuable

asset

in

your

personal

andprofessional

life.

However,

like

many

other

valuabletechnologies,

there

are

drawbacks

too.

Americans

receive

biof

unwanted

and

unsolicited

e-mail

every

year.

This

unwelcomail

is

called

spam.

While

spam

is

indeed

a

distraction

andnuisance,

it

also

can

be

dangerous.

For

example,

computerviruses

or

destructive

programs

are

often

attached

to

unsole-mail.電子郵件可以成為你個(gè)人和職業(yè)生活中一筆很重要的財(cái)富。盡管如此，像很多其它有價(jià)值的技術(shù)一樣，它也有缺點(diǎn)。美國人每年會(huì)收到上億封不需要并且未經(jīng)許可的電子郵件。這種不受歡迎的郵件被稱之為垃圾郵件。盡管垃圾郵件很令人分心又令人討厭，它也可以變得很危險(xiǎn)。比如說，計(jì)算機(jī)病毒或者是破壞性的程序就常常被附在未經(jīng)許可的電郵里。27In

an

attempt

to

control

spam,

anti-spam

laws

have

been

addedour

legal

system.

For

example,

the

recently

enacted

CAN-SPAM

Actrequires

that

every

marketing

related

e-mail

provide

an

opt-outWhen

the

option

is

selected,

the

recipient’s

e-mail

address

is

tremoved

from

future

mailing

lists.

Failure

to

do

so

results

in

hefines.

This

approach,

however,

has

had

minimal

impact

since

overpercent

of

all

spam

originates

from

servers

outside

the

United

Stmore

effective

approach

has

been

the

development

and

use

of

spamblockers.

These

programs

use

a

variety

of

different

approaches

tidentify

and

eliminate

spam.嘗試著控制垃圾郵件，反垃圾郵件法已經(jīng)被增加到我們的法律系統(tǒng)。比如，最近通過的CAN-SPAM法就要求每封與營銷有關(guān)的電郵都要提供一個(gè)選擇排除的選項(xiàng)。當(dāng)這個(gè)選項(xiàng)被選中，收信人的電郵地址將會(huì)從未來的郵件發(fā)送清單里除去。不這樣做的話會(huì)導(dǎo)致巨額的罰款。盡管如此，這個(gè)手段的作用并不大，因?yàn)槌^50%以上的垃圾郵件都源自于美國以外的服務(wù)器。一種更有效的手段就是開發(fā)和使用垃圾郵件攔截器。這些軟件使用多種不同的手段來識別并消除垃圾郵件。28Instant

messaging

(IM)

is

an

extension

of

e-mail

that

allows

two

or

mopeople

to

contact

each

other

via

direct,

live

communication.

To

use

instanmessaging,

you

specify

a

list

of

friends

and

register

with

an

instant

messaserver.

Whenever

you

connect

to

the

Internet,

special

software

informs

youmessaging

server

that

you

are

online.

In

response,

the

server

will

notify

yany

of

your

contacts

are

online.

At

the

same

time,

it

notifies

your

friendsyou

are

online.

You

can

then

send

messages

directly

back

and

forth

to

oneanother.

Most

instant

messaging

programs

also

include

video

conferencingfeatures,

file

sharing,

and

remote

assistance.

Many

businesses

routinelythese

instant

messaging

features.即時(shí)通訊（簡稱IM）是電子郵件的一個(gè)延伸，它允許兩個(gè)或多個(gè)人通過直接，實(shí)時(shí)的通訊來互相聯(lián)系。要使用即時(shí)通訊，你要制定一個(gè)朋友的名單，并在一個(gè)即時(shí)通訊服務(wù)器上注冊。當(dāng)你連接到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，專門的軟件會(huì)通知你的短信服務(wù)器你已經(jīng)在線了。作為回應(yīng)，這臺服務(wù)器會(huì)通知你如果你有朋友也在線的話。同時(shí)，它也會(huì)通知你的朋友，你在線了。你可以將短信直接來回地傳給另一個(gè)人。大多數(shù)的即時(shí)通訊軟件也包括了視頻會(huì)議的功能，文件共享以及遠(yuǎn)程幫助。很多商業(yè)也慣常使用這些即時(shí)通訊的功能。29The

most

widely

used

instant

messaging

services

are

AOL’sInstant

Messenger,

Microsoft’s

MSN

Messenger,

and

YahooMessenger.

One

limitation,

however,

is

that

many

instant

messagservices

do

not

support

communication

with

other

services.

Forexample,

at

the

time

of

this

writing,

a

user

registered

with

AOL

cuse

AOL’s

Instant

Messenger

software

to

communicate

with

a

userregistered

with

Yahoo

Messenger.

Recently,

however,

some

softwacompanies

have

started

providing

universal

instant

messenger

prthat

overcome

this

limitation.

For

example,

Gain,

Odigo,

and

Thrprovide

instant

messaging

services

that

do

support

communicatioother

services.使用最廣泛的即時(shí)通訊服務(wù)是美國在線的InstantMessenger,微軟的MSN

Messenger，以及雅虎的Messenger。然而有一個(gè)局限就是，許多即時(shí)通訊服務(wù)都不支持與其它通訊服務(wù)相聯(lián)系。比如說，在寫這本書時(shí)侯，一個(gè)在AOL上注冊的用戶不能用AOL的InstantMessenger軟件與在Yahoo

Messenger上注冊的用戶進(jìn)行交流。然而近來，一些軟件公司已經(jīng)開始提供萬能的即時(shí)通訊軟件來克服這個(gè)限制。例如，Gain，Odigo和Thrilian都提供支持與其它服務(wù)可以溝通的即時(shí)通訊服務(wù)。30One

of

the

fastest-growing

uses

of

the

Internet

isocial

networking,

or

connecting

individuals

to

oneanother.

There

are

three

basic

categories

of

socialnetworking

sites:

reuniting,

friend-of-a-friend,

ancommon

interest.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的一項(xiàng)增長十分迅猛的應(yīng)用就是社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)，或者是將個(gè)人都聯(lián)系起來。有三種基本類型的社交網(wǎng)站：重聚型，朋友圈型以及共同愛好型。31Reuniting

sites

are

designed

to

connect

people

who

have

known

onanother

but

have

lost

touch;

for

example,

an

old

high

school

frieyou

have

not

seen

for

several

years.

You

join

a

social

network

byconnecting

to

a

reuniting

site

and

providing

profile

informatioyour

age,

gender,

name

of

high

school,

and

so

forth.

This

informaadded

to

the

reuniting

site’s

member

database.

Members

are

ablesearch

the

database

to

locate

individuals.

Many

of

the

sites

wilnotify

you

whenever

a

new

individual

joins

that

matches

some

paryour

profile

(such

as

high

school

class).

Two

of

the

best-knowreuniting

sites

are

Classmates

Online

and

Facebook.重聚型網(wǎng)站是為了那些已經(jīng)認(rèn)識但卻失去聯(lián)系的人設(shè)計(jì)的；例如，一個(gè)你高中時(shí)的老朋友已經(jīng)好些年沒見了。你加入這樣的社交網(wǎng)

絡(luò)，通過連接到一個(gè)重聚型網(wǎng)站并且提供你的年齡，性別，高中

名稱等諸如此類的簡介信息。這個(gè)信息被添加到這個(gè)重聚型網(wǎng)站

的會(huì)員數(shù)據(jù)庫里。這樣會(huì)員就可以通過搜索數(shù)據(jù)庫來找到單獨(dú)的

人。許多這樣的網(wǎng)站甚至?xí)ㄖ?，在每?dāng)一位新人加入到與你

的簡介信息（例如高中的班級）有公同地方的時(shí)候。兩個(gè)最有名

的重聚型網(wǎng)站是Classmates

Online和Facebook.32Friend-of-a-friend

sites

are

designed

to

bring

together

twwho

do

not

know

one

another

but

share

a

common

friend.

Thetheory

is

that,

if

you

share

a

common

friend,

then

it

is

likeyou

would

become

friends.

For

example,

a

network

could

bestarted

by

one

of

your

acquaintances

by

providing

profileinformation

on

him-

or

herself

and

a

list

of

friends.

You

coueven

join

the

list

of

friends

provided

at

the

site.

Two

well-friend-of-a-friend

sits

are

Friendster

and

MySpace.朋友圈型網(wǎng)站是為了將那些不認(rèn)識但是卻有著公共朋友的人聯(lián)系起來而設(shè)計(jì)的。原理是這樣，如果你們有一個(gè)共同的朋友，那么你們也很有可能成為朋友。比如說，一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)可能最先是由你的一個(gè)熟人提供了一些他/她的簡介信息和他/她自己的朋友名單開始的。你可以在那個(gè)網(wǎng)站加入他/她提供的那個(gè)朋友名單。兩個(gè)出名的朋友圈網(wǎng)站是Friendster和Myspace.33Common

interest

sites

bring

together

individuals

that

scommon

interests

or

hobbies.

You

select

a

networking

sitbased

on

a

particular

interest.

For

example,

if

you

wantshare

images,

you

might

join

Flickr.

If

you

are

looking

fbusiness

contacts,

you

might

join

Linkedln.

If

wanted

tolocate

or

create

a

special

interest

group,

you

might

joiMeetup.共同興趣網(wǎng)站是將有著共同興趣或愛好的人集合起來。你選擇一個(gè)基于一種特殊興趣的網(wǎng)站。比如說，如果你想分享圖片，你可以加入Flickr。如果你想找商業(yè)熟人，你可以加入Linkedln。如果你想指定或是創(chuàng)建一個(gè)特殊興趣小組，你可以加入Meetup。34Before

providing

any

information

to

a

socialnetworking

site

or

to

any

individual,

consider

carefwhat

you

are

disclosing.

Do

not

provide

inappropriator

overly

personal

information.在提供任何信息給一個(gè)社交網(wǎng)站或是任何個(gè)人之前，仔細(xì)想清楚你要展示的是什么。不要提供不合適的或者過多的個(gè)人信息。35Define

e-mail.

What

are

the

three

basic

elements

of

atypical

e-mail

message?What

is

spam?

What

are

spam

blockers?What

is

instant

messaging?

How

is

it

different

from

email?What

is

social

networking?

Discuss

reuniting,

frienof-a-friend,

and

common

interest

sites.36The

Web

can

be

an

incredible

resource,

providinginformation

on

nearly

any

topic

imaginable.

Are

youplanning

a

trip?

Writing

an

economics

paper?

Looking

formovie

review?

Trying

to

locate

a

long-lost

friend?Information

resources

related

to

these

questions,

and

mmuch

more,

are

available

on

the

Web.網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以是一種不可思議的資源，它可以提供信息給任何你能想象的到的題目。你正在計(jì)劃一個(gè)旅行嗎？寫一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)報(bào)告？找一個(gè)影評？又或是試著想知道一個(gè)長久沒有消息的朋友身在何方？和這些問題相關(guān)的信息，還有很多很多其它的信息，盡在網(wǎng)絡(luò)。37With

over

2

million

pages

and

more

being

added

daily,the

Web

is

a

massive

collection

of

interrelated.

With

somuch

available

information,

locating

the

preciseinformation

you

need

can

be

difficult.

Fortunately,

anumber

of

organizations

called

search

services

operatesites

that

can

help

you

locate

the

information

you

need.They

maintain

huge

databases

relating

to

informationprovided

on

the

Web

and

the

Internet.每天有超過兩百萬的網(wǎng)頁在增加，網(wǎng)絡(luò)就是一個(gè)巨大的相互關(guān)聯(lián)的頁面的集合。這么多有效的資源，從中找出你所需要的很精確的信息就有些難了。幸運(yùn)地是，很多叫做搜索服務(wù)的組織運(yùn)作一種網(wǎng)站，它能夠幫你找到你所需要的信息。他們維護(hù)著巨大的由網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的信息所組成的數(shù)據(jù)庫。38The

information

stored

at

these

databases

includesaddresses,

content

descriptions

or

classifications,

ankeywords

appearing

on

Web

pages

and

other

Internetinformational

resources.

Special

programs

called

spidecontinually

look

for

new

information

and

update

the

searservices’

databases.

Additionally,

search

services

prspecial

programs

called

search

engines

that

you

can

uselocate

specific

information

on

the

Web.這些存儲(chǔ)在數(shù)據(jù)庫里的信息包括地址，內(nèi)容描述或是分類，在網(wǎng)頁上顯示的關(guān)鍵字和其他網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息資源。一些叫做蜘蛛網(wǎng)的特殊程序搜尋新的信息并更新著搜索服務(wù)的數(shù)據(jù)庫。除此之外，搜索服務(wù)還提供一種叫作搜索引擎的特殊程序，你可以用它來找到網(wǎng)上特殊的信息。39Search

engines

are

specialized

programs

that

assistin

locating

information

on

the

Web

and

the

Internet.

To

finformation,

you

go

to

a

search

service’s

Web

site

and

uits

search

engine.

For

example,

see

Figure

2-11

forYahoo’s

search

engine.

This

search

engine,

like

mostothers,

provides

two

different

search

approaches.搜索引擎是一種專業(yè)的軟件可以幫助你在網(wǎng)上找尋信息。為了找到這些信息，你要到一個(gè)提供搜索服務(wù)的網(wǎng)站，然后來使用它的搜索引擎。比如說，圖解2-11雅虎的搜索引擎。這個(gè)搜索引擎，就像很多其它的搜索引擎一樣，提供了兩種不同的搜索方法。40Keyword

search:

In

a

keyword

search,

you

enter

a

keyword

or

phrareflecting

the

information

you

want.

The

search

engine

comparesentry

against

its

database

and

returns

a

list

of

hits,

or

sites

ththe

keywords.

Each

hit

includes

a

hyperlink

to

the

referenced

We(or

other

resource)

along

with

a

brief

discussion

of

the

informacontained

at

that

location.

Many

searches

result

in

a

large

numbhits.

For

example,

if

you

were

to

enter

the

keyword

travel,

you

woget

thousands

of

hits.

Search

engines

order

the

hits

according

tsites

that

most

likely

contain

the

information

requested

and

prelist

to

you

in

that

order,

usually

in

groups

of

10.關(guān)鍵字搜索：在關(guān)鍵字搜索中，你輸入一個(gè)可以反映你想要的信息的關(guān)鍵字或是短語。這個(gè)搜索引擎就會(huì)將你的輸入和它的數(shù)據(jù)庫里的信息相對照，從而返回一個(gè)包含這些關(guān)鍵字的，點(diǎn)擊或是網(wǎng)站的清單。每一個(gè)點(diǎn)擊都包含著一個(gè)相關(guān)聯(lián)網(wǎng)頁(或其它資源）的超鏈接，同時(shí)還附有一個(gè)對于那個(gè)位置所包含信息的尖端的描述。許多搜索都會(huì)得到大量的匹配鏈接。比如說，如果你輸入關(guān)鍵字“旅游”，你會(huì)的到上千個(gè)匹配鏈接。搜索引擎是根據(jù)那些最有可能包括你所要求的信息的網(wǎng)站來排列點(diǎn)擊鏈接的，并且將這個(gè)清單用那個(gè)順序顯示給你，通常是以10個(gè)為一組。41Directory

search:

Most

search

engines

also

provide

a

directorycategories

or

topics

such

as

Autos,

Finance,

and

Games.

In

a

diresearch,

you

select

a

category

or

topic

that

fits

the

informationwant.

Another

list

of

subtopics

related

to

the

topic

you

selectedYou

select

the

subtopic

that

best

relates

to

your

topic

and

anothsubtopic

list

appears.

You

continue

to

narrow

your

search

in

thismanner

until

a

list

of

Web

sites

appears.

This

list

corresponds

tlist

previously