自考現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)筆記第十三章狀語(yǔ)Adverbials

自考現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)筆記第十三章狀語(yǔ)Adverbials自考現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)筆記第十三章狀語(yǔ)Adverbials/自考現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)筆記第十三章狀語(yǔ)Adverbials第十三章狀語(yǔ)Adverbials13.0Introduction1.形式：狀語(yǔ)可以是副詞形容詞名詞，介詞詞組，副詞詞組，形容詞&名詞詞組，分句等。2.位置：可在句首，句中和句末。3.語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)：1）結(jié)合性狀語(yǔ)（integrated)。2）分離性狀語(yǔ)(peripheral)。判斷方法：把整句帶入:“It’struethat…“里可以明顯看出。E.g.:Johndroveslowly.--it’struethatJohndroveslowly.(integrated，adjuncts)Fortunately,hecamebackjustintime.--Fortunately,It’struethathecamebackjustintime.(Peripheral,disjuncts)However,itwasagoodmeeting.--However,it’struethatitwasagoodmeeting.(Peripheral,conjuncts)*Adjuncts:修飾性狀語(yǔ)，主要修飾動(dòng)詞*Disjuncts:評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)，對(duì)分句內(nèi)容的評(píng)價(jià)。*Conjuncts:連接性狀語(yǔ)，邏輯粘合劑，把新句子加入文章中。Integratedadverbial（結(jié)合性狀語(yǔ)）Adjuncts修飾性狀語(yǔ)Adverbials狀語(yǔ)Disjuncts:評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)Peripheraladverbial(分離性狀語(yǔ))Conjuncts:連接性狀語(yǔ)13.1Adjuncts修飾性狀語(yǔ)分時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(TimeAdjuncts)，地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)(PlaceAdjuncts)，過(guò)程狀語(yǔ)(ProcessAdjuncts)，因果狀語(yǔ)(ContingencyAdjuncts)。13.1.1時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)TimeAdjunctsa.TypesofTimeAdjunctsWhen-Adjuncts(何時(shí)狀語(yǔ))Duration-Adjuncts(持續(xù)狀語(yǔ))Frequency-Adjuncts(頻度狀語(yǔ))Wearegoingtothetheatretomorrow.(Whenadjuncts)Theyhavelivedherefor20years.(Duration-Adjuncts)Sheseesthedoctortwiceamonth.(Frequency-Adjuncts)When-Adjuncts(何時(shí)狀語(yǔ))可被When-question提問(wèn)。（whenareyougoingtothetheater?）特指的時(shí)間點(diǎn)或者時(shí)間段。（theyarrivedat10o’clock./ThewarstartedonMay4,1952）非特指的時(shí)間點(diǎn)或者時(shí)間段，在交談中默認(rèn)的時(shí)間。(they’llbebacksoon./Seeyoulater.)常以分句形式出現(xiàn)。被以下連詞連接：after,as,before,once,since,till,until,when,whenever,while,now,aslongas,assoonas…IwillcallyouassoonasIhearthenews.或者被名詞從句作為連詞鏈接。Themoment,theminute,theinstant,thefirsttime,thenexttime…Hewenttobedthemomenthefinishedhishomework.--Nosooner…than,Hardly表示一件事接著另一件，第一個(gè)從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，如果放在句首則要倒裝.Hehadnosooneraskedthequestionthantheanswercametohim.Nosoonerhadheaskedthequestionthantheanswercametohim.Duration-Adjuncts(持續(xù)狀語(yǔ))可被“howlong”提問(wèn)。Howlonghavetheybeenlivedhere?有多種形式，最常見的形式是：for+名詞詞組：fortenyears,forashortwhile…Frequency-Adjuncts(頻度狀語(yǔ))可被“Howoften,Howmanytimes”提問(wèn)?？捎筛痹~組成。（daily,weekly.Monthly,often,frequently,always,never…）Ipaymybillsmonthly.Myfathernevergoestothecinema.或者名詞詞組，介詞詞組或者分局組成。Myunclebroughtmegiftswheneverhecame.Shevisitsherparentsasoftenasshecan.b.PositionofTimeAdjuncts最好放在句首或者句中。2個(gè)when-adjuncts在一起時(shí)，順序是specific+generalHewasbornonthemorningofMay4,1997.DurationAdjuncts+FrequencyAdjuncts+WhenAdjunctsShewouldstaywithherparentsforacoupleofdaysonceamonthaftershegotmarried.13.1.2地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)PlaceAdjunctsa.TypesofPlaceAdjunctsWhereAdjuncts(何地狀語(yǔ))DirectionAdjuncts(方向狀語(yǔ))DistanceAdjuncts(距離狀語(yǔ)),SourceAdjuncts(來(lái)源狀語(yǔ)),GoalAdjuncts(目標(biāo)狀語(yǔ))OutsidethevillageWhereAdjuncts(何地狀語(yǔ))DownthehillDirectionAdjuncts(方向狀語(yǔ))TheranalongawayDistanceAdjuncts(距離狀語(yǔ))FromtheschoolSourceAdjuncts(來(lái)源狀語(yǔ))Totheschoolbus.GoalAdjuncts(目標(biāo)狀語(yǔ))最常見的是介詞詞組形式，其他形式有副詞，名詞詞組，從句等。Thechildrenareplayingoutside.(adverb)Theschoolislocated10milesfromdowntown.(clause)Shefoundherumbrellawheresheleftit.(infiniteclause)b.PositionofPlaceAdjuncts一般句末。如果在句首，則1)設(shè)定場(chǎng)景；2)著重強(qiáng)調(diào)反義；3)避免句末過(guò)于繁瑣。InLosAngeles,ahotdrywindwillremindpeopleofforestfires.Inthering,twomenwerekillingeachother,andinthehall,menandwomenwerescreaming.Inthegardenthechildrenwereplayingwiththeirnewly-arriveduncle.2個(gè)placeadjunct同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，按高低順序排列。*注意，不可以把低級(jí)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)移到別處只留下高級(jí)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但是移動(dòng)高級(jí)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)不受這個(gè)規(guī)則的約束。Shesatonatableinarestaurant.Inarestaurantshesatonatable.*Onthetableshesatinarestaurant.×××Distance+Direction+Source+Goal+PositionTheyranalongwaydownthehillfromtheschooltotherestaurant.13.1.3過(guò)程狀語(yǔ)ProcessAdjunctsa.TypesofProcessAdjunctsMannerAdjuncts(方式狀語(yǔ))InstrumentsAdjuncts(工具狀語(yǔ))AgentiveAdjuncts(執(zhí)行者狀語(yǔ))MannerAdjuncts方式狀語(yǔ)Definition：描述事情如何完成的狀語(yǔ)。Theyplantheprojectcarefully.可被How,Inwhatway/manner來(lái)提問(wèn)。Howdotheyplantheproject?一般用副詞來(lái)當(dāng)方式狀語(yǔ)，其他方式顯得比較繁瑣。InstrumentsAdjuncts工具狀語(yǔ)方式狀語(yǔ)指某事如何完成的，主觀描述，而工具狀語(yǔ)則指在外部幫助下某事如何完成，很客觀。Whynotcutthebreadwithaknife?Iusedtogotoworkbybike.Youcanstartthemachinebypressingthebutton.最常見的形式是with+方式AgentiveAdjuncts(執(zhí)行者狀語(yǔ))指執(zhí)行動(dòng)作的人，by+performer,特別會(huì)出現(xiàn)在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，執(zhí)行者一般是人，或者把物體擬人化。Theflyingobjectwasseenbymanypeople.Theworkcanbeeasilydonebyamachine.當(dāng)過(guò)程狀語(yǔ)，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，按以下規(guī)律排列：Process+Place+TimeHetoldmeinpersonatthemeetingyesterday.(Process+Place+Time)13.1.4因果狀語(yǔ)ContingencyAdjunctsReasonAdjunct(原因狀語(yǔ))ResultAdjunct(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ))PurposeAdjunct(目的狀語(yǔ))ConcessionAdjunct(讓步狀語(yǔ))ConditionAdjunct(條件狀語(yǔ))ReasonAdjunct(原因狀語(yǔ))當(dāng)想表示事物或某一行為的原因時(shí)，用原因狀語(yǔ)從句一般以because引導(dǎo)從句，或者since，as，for…Iaskedhertostay,forIhavesomethingimportanttotellher.Becauseofhisbadleg,hecouldn’twalkasfastasothers.也可出現(xiàn)在不定從句中，省略連接詞。Beingunabletoconcentrateathome,hewenttothelibrary.Situatedatthefootofthemountain,thevillagewasveryquiet.As結(jié)構(gòu)的的原因狀語(yǔ)從句。Foolishashewas,hewoulddefyanyadviceandcontinuetomakethesamemistakes.ResultAdjunct(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ))表示結(jié)果，一般在句末，以sothat引導(dǎo)出，非正式形式時(shí)可被so引出。Hewenttothelectureearly,sothathegotagoodseat.Shemusthavebeenblindthatshecouldn’tseehewasaliar.其他連接詞包括，suchthat,withtheresultthat,sothat,soasto,suchthat…Idon’tthinkhewillbesostupidastogoaroundsayingthosethings.PurposeAdjunct(目的狀語(yǔ))表示目的或者意圖被實(shí)現(xiàn)。Shestoodupinordertoseebetter.可被-why提問(wèn).Whydidshestandup?連接詞為inorderto,inorderthat,so,soas(to),sothat..Ineedaladdertoputupthepicture.現(xiàn)在不常用的連詞–lest（唯恐）,常被forfearthat,inorderthat…not等代替Heranawaylesthecouldbeseen.

forfearthathecouldbeseen.Inorderthatsheshouldnotbeseen.*Purpose&Resultadjunct都可以用連接詞sothat,但是有以下區(qū)別：1.在sothat后的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)往往被逗號(hào)跟主句隔開，但是目的狀語(yǔ)不用分開。2.目的狀語(yǔ)中傾向于接情態(tài)助詞，結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)則不是。3.目的狀語(yǔ)可以在句首，結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)一般在句末。Heworkshard,sothatthemanagedtopasstheexam.(result)Heworkshardsothathecouldpasstheexam.(purpose)Sothathecouldpasstheexamheworksharder.(Purpose)ConcessionAdjunct(讓步狀語(yǔ))讓步狀語(yǔ)與主句的意思形成對(duì)比，表示一種不愉快的狀態(tài)，盡快這樣，也不妨礙主句所描述的事情或狀態(tài)的發(fā)生。ThoughhehaslivedinHKforyears,hestillhasdifficultyunderstandingCantonese.一般用though,although做連接詞。其他連接詞包括，evenif,while,despite,inspiteof…Whilehedidwellinchess,hewasratherweakinmath.Inspiteofhispoorperformanceinclass,heexcelledsports.ConditionAdjunct(條件狀語(yǔ))描述了一種可能幫助主語(yǔ)實(shí)現(xiàn)狀態(tài)