老高考適用2023高考英語一輪總復(fù)習(xí)第一編教材回眸Unit1Lifestyles課件北師大版

Unit1Lifestyles自主排查夯基固本matterpeacefulpeacerelaxingrelaxrelaxedrelaxationstressfulstress(5)

(vt.)認(rèn)為；猜想→

(adj.)據(jù)說的，假定的→

(conj.)假定，假設(shè)(6)

(vi.)抱怨；投訴→

(n.)訴苦；牢騷；抱怨(7)

(vt.)轉(zhuǎn)變，轉(zhuǎn)換

(n.)開關(guān)；變更(8)

(adj.)輕便的，手提(式)的→

(n.)可攜帶性；輕便supposesupposedsupposingcomplaincomplaintswitchportableportability(9)

(n.)公文，文件

(vt.)記錄，記載；用文獻(xiàn)證明(10)

(adj.)厭煩的，不感興趣的→

(adj.)令人厭煩的(11)

(vi.)遭受(痛苦)，感到疼痛→

(n.)痛苦(12)

(n.)壓力

(vt.)對(duì)……施壓；迫使(13)

(vt.)組織→

(adj.)有組織的，系統(tǒng)的→

(n.)組織→

(adj.)組織的(14)

(vt.)更喜歡；寧愿→

(過去式/過去分詞，現(xiàn)在分詞)→

(n.)偏愛；優(yōu)惠→

(adj.)更可取的documentboredboringsuffersufferingpressureorganise

organised

organizationorganizationalpreferpreferred,preferringpreferencepreferable(15)

(n.)志愿者

(v.)自愿做……(16)

(n.&vt.)挑戰(zhàn)(17)

(vt.&n．)支持，支撐→

(adj.)可支持的(18)

(n.&vt.)設(shè)計(jì)→

(n.)設(shè)計(jì)師(19)

(n.)廣告→

(v.)做廣告；做宣傳→

(n.)廣告業(yè)；登廣告(20)

(adj.)擁擠的→

(v.)擁擠

(n.)人群；一伙人volunteerchallengesupportsupportabledesigndesigneradvertisementadvertiseadvertisingcrowdedcrowd(21)

(adv.)否則；另外(22)

(n.)疾??；嘔吐，不健康→

(adj.)有病的，患病的→

(adj.)(同義詞)有病的；不舒服的(23)

(n.)距離→

(adj.)遙遠(yuǎn)的(24)

(adj.)古典的→

(adv.)古典地，正統(tǒng)地；典型的情況是otherwisesicknesssickilldistancedistantclassicalclassically(25)

(vt.)減少；降低(26)

(vt.)忍受，忍耐

(n.)架，臺(tái)，座；攤位(27)

(vi.)畢業(yè)

(n.)畢業(yè)生→

(n.)畢業(yè)(28)

(vt.)解決；解答→

(n.)解決方法reducestandgraduategraduationsolvesolution問卷；調(diào)查表生活方式卡通片，動(dòng)畫片

遙遠(yuǎn)的

警報(bào)，警告器

急迫的，緊急的

緊急地

緊急午夜，半夜

專家

老練的；內(nèi)行的會(huì)計(jì)，會(huì)計(jì)師正式的，合禮儀的

正式地

非正式的風(fēng)格，作風(fēng)

工作狂relaxingSupposingdocumentsboredstressfulsufferingpreferredsicknessorganiseddesignedtalkshowmakeadifferenceswitchoverswitchoffswitchonremotecontrolgoofftakeupbefilledwith對(duì)……感到厭煩

忍受，遭受

喜歡……勝過……；寧愿……而不愿……；與……相比，更喜歡……

畢業(yè)于

無法忍受做某事

此刻，目前

為……而設(shè)計(jì)

想出，提出數(shù)年間can'tstandwerefilledwithtakesupwentoffmakesadifferencecameupwithpreferredtoaredesignedforswitchoffsufferingfrom Whendoyouguesstheywillcomeupwithasolution？WhileWhile直擊重點(diǎn)突破考點(diǎn)boringrelaxingrelaxedanunforgettableandrelaxingweekend②urgentadj.急迫的，緊急的(P9)(1)單句語法填空①ItwasurgentforChina________(develop)energyconservationandgreenbuildingsforsustainabledevelopment.②It'surgentthatshe____________________(finish)herreportand___________(go)outforawalktoreleaseherpressure.todevelop(should)finishgo(2)單句改錯(cuò)Itisurgentthatthepatientissenttohospital._______________________________________________________第二個(gè)is→(should)beissufferingfrom(2)單句改錯(cuò)Hesufferedpooreyesightandcouldnolongerreadproperly.________________________________________________________suffered后加from

isorganised

organization(2)單句寫作Theyhad________________________HainanIslandthissummer,wheretheirpressurewasreleased.今年夏天，他們組織了一次前往海南島的旅行，在那里他們的壓力得到了釋放。anorganisedtriptostudyingtolearnprefertoratherthancomingworkingstandinterruptingsupportedin(2)單句寫作Theyheldalarge-scaleevent________________theimplementationofthelaw.他們舉行一次大型的活動(dòng)以支持這項(xiàng)法律的實(shí)施。insupportoftodesignby(2)單句寫作①Computersecuritysystems______________________independenttechnicians.計(jì)算機(jī)安全系統(tǒng)將由獨(dú)立的技師來設(shè)計(jì)。②Themethodisspecifically______________useinsmallgroups.這種方法是專為小組活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)的。willbedesignedby

designedfora

at(2)單句改錯(cuò)Canyoudistinguishtheobjectsfromthedistance?_________________________________________________________from→in或第二個(gè)the→aonto(2)單句改錯(cuò)ItwasboringthathischildkeptswitchingroundtheTVchannels.____________________________________________________________round→over

uptobetakenup→on

wentawayGoaheadwithisfilledoutwasfilledwithatfor(2)單句改錯(cuò)

Shehurriedhereforthemomentsheheardthemessagewesenttoher.__________________________________________________________去掉forarerisingamleavinglistened→listeningtogoentering(2)單句寫作

____________afewminutesforhiseyes______________thedark.過了幾分鐘他的眼睛才適應(yīng)了黑暗。Ittooktoadjusttoboringlearningitimpossiblethatsuch(2)單句改錯(cuò)Theyweresolittlechildrenthatwewerebusylookingafterthemdayandnight.__________________________________________________________so→such

asthatthesamegirlthatthesameas課文回練升華運(yùn)用根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。BrianBlakeyisacouchpotato,whoprefers

1

(switch)ontheTVtowatchprogrammestogettingupimmediatelywhenhewakesupinthemorning.Hespendssixteenorseventeenhoursaday

2

(watch)TVthoughhetakeshisdogfor

3

walkeveryafternoon.However,heneverwatchesTVallnight.Heusuallyswitches

4

theTVatabout2：00.BobBlack,aworkaholic,

5

(normal)wakesupaboutfiveminutesbeforehisalarmclockgoesoff.Ittakeshimlessthanfifteenminutes

6

(wash),getchanged,havebreakfast,leavehomeandgetonabus.Andheisalwaysthefirstpersontogettotheoffice.Alargepartoftheday

7

(take)upbymeetingsandphonecalls,andeveryminute

8

(fill)withurgentmatters.Besides,helooksatsomedocuments

9

arebroughtbackfromtheofficeevenwhenhegetshomeataboutten.Hesayshegets

10

(bore)ifthereisnothingtodo.switchingwatchingaoffnormallytowashistakenisfilledwhich/thatbored基礎(chǔ)達(dá)標(biāo)自主訓(xùn)練答案：relaxing

lastweekend的特征應(yīng)用由現(xiàn)在分詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的形容詞來描述，故填relaxing。句意：我們都覺得上周末很輕松。Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Weallfeltlastweekendvery________(relax)．答案：isfilled本句描述一般事實(shí)，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，befilledwith“充滿著”，故填isfilled。2．Thegarden________(fill)withthescentofflowers.答案：is應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，描述客觀事實(shí)，belateforsth

“做某事遲到”。3．Maryisamodelexampleforus;she________(be)neverlateforschool.答案：complaining句意：最近她一直都在抱怨我為她做的一切。現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與always連用，表達(dá)某種感情色彩。4．Sheisalways________(complain)aboutallIhavedoneforherrecently.

答案：stressful根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，表示“充滿壓力的工作”應(yīng)該用形容詞作定語，修飾work，故此處用stressful。5．Underthe________(stress)workandthepressureofthelife,mostpeoplefeelunhappyandtired.

答案：sufferings根據(jù)句意可知，表示“種族的痛苦”，應(yīng)該用名詞作describe的賓語，且應(yīng)用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填sufferings。6．Manyofhisnovelshavedescribedthe________(suffer)ofhisrace.

答案：rains在條件狀語從句中，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。7．Wewillstayathomeifit________(rain)tomorrow.答案：walking

preferdoingsthtodoingsth中，to是介詞，后跟動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語。8．Ipreferredplayingontheplaygroundto________(walk)aroundfromoneshoptoanother.

答案：otherwise前后兩個(gè)分句在語意上表示轉(zhuǎn)折，后半句描述相反的結(jié)果，意為“否則，不然的話”，故填otherwise。9．Myparentslentmethemoney;________，

Icouldn'thaveaffordedthecar.

答案：at根據(jù)句意可知，表示“此刻，目前”，用atthemoment。10．Julia'sonholidayinSpain________themoment.答案：whilesomeboysaretalkingandlaughingⅡ.單句寫作1．Mostofthegirlsintheclassroomarestudying,____________(而一些男孩在說笑)．答案：Atpresent,throughdistancelearning2．______________________(目前通過遠(yuǎn)程學(xué)習(xí)),manyteachershavemasteredtheteachingskills.答案：takesup3．Theoldwardrobe______________toomuchspace.這個(gè)舊衣柜太占空間。答案：somuch;that4．Thereis____________noise________Icanhardlyconcentrateonmystudy.教室里太吵鬧，我無法專心學(xué)習(xí)。答案：Itisabitcoldintheroom.Pleaseswitch/turnontheairconditioning.5．______________________________________________________室內(nèi)有些冷了，請(qǐng)打開空調(diào)吧。Ⅲ.語法填空Homeschoolingisamovementaroundthecountryandtheworld,inwhichparentseducatetheirchildrenathomeinsteadofsendingthemtoa__1__(tradition)publicorprivateschool.Familieschoosetohomeschoolforvariousreasons,includingthebelief__2__childrenarenotprogressingwithintheschoolstructure.Thehomeschoolingmovement__3__(begin)growinginthe1970s,whensomepopularauthorsandresearchersstartedwritingabouteducationalreforms.Theysuggestedhomeschooling__4__analternativeeducationaloption.It__5__(report)thattherearenowmorethan2millionchildrenbeinghomeschooledintheUS,withthepercentagebecoming__6__(high)eachyear.Homeschoolingislegalinall50statesandinmanyforeigncountries.Legal__7__(require)forhomeschoolingintheUSvaryfromplacetoplace.__8__mostimportantthingparentsneedtohomeschooltheirchildrenis__9__(like)themandenjoytheircompanyandtheirfoolishness.Theyhavetoenjoyalltheirtalksandquestions,andenjoyequally__10__(try)toanswerthosequestions.Inalmostallareasofthecountry,parentsdon'tneedaneducationdegreetohomeschool.Thosewithyoungchildrencanbeginahomeeducationprogramwhentheirchildrenturnschoolage.

traditional

that

began

as

isreported

higher

requirements

The

tolike

trying

1．考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意：在家教育是一種遍布美國(guó)和世界的運(yùn)動(dòng)，父母在家里教育他們的孩子，而不是送他們?nèi)鹘y(tǒng)的公立或私立學(xué)校。設(shè)空處修飾名詞school，需用形容詞作定語。故填traditional。2．考查同位語從句的連接詞。句意：人們選擇在家教育有各種各樣的原因，其中包括認(rèn)為孩子在學(xué)校里無法取得進(jìn)步。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)同位語從句，解釋說明belief的內(nèi)容，從句不缺成分，且沒有表示疑問，需用連接詞that引導(dǎo)。故填that。3．考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。句意：20世紀(jì)70年代，一些受歡迎的作家和研究人員開始撰寫有關(guān)教育改革的文章，在家教育運(yùn)動(dòng)開始興起。設(shè)空處在句中作謂語，根據(jù)inthe1970s可知，此處陳述過去發(fā)生的事情，需用一般過去時(shí)。故填began。4．考查介詞。句意：他們建議把在家教育作為另一種教育選擇。結(jié)合語境可知，此處需填介詞as“作為”。故填as。5．考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：據(jù)報(bào)道，現(xiàn)在美國(guó)有200多萬兒童在家接受教育，而且這個(gè)比例每年都在上升。此處陳述客觀事實(shí)，需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語it和report為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，Itisreportedthat...為固定句型，意為“據(jù)報(bào)道……”。故填isreported。6．考查形容詞的比較級(jí)。become為系動(dòng)詞，設(shè)空處需填形容詞作表語，此處表示“這個(gè)百分比在逐年增加”，應(yīng)用比較級(jí)。故填higher。7．考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意：美國(guó)對(duì)在家教育的法律要求因地而異。Legal為形容詞，應(yīng)用名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞為動(dòng)詞原形“vary”，應(yīng)用名詞復(fù)數(shù)。故填requirements。8．考查冠詞。此處用定冠詞the與mostimportant構(gòu)成最高級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)。位于句首，首字母需大寫。故填The。9．考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。此處在句中作表語，結(jié)合后面的動(dòng)詞“enjoy”可知，此處應(yīng)該填入所給詞的不定式。故填tolike。10．考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：他們不得不享受他們所有的談話和問題，同樣享受盡力回答這些問題的樂趣。enjoydoingsth

為固定短語，意為“喜歡做某事”。故填trying。Ⅳ.短文改錯(cuò)I'mdelightedtoknowyoushowedagreatinterestinChinesetablemanners.NowIwouldliketoshareyouhowtobehaveproperlywhenweareinvitedtodinner.Tobeginwith,thehostwillreserveaspecialseatfortheguest,whichishighlyhonoredonsuchanoccasionbutisexpectedtobethefirsttotastethefoodserved.Beside,chopsticksandspoonsareusuallyusedwhenyouareeatinginChina.Third,youarenotsupposedtomakinganoisewhileeatingsoup.Lastbutnotleast,remembertothankthehostforthedeliciousfoodhehasbeenoffered,whichwillsurelymakehimhappily.Ihopemyadviceswillbeofhelptoyou.1．showed→show考查一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。know后接的賓語從句應(yīng)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語為you，所以謂語用show。故將showed改成show。2．you前加with考查介詞。sharesthwithsb

“與某人分享某物”也可以說成sharewithsb

sth

“與某人分享某物”。故在you前面加上with。3．we→you考查代詞。由本句中的you可知when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句的主語為you。故將we改成you。4．which→who考查定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。theguest為先行詞，在非限制性定語從句中作主語，所以關(guān)系代詞為who。故將which改成who。5．but→and考查連詞。分析句意可知，前后兩句句意表示并列關(guān)系，所以用并列連詞and。故將but改成and。6．Beside→Besides考查副詞。beside是介詞，表示“在旁邊”。besides是有兩個(gè)詞性，當(dāng)介詞為“除……之外”。besides用作副詞的意思是“而且，還有”，引出另一種情況，以作補(bǔ)充。可用于句首、句尾，也可用于句中，常常用逗號(hào)或分號(hào)與句子的其他成分隔開。故將Beside改成Besides。7．making→make考查動(dòng)詞不定式。besupposedtodosth

“應(yīng)該做某事”為固定短語。故將making改成make。8．去掉has后的been考查動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)。thedeliciousfood為先行詞，在定語從句中作offer的賓語，定語從句主語為he，與謂語為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。故去掉been。9．happily→happy考查形容詞。makesb＋adj.，其中形容詞作sb的賓語補(bǔ)足語。故將happily改成happy。10．a(chǎn)dvices→advice考查名詞。advice為不可數(shù)名詞。故將advices改成advice。課后作業(yè)Ⅰ.完形填空(2022·貴州省部分重點(diǎn)中學(xué)高三聯(lián)考)Onelatesummerafternoon,Edward,ateenager,hungoutwithhisfriends.Theyswaminthe__1__afteralongdayatschool.Theyhadwaterfights,swimmingraces,and__2__themselves.Justasthe__3__wentdown,whenEdwardwasabouttogohome,hisfriend__4__himtogoandswiminthedeeperendofthepond.Edwardknewsome__5__factsaboutit.Ithadmanydifferenttypesofalgae(藻類)and__6__watercurrents.Severalpeoplehad__7__thereassomerumors(謠言)said.Edwardwaswonderingwhattodonextwhenotherfriendsalsodaredhimto__8__there.Edwardwasabouttosay__9__，

buthisfriendsaidthathewouldgivehimsomething__10__ifhedidit.Edwarddeclinedthedeal__11__andwasreadyto,home,butthentherestofhisfriendswerechanting(反復(fù)喊),“SWIM,SWIM”.Edward__12__candy,evenatinyonewouldmakehimvery__13__.Also,hedidn'twanttobe__14__infrontofhisfriends.Sohewentintothedeeperend.Butassoonashedidthis,hestarted__15__.Edwardcouldswim,butnotthatwell.Heyelled,“HELP”.Hisfriendstriedtocomeand__16__him,buttheyweretoofaraway.JustwhenEdward'slifeseemedalmostover,aworkercleaningupthepondareacametohis__17__.HepulledEdwardoutofthepondbyhisshoulder.Andhe__18__Edwardforattemptingsuchastupiddare.Edwardsaidhewouldneverforgetthe__19__andthathewouldkeepinmindthatalthoughswimmingisfun,__20__comesfirst.篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了Edward(愛德華)和小伙伴在外面游泳，Edward差點(diǎn)兒溺水的故事。答案：C句意：在學(xué)校度過了漫長(zhǎng)的一天后，他們?cè)诔靥晾镉斡?。根?jù)下文“swiminthedeeperendofthepond”可知，他們?cè)诔靥晾镉斡?。故選C。1．A.river B．lake C．pond D．sea答案：B句意：

他們打水仗，游泳比賽，玩得很開心。lose“丟失”；enjoy“享受，喜愛”；help“幫助”；apply“應(yīng)用”。

根據(jù)上文“Theyhadwaterfights,swimmingraces”可知，他們玩得很開心。故選B。2．A.lost B．enjoyed C．helped D．a(chǎn)pplied答案：D句意：就在太陽落山的時(shí)候，愛德華正要回家，他的朋友慫恿他去池塘的深處游泳。根據(jù)上文“Onelatesummerafternoon”可知，此處表示太陽落山。故選D。3．A.wind B．star C．moon D．sun答案：C

oppose“反對(duì)”；order“命令”；dare“激，敢”；persuade“勸說”。

根據(jù)下文“whenotherfriendsalsodaredhimto”可知，小伙伴們想激Edward，看他是否敢去深水區(qū)游泳。故選C。4．A.opposed B．ordered C．dared D．persuaded答案：A

worrying“令人擔(dān)憂的”；exciting“令人興奮的”；disappointing“令人失望的”；confusing“混亂的”。

根據(jù)下文“Ithadmanydifferenttypesofalgae(藻類)and__6__watercurrents.Severalpeoplehad__7__thereassomerumors(謠言)said.”

可知，Edward知道池塘讓人擔(dān)心的幾個(gè)事實(shí)。故選A。5．A.worrying B．exciting C．disappointing D．confusing答案：B句意：它有許多不同類型的藻類和不尋常的水流。根據(jù)上文“Ithadmanydifferenttypesofalgae(藻類)”以及下文“Severalpeoplehad...assomerumors(謠言)said.”可知，深水區(qū)有不尋常的水流(暗流)。故選B。6．A.fine B．unusual C．small D．unimportant答案：D根據(jù)下文“thereassomerumors(謠言)said”可知，此處表示傳說有幾個(gè)人曾經(jīng)在那里溺亡。故選D。7．A.lived B．traveled C．swam D．died答案：B根據(jù)上文“goandswiminthedeeperendofthepond”可知，其他小伙伴也激他，讓他在深水區(qū)游泳。故選B。8．A.walk B．swim C．run D．drive答案：A句意：愛德華正要說“不”，但他的朋友說，如果他這么做，他會(huì)給他一些甜食。故選A。9．A.no B．hello C．thanks D．sorry答案：D根據(jù)下文的“candy”可知，他的朋友說如果Edward答應(yīng)游過去，就給他甜食。故選D。10．A.cheap B．beautiful C．long D．sweet答案：B

carefully“仔細(xì)地”；immediately“立刻，馬上”；easily“容易地”；essentially“本質(zhì)上”。根據(jù)下文“wasreadyto,home”可知，Edward立即拒絕了這個(gè)交易。故選B。11．A.carefully B．immediately C．easily D．essentially答案：A句意：愛德華喜歡糖果，即使是一小塊也會(huì)讓他非常高興。故選A。12．A.loved B．bought C．made D．sold答案：C

surprised“感到驚訝的”；puzzled“困惑的”；happy“高興的”；angry“生氣的”。

Edward很喜歡糖果，甚至一小塊糖都能使他非常高興。故選C。13．A.surprised B．puzzled C．happy D．a(chǎn)ngry答案：D句意：而且，他不想在朋友面前顯得膽怯。mouth-watering“令人垂涎欲滴的”；hard-working“勤奮的”；lion－h(huán)earted“非常勇敢的，無畏的”；chicken-hearted“膽小的”。故選D。14．A.mouth-watering B．hard-working C．lion－h(huán)earted D．chicken-hearted答案：C

run“跑”；laugh“大笑”；drown“淹沒”；cry“哭”。根據(jù)下文“Edwardcouldswim,butnotthatwell.”可知，Edward溺水了。故選C。15．A.running B．laughing C．drowning D．crying答案：B句意：他的朋友們想過來救他，但是他們離得太遠(yuǎn)了。excuse“原諒”；save“挽救，保留”；support“支持”；defeat“擊敗”。故選B。16．A.excuse B．save C．support D．defeat答案：A句意：就在愛德華快要淹死的時(shí)候，一個(gè)正在清理池塘的工人救了他。根據(jù)下文“HepulledEdwardoutofthepondbyhisshoulder.”可知，Edward被救了。故選A。17．A.rescue B．home C．school D．friend答案：C句意：他責(zé)怪愛德華這樣愚蠢的冒險(xiǎn)。praise“稱贊”；sympathize“同情”；scold“責(zé)備”；forgive“原諒”。根據(jù)下文“Edwardforattemptingsuchastupiddare”可知，Edward被責(zé)罵。故選C。18．A.praised B．sympathized C．scolded D．forgave答案：A

lesson“教訓(xùn)，經(jīng)驗(yàn)”；word“單詞”；knowledge“知識(shí)”；information“信息”。根據(jù)上文可知，Edward差點(diǎn)溺水，這是一次教訓(xùn)。Edward不會(huì)忘記這次教訓(xùn)。故選A。19．A.lesson B．word C．knowledge D．information答案：D句意：愛德華說，他永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記這次教訓(xùn)，他會(huì)記住，盡管游泳很有趣，但安全是第一位的。instruction“指示”；skill“技能”；progress“進(jìn)步”；safety“安全”。根據(jù)下文“comesfirst”可知，安全第一。故選D。20．A.instruction B．skill C．progress D．safetyⅡ.閱讀理解A(2021·吉林長(zhǎng)春市高三三模)It'shardtoturndownhamburgers,Frenchfries,potatochipsandalloftheotherjunkfoodthatseemtocallouttous.However,eatingtoomuchjunkfoodcanharmyourbody,particularlyifyou'rebetweentheagesof10and19.“Junkfoodshapesadolescentbrainsinwaysthatweakentheirabilitytothink,learnandremember.Itcanalsomakeithardertocontrolimpulsivebehaviors，”

saidAmyReichelt,abrainandnutritionspecialistatWesternUniversity,Canada.“Itmayevenupateen'sriskofdepressionandanxiety.”Reicheltandtwootherresearchersfoundadolescentsaremoresensitivethananyotheragegrouptoprocessfoodswithalotoffatandsugar.Adolescentbrainsarestilldevelopingtheabilitytoassessrisksandcontrolactions.Theprefrontalcortexisthepartofthebrainthattellsusweshouldn'teatchipsallthetimeandhelpsusresistthaturge.Butthisregionisthelasttomature—itdoesn'tfullydevelopuntilweareinourearly20s.Meanwhile,teenbrainsgetmoreactivefromrewardsforawhile.Thepartsofthebrainthatmakeusfeelgoodwhenwedosomethingpleasurablearefullydevelopedbytheteenyears.Infact,theseregionsareevenmoresensitivewhenweareyoung.That'sbecausedopamine(多巴胺),anaturalchemicalthatliftsourmoodwhenweexperiencesomethinggood,isespeciallyactiveinadolescentbrains.Therefore,theteenbrainhastwostrikesagainstitwhenitcomestoresistingjunkfood.“Ithasaheighteneddriveforrewardsandreducedself－regulation，”

saidReichelt.So,what'sthebestwaytosaynotojunkfood?Researcherssuggestexercise.Whenweexercise,thebrain'srewardsystembecomeslesssensitivetofood.Exercisealsocausethebodytomakeaproteinthathelpsbraincellsgrowandboostsconnectionsbetweentheprefrontalcortexandotherbrainregions.Theprefrontalcortexthuscanworkbettertohelpusmakewisedecisionsandcontrolourimpulses.篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說明文?？茖W(xué)家最新研究表明，垃圾食品不僅對(duì)身體不好，甚至?xí)?duì)大腦造成負(fù)面影響，造成記憶減退和認(rèn)知能力下降，而且對(duì)青少年的影響尤為明顯。1．Whatisthemainideaofthesecondparagraph?A．Theeffectsofeatingjunkfood.B．Thecausesoffavouringjunkfood.C．Thetendencyofsharingjunkfood.D．Thebenefitsofavoidingjunkfood.答案：A段落大意題。根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容可知，垃圾食品會(huì)損傷思維、學(xué)習(xí)和記憶的能力進(jìn)而影響青少年大腦發(fā)育。它也會(huì)使控制沖動(dòng)行為變得更加困難，并增加青少年患抑郁癥和焦慮癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。由此可知，本段主要介紹了吃垃圾食品的影響。故選A。2．Whatisthefunctionoftheprefrontalcortex?A．Itservesasthesenseoftaste.B．Itpromotesteenagers'spirits.C．Itispartlyinchargeofself－control.D．Ithelpsteenagersgrowphysicallymature.答案：C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第三句“Theprefrontalcortexisthepartofthebrainthattellsusweshouldn'teatchipsallthetimeandhelpsusresistthaturge.(前額葉皮層是大腦的一部分，它告訴我們不應(yīng)該一直吃薯片，并幫助我們抵制這種沖動(dòng)。)”可知，前額葉皮層能幫助我們抵制吃薯片的沖動(dòng)，所以它在一定程度上掌管著自我控制能力。故選C。3．Whatdoes“it”refertointhethirdparagraph?A．Theprefrontalcortex.B．Theurge.C．Theadolescentbrain.D．Thebody.答案：A指代判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第三、四句“Theprefrontalcortexisthepartofthebrainthattellsusweshouldn'teatchipsallthetimeandhelpsusresistthaturge.Butthisregionisthelasttomature—itdoesn'tfullydevelopuntilweareinourearly20s.(前額葉皮層是大腦的一部分，它告訴我們不應(yīng)該一直吃薯片，并幫助我們抵制這種沖動(dòng)。但是這一區(qū)域是最后發(fā)育成熟的部分——要到我們二十歲出頭，它才完全發(fā)育好。)”可知，此處it代指上文提到的theprefrontalcortex(前額葉皮層)。故選A。4．Whyisithardforteenstogiveupjunkfood?A．Junkfoodisdeliciousandnutritious.B．Junkfoodispopularamongyoungpeople.C．Teenagersdon'trealizetheharmofjunkfood.D．Teenagerscanfeeltemporaryexcitementfromjunkfood.答案：D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的內(nèi)容可知，多巴胺是一種天然的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，當(dāng)我們體驗(yàn)到美好的事物時(shí)，它能提升我們的情緒，在青少年的大腦中尤其活躍。因此，在抵制垃圾食品方面，青少年的大腦有兩個(gè)劣勢(shì)。大腦加強(qiáng)了獲得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的沖動(dòng)而降低了自我調(diào)節(jié)能力。由此可推知，從垃圾食品中感受到的暫時(shí)的興奮讓青少年難以拒絕垃圾食品。故選D。B(2022·河南宋基信陽實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)高三摸底考試)Let'sdosomesleepmath.YoulosttwohoursofsleepeverynightlastweekbecauseofabigprojectdueonFriday.OnSaturdayandSunday,yousleptin,gettingfourextrahours.OnMondaymorning,youwerefeelingsobright-eyed,andyouonlyhadonecupofcoffee,insteadofyourusualtwo.Butdon'tbecheatedbyyourenergy:You'restillcarryingaroundaheavyloadofsleepiness,orwhatexpertscall“sleepdebt”—inthiscasesomethinglikesixhours,almostafullnight'ssleep.Sleepdebtisthedifferencebetweentheamountofsleepyoushouldbegettingandtheamountyouactuallyget.It'sadeficit(缺乏)thatgrowseverytimeweskimsomeextraminutesoffournightlysleep.“Peopleaccumulate(積累)sleepdebtgraduallywithoutbeingnoticed，”

saysWilliamC．Decent,founderoftheStanfordUniversitySleepResearchCenter.Studiesshowthatsuchshort-termlackofsleepleadstoafoggybrain,worsenedvision,andtroubleremembering.Long-termeffectsincludeobesity(肥胖)andheartdisease.AsurveybytheNationalSleepFoundationreportsthatwe'relosingonehourofsleepeachnight—morethantwofullweeksofsleepeveryyear.Thegoodnewsisthat,likealldebts,withsomework,sleepdebtcanberepaid.Addinganextrahourortwoofsleepanightisthewaytocatchuponsleepdebt.Forthelong-termlackofsleep,takeiteasyforafewmonthstogetbackintoanaturalsleeppattern.Gotobedwhenyouaretired,andallowyourbodytowakeyouinthemorning(noalarmclockallowed).Youmayfindyourselfcatatonic(有緊張感的)inthebeginningoftherecoverycycle:expecttohavetenhoursshut-eyepernight