第五講　集釋5大錯(cuò)因提高閱讀理解的正答率

第五講集釋5大錯(cuò)因，提高閱讀理解的正答率得閱讀者得高分：指的是閱讀理解在英語試卷中的份量。近年來隨著高考命題理念的轉(zhuǎn)變，閱讀理解題越來越重視對考生思維品質(zhì)的考查。一些反規(guī)律、反套路化的命題，往往讓一些考生落入慣性思維的陷阱。為提高閱讀理解的正答率，本講從命題人常采用的設(shè)誤手段、考生常犯的答題錯(cuò)誤等方面給予揭示、指正?！爸e(cuò)”方能“改錯(cuò)”。明白了題目從何處來，才能知道解題往何處去。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1混淆事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)，答非所問混淆事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)是閱讀理解常見的干擾項(xiàng)的特征。干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容和原文的表述是一致的，或者干擾項(xiàng)的表述是客觀事實(shí)，因此迷惑性很強(qiáng)，考生很容易錯(cuò)選。

破解這類題的辦法是從題干出發(fā)，忠于原文，根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞鎖定原文中的信息句，然后和選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行認(rèn)真比對。[例1]

(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·閱讀C篇節(jié)選)Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.Froma21st-centurypointofview,theprintedbookiscertainlyancient,butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader.Toserveitsfunction,abookmustbeactivatedbyauser：thecoveropened,thepagesparted,thecontentsreviewed,perhapsnoteswrittendownorwordsunderlined.Andincontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked,aprintedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate,“off-line”activity.31．Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningthee-reader?A．Theprintedbookisnottotallyoutofdate.B．Technologyhaschangedthewayweread.C．Ourlivesinthe21stcenturyarenetworked.D．Peoplenowrarelyhavethepatiencetoread.錯(cuò)因：

本題易誤選C項(xiàng)。文章中提及incontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedlives，這是事實(shí)而不是作者的觀點(diǎn)。分析：根據(jù)本段尾句可知，在我們?nèi)找婢W(wǎng)絡(luò)化的生活中，我們所消費(fèi)的信息被監(jiān)控和跟蹤，與之相反，印刷書仍然提供了一個(gè)完全私人的、“離線”活動(dòng)的機(jī)會(huì)。該句強(qiáng)調(diào)了印刷書的價(jià)值。據(jù)此可知，作者提及電子書旨在說明印刷書并未完全過時(shí)。故選A。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)2

被干擾項(xiàng)中的“偷換概念、曲解文意”帶節(jié)奏偷換概念一般指在閱讀理解題的選項(xiàng)中，干擾項(xiàng)的表達(dá)與原文信息句吻合程度較高，僅有部分詞匯原文中沒有體現(xiàn)或者和原文不一致，這容易給考生造成一種錯(cuò)覺，從而誤選。這種干擾項(xiàng)常常偷換了動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者、動(dòng)作的承受者、動(dòng)作本身或積極、消極語義等。曲解文意也是干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置中的常見方法，有些選項(xiàng)來自文章中的某一句或某幾句話，看似表達(dá)文章的意思，其實(shí)是對原句意思的曲解。針對此類選項(xiàng)，考生在解題時(shí)要根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，認(rèn)真分析原文相關(guān)語句，字斟句酌，準(zhǔn)確理解原文表達(dá)的意思，避免誤選。[例2]

(2022·全國甲卷·閱讀D篇節(jié)選)AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewholemorningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewentourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.“I'llmisstheseoldboats，”hesaidasweparted.“Howdoyoumean？”Iasked.“Oh,they'rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey'renotsoelegant,andthey'renotfuntopilot.Butthat'sprogress,Iguess.”33．WhatcanwelearnaboutAndrewReynolds?A．Hegoestoworkbyboat.B．Helooksforwardtoanewlife.C．Hepilotscatamaranswell.D．Heisattachedtotheoldferries.錯(cuò)因：本題易誤選C。文中雖然提到AndrewReynolds通過開“渡船”來謀生，但這并不能說明他開“雙體船”開得好。選項(xiàng)C屬于偷換概念。分析：根據(jù)節(jié)選部分第二段中的“I'llmisstheseoldboats”以及最后一段中的“Oh,they'rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey'renotsoelegant,andthey'renotfuntopilot.”可以推斷，AndrewReynolds很喜歡這些舊渡船。故選D。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)3

被干擾項(xiàng)中的“以偏概全、擴(kuò)縮范圍”蒙慧眼以偏概全、擴(kuò)大或縮小概括范圍的干擾項(xiàng)常出現(xiàn)在需要?dú)w納概括的主旨大意類題目中。對該類題目可以通過以下方法避免干擾：(1)要站在文章主旨意圖的高度審視每個(gè)段落，分析每個(gè)段落是從哪一角度服務(wù)主旨意圖的；(2)用“逆向推理”法，反推文章的寫作方向，看與原文是否相符，不一致的則排除。[例3]

(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷·閱讀C篇)WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地)．In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(遷徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ．N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.31．Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．TheFederalDuckStampStoryB．TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC．TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowlD．TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting錯(cuò)因：本題易錯(cuò)選D。部分考生根據(jù)第一段中“WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica”“Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.”等信息而誤選。雖然原文第一段中提到了hunting，但它只是文章的一個(gè)小細(xì)節(jié)，不足以概括文章的主要大意。分析：本篇說明文一共分三段：第一段介紹水禽喪失賴以生存的濕地的歷史背景；第二段介紹了解決問題的措施：發(fā)行聯(lián)邦鴨票；第三段說明這一措施的影響?？v觀全文，本文是在介紹聯(lián)邦鴨票的故事。故選A。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)4忽視語境邏輯，過度推斷有時(shí)作者僅簡單、客觀地?cái)⑹鍪聦?shí)，并未作出評論，而部分選項(xiàng)卻擴(kuò)大作者的敘述范圍，進(jìn)行過度推斷。[例4]

(2021·天津3月高考·閱讀D篇節(jié)選)Thingsareconnected.Letyourexpertiseinonefieldfuelyourpassionsinallrelatedareas.Someofyourinterestsmaynotappeartobeconnectedbut,onceyouexploretheirdepths,youdiscoverthattheyare.MyeditorToni,whoisalsoawriter,haseditedseveralhistorybooks.ShehasdecidedtostudyChinesehistory.FascinatedbythestructuralbeautyoftheForbiddenCityasapainter,sheisequallyinterestedtolearnmoreaboutChinesephilosophy.“Idon'tknowwhereitwilllead,butI'mexcitedI'monthispursuit.”54．WhatdoestheauthorintendtoshowwiththeexampleofToni?A．Passionalonedoesnotensureaperson'ssuccess.B．In-depthexplorationmakesdiscoveriespossible.C．Everyonehasachancetosucceedintheirpursuit.D．Seeminglyunrelatedinterestsareinawayconnected.錯(cuò)因：本題易誤選C項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)C說每個(gè)人都有成功的機(jī)會(huì)，而原文中只提到Toni正在追求自己的興趣，并未評價(jià)是否成功，更不能推斷出所有人都有希望成功，C項(xiàng)屬于過度推斷。分析：根據(jù)本段中“Someofyourinterests...thattheyare”可知，作者引用Toni的例子旨在說明看似沒有關(guān)系的興趣實(shí)際上存在聯(lián)系。故選D。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)5主觀臆斷取代作者觀點(diǎn)在推斷作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的試題中，考生由于思維定式，或受到文中某些非關(guān)鍵信息的干擾很容易憑主觀臆斷做出錯(cuò)誤的選擇。做該類題目時(shí)，如果文中沒有直接表明作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞句，考生要根據(jù)作者在文中的措辭，尤其是表達(dá)情感色彩的詞，以及作者所舉的事例，讀懂弦外之音，來正確推斷其觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度。[例5]

(2023·全國乙卷·閱讀D篇節(jié)選)Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan't.Theclearestexampleofthisbetweenliterateandnon-literatehistoryisperhapsthefirstconflict,atBotanyBay,betweenCaptainCook'svoyageandtheAustralianAboriginals.FromtheEnglishside,wehavescie