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定語從句一、什么叫定語從句?定語是用來限定、修飾名詞或代詞的,是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子,漢語中常用“……的”表示。主要由形容詞擔任,也可以由一個句子來擔任。單詞作定語時通常放在它所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語。短語和從句作定語時則放在所修飾的詞之后,作后置定語。如:aredpen(red修飾名詞pen,就是pen的前置定語)thebookonthedesk(onthedesk修飾名詞book,就是book的后置定語)在復(fù)合句中,修飾一個名詞或代詞的從句,叫定語從句。如:Doyouknowthemanwhospokeatthemeetingjustnow?Thatisthehousewherehelivedtenyearsago.Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。定語從句的作用也就相當于形容詞在修飾先行詞。所以翻譯定語從句時,從句要放到先行詞前面去翻譯。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞放在先行詞與定語從句之間起連接作用,同時又代替先行詞在從句中的充當一個成分。關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有:that,who,whom,whose,which,as;引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有:when,where,why.二、關(guān)系詞的用法A)關(guān)系代詞的用法1.作主語時指人用who或that,指物時用which或that,如:Heisthemanwho/thatlivesnextdoor.Thetrainwhich/thathasjustleftisforShenzhen.2.作賓語時指人用whom,who或that。(注:who和whom已無太大區(qū)別,可以通用。)指物時用which或that。在非正式文體中,用作賓語時,指人的關(guān)系代詞who,whom,that通??梢允÷裕谡轿捏w中通常用whom,不可省略;用于指物的關(guān)系代詞which和that在非正式文體中也通常省略,但在正式文體中一般不省略。如:Theman(whom/who/that)wehavejustseenisafamouswriter.Whereisthebook(which/that)Iboughtlastweek?3.作定語用whose,如:Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolenlastweek.ItwasameetingwhoseimportanceIdidnotrealizeatthattime.注:“whose+名詞中心詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)在定語從句中既能作主語(如上第一句),又能作賓語(如上第二句)。whose的先行詞常用來指人,但有時也可以用來指具體事物或抽象概念,這時可以與ofwhich結(jié)構(gòu)互換,詞序是:“名詞+ofwhich”,如:Theycametoahousewhosebackwallhadbrokendown..(=thebackwallofwhich)He’swrittenabookthenameofwhichI’vepletelyforgotten.(=whosename)4.作表語只用that,它既可以指人,也可以指物,但時常省略。如:Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.Thisisnolongerthedirtyplace(that)itusedtobe.B)關(guān)系副詞的用法1.when指時間,在從句中作時間狀語,它的先行詞常是:time,day,morning,night,week,year等。如:IstillrememberthetimewhenIfirstbecameacollegestudent.DoyouknowthedatewhenLincolnwasborn?注:表示時間“time”一詞的定語從句只用when引導(dǎo),when時常可以省略,特別是在某些句型和某些時間狀語中。如:Eachtimehecame,hedidhisbesttohelpus.Buthelpneverstoppedingfromthedayshefellill.2.where指地點,在從句中作地點狀語。它的先行詞通常有:place,street,house,room,city,town,country等,如:Thisisthehotelwheretheyarestaying.IforgetthehousewheretheSmithslived.注:where有時也可以省略。如:Thisistheplace(where)wemetyesterday.3.why指原因或理由,它的先行詞只有reason。如:Thatisthereasonwhyheisleavingsosoon.注:why時常也可以省略。如:Thatistherealreasonhedidit.C)關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞1.三個關(guān)系副詞在意義上都相當于一定的介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu):when=on(in,at,during…)+which;where=in(at,on…)+which;why=forwhich.例如:IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhich)hearrived.Theofficewhere(=inwhich)heworksisonthethirdfloor.Thisisthechiefreasonwhy(=forwhich)wedidit.2.如果which在從句中作“不及物動詞+介詞”的介詞的賓語,根據(jù)先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關(guān)系,注意介詞不要丟掉,而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊,但有的則放在它原來的位置。含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用,如:lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等,如:Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(正確)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(錯誤)3.若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前,關(guān)系代詞指人時用whom,不可用who或者that;指物時用which,不能用that;關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用whose,如:Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(正確)Themanwiththatyoutalkedismyfriend.(錯誤)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisveryfortable.(正確)TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisveryfortable.(錯誤)4.當先行詞是表時間的time,day等和表地點的place,house等時,一定要注意分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu),如果缺少主語或賓語時,關(guān)系詞應(yīng)該用which或that,缺少時間狀語或地點狀語時,才能用when或where,試比較:I’llneverforgetthedaywhenmyhometownwasliberated.I’llneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherlastsummer.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhereradiopartsaremade.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhich/thatmakesradioparts.5.用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。不及物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞加關(guān)系代詞;而及物動詞后接賓語,則要求用關(guān)系代詞。例如:ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.I'llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.(錯誤)IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.(錯誤)Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.(正確)I'llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.(正確)6.when和where既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。而why只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句。三、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句1.限制性定語從句說明先行詞的情況,對先行詞起限定作用,與先行詞關(guān)系十分密切,不可用逗號隔開,也不可省略,否則全句意義就不完整。如:Thisisthetelegramwhichherefersto.Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?2.非限制性定語從句只是對先行詞作補充說明,沒有限定作用,它與先行詞的關(guān)系比較松散,因而不是關(guān)鍵性的,如果省略,原句的意義仍然完整。這種從句在朗讀時要有停頓,在文字中通常用逗號與主句隔開。如:ThisnotewasleftbyTom,whowashereamomentago.Asaboy,hewasalwaysmakingthings,mostofwhichwereelectric.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞有:who,whom,whose,which,when和where,不可以用that和why。另外,非限制性定語從句從意義上講,相當于一個并列句,在口語中使用并不普遍,在日常生活中,人們通常用并列句或簡單句來表達。如:ItoldthestorytoJohn,wholaterdidittohisbrother.=ItoldthestorytoJohn,andhelatertoldittohisbrother.YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohn,whowaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.=YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohnandhewaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.3.當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時,其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的,例如:CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.4.兩種定語從句的內(nèi)涵不同,限制性定語從句具有涉他性,而非限制性定語從句具有唯一性,這在理解和翻譯時應(yīng)特別注意。試比較:Allthebooksthere,whichhavebeautifulpicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.Allthebookstherethathavebeautifulpicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.Hisbrother,whoiseighteenyearsold,isaPLAman.(只有一個)HisbrotherwhoisaPLAmaniseighteenyearsold.(不止一個)5.有時,非限制性定語從句所修飾的不是某一個詞,而是整個主句或是主句中的一個部分,這時一般采用which或as來引導(dǎo),從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。如:HeseemsnottohaveunderstoodwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.Hepassedtheexam,which/ashehopedhewould.注:(a)as引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在主句之前,而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在主句之后。Theyarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.Asisknowntoall,TaiwanisapartofChina.(b)as代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;若為行為動詞,從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句,常帶有“正如”的意思。 Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth. Asisknown,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(c)如果定語從句的內(nèi)容對主句的內(nèi)容起消極作用,則用which,而不用as,如:Shestoleherfriend’smoney,whichwasdisgraceful.Hetoreupmyphoto,whichupsetme.6.在正式文體中,以theway為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常以inwhich或that引導(dǎo),如:Thewayinwhichyouansweredthequestionswasadmirable.但在非正式文體中,人們通常省略inwhich或that:Theway(inwhich)hespoketouswassuspicious.Idon’tliketheway(that)youlaughather.四.關(guān)系詞的選擇1.在非限制性定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞作主語,只能用who指人,which指物;關(guān)系代詞做賓語,常用whom(口語中有時用who)指人,which指物,它們都不能用that代替。2.關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語,不論是在限制性定語從句中,還是在非限制性定語從句中,當介詞前置時,只能用whom指人,which指物;但如果介詞后置,則不受這種限制,關(guān)系代詞還可以省去,特別是在口語中。如:Doyouknowtheboytowhomshewastalking?Doyouknowtheboy(that)shewastalkingto?Thepencil(which/that)hewaswritingwithsuddenlybroke.3.在限制性定語從句中,當先行詞指物時,關(guān)系詞可用which或that,二者??梢曰Q;但在下列情況中,只能用that,不用which:(a)當先行詞是all,alot,(a)little,few,much,none,anything,something,everything,nothing等詞時。如:Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.InthisfactoryIsawlittle/muchthatwasdifferentfromours.(b)當先行詞被all,anyno,much,little,few,every等限定詞所修飾時。如:Weheardclearlyeverywordthathesaid.(c)當先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞所修飾時。如:Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetthetickets.WhenpeopletalkaboutHangzhou,thefirstthatestomindistheWestLake.(d)當先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級所修飾,以及先行詞被序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級同時修飾時,如:Isthatthebestthatyoucando?That’sthemostexpensivehotelthatwe’veeverstayedin.ThisnovelisthesecondbestonethatIhaveeverread.(e)當先行詞被thevery,theonly,thenext,thelast等所修飾時。如:ThisistheverybookthatIwanttofind.(f)當先行詞為指人和指物的兩個并列名詞詞組時。如:Theguestsspokehighlyofthechildrenandtheirperformancesthattheysaw.Shedescribedinherpositionsthepeopleandplacesthatimpressedhermost.(g)當主句是以which開頭的特殊疑問句時。如:Whichisthecarthatkilledtheboy?(h)在therebe句型中,只用that,不用which。如:Thereisaroominthebuildingthatisstillfree.4.在限制性定語從句中,當先行詞指人時,關(guān)系詞可用who(m)或that,二者??苫Q。但在下列情況中,用who(m),而不用that:(a)當先行詞是one,ones,any,few,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,everybody等詞時。如:Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?Hewasamongthefewwhomanagedtolivethroughtheenemyprisoncamp.注:在非正式文體中可以說:You’retheonethatknowswheretogo.(b)當先行詞是he,they,those,people,person等詞時。如:Hewhowantstocatchfishjustdoesn’tmindgettingwet.Thosewhoareagainsttheproposalputupyourhands.(c)當先行詞有較長的后置定語修飾時。如:Doyouknowthewriterinbluewiththickglasseswhoisspeakingatthemeeting?(d)在分隔式定語從句中,若先行詞指人,為了明確修飾關(guān)系,應(yīng)當用who(m)。如:AnewmasterwilletomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.There’sonlyonestudentintheschoolwho/whomIwantedtosee.Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.(e)兩個定語從句同時修飾一個指人的先行詞,第二個定語從句常用who(m)來引導(dǎo),如:SheistheonlygirlIknowwhocanplaytheguitar.(f)在以Therebe…開頭,先行詞為人的句子中,常用who引導(dǎo)定語從句。如:Thereisaprettygirlwhowantstoseeyou.5.在限制性定語從句中,當先行詞指人時,在下列情況中,一般用關(guān)系詞that:(a)當主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句時。如:Whoisthemanthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?Whichofusthatknowsanythingdoesnotknowthis?(b)當先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞所修飾時。如:Heisthegreatestmanthathaseverlived.(c)當先行詞被theonly,thevery,thelast等詞所修飾時。如:Sheistheonlypersonthatunderstandsme.6.當先行詞被thesame所修飾時,關(guān)系詞既可以用as,也可以用that。在表示具體事物時,有時兩者有一定的區(qū)別。一般說來,表示同一種類多用as,表示同一事物多用that。如:ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.這就是我昨天用過的那臺儀器。ThisisthesameinstrumentasIusedyesterday.這臺儀器跟我昨天用過的那臺一樣。在抽象概念上,同種類和同一事物是沒有絕對區(qū)別的,所以兩個詞可換用:Ihavethesameopinionas/thatyouhave.這里要注意的是:(1)使用as時,它引導(dǎo)的定語從句中的動詞可以省略,但使用that時,定語從句中的動詞不可省略。如:Womenreceivedthesamepayasmen.Womenreceivedthesamepaythatmenreceived.(2)在“thesame…that”結(jié)構(gòu)中,that只是用來加強語氣,強調(diào)“相同”。that可以省去而不改變句子原意,甚至連名詞前的same也可以省去。如:ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.=ThisisthesameinstrumentIusedyesterday.=ThisistheinstrumentIusedyesterday.但在“thesame…as”結(jié)構(gòu)中,same和as都不能省略。(3)當“thesame…that”結(jié)構(gòu)中的that作為關(guān)系副詞用時,不可以直接與as互換。如:HelivesinthesamebuildingthatIlive.=Helivesinthesamebuildingas/thatIlivein.Shallwemeetatthesameplacethatwelastmet?=Shallwemeetatthesameplacethat/aswelastmetat?7.當先行詞前有such,so,as時,關(guān)系詞應(yīng)當用as。如:Awisemanseldomtalksaboutsuchthingsashedoesn’tunderstand.HespokeinsucheasyEnglishaseverybodycouldunderstand.Atthistimeoftheday,allbusesandtrolleyshavetocarryasmanypassengersastheycan.Itissoeasyabookaseveryschoolboycanread.Let’sdiscusssuchthingsaswecantalkoffreely.另需注意:ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishasbeginnerscanunderstand.(定語從句)ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishthatbeginnerscanunderstand.(結(jié)果狀語從句)五.區(qū)分定語從句和同位語從句1.定語從句修飾先行詞,它和先行詞是修飾關(guān)系;同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容,是補充說明的關(guān)系。例如:TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.(定語從句)Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.(同位語從句)2.定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo),關(guān)系詞在句中充當成分,有時可以省略;同位語從句主要由that引導(dǎo),在句中一般不做成分;句子也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等詞引導(dǎo),充當成分Thenewshetoldmeistrue.(定語從句)Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.(同位語從句)Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.(定語從句)Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.(同位語從句)3.同位語從句和先行詞一般可以用be動詞發(fā)展成一個完整的句子,而定語從句不可以Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.(同位語從句)Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall.(同位語從句)Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.翻譯練習超級練習ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.ThisistheverygooddictionarythatIwanttobuy,Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting?Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?WhichistheTshirtthatfitsmemost?Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Heisfromthesouth,a
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