（教師版）第二章 名詞精講與精練

第二章名詞精講與精練一、名詞講前練：用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空Itwaslateatnight.Two[1]_________(German)weresleepingintheirroomwhen,suddenly,oneofthem,Mrs.Green,waswokenupandfoundathiefslippingintotheirroomtotryhisluck.Shehadthree[2]___________(thousand)dollarsinherpocket.“WhatshouldIdo?Many[3]_________(thief)usuallybring[4]________(knife)withthem,”Shethoughtin[5]______(silent).Andatthesametimethethiefhappenedtotoucha[6]________(sport)suit.Itseemedasifhefoundtherewassomeoneintheroom,sohewenttothenextroomwheretwo[7]__________(Frenchman)weresleeping.Whenhewaslookingfor[8]_________(money)orsome[9]___________(jewel)inthenextroom,Mrs.Greenwokeupherhusbandquicklyandcalledthe[10]_______(policeman).Andthenthethiefknewwhathadhappened.Hewassoscaredthathetookoutaknife.Justthenthepolicecameup.Beforethethiefranaway,thepolicecaughthim.ForMrs.Green,itwasreallyanunusualexperience.Keys:1.Germans2.thousand3.thieves4.knives5.silence6.sports7.Frenchmen8.money9.jewels/jewelry【jewel的復(fù)數(shù)直接加s;jewelry為不可數(shù)名詞，表示jewel的總稱?！?0.police【police可以表示警察，警方，警察部門；callthepolice報(bào)警】二、名詞考點(diǎn)精講：名詞考點(diǎn)1、名詞的數(shù)1.名詞的分類：(1)專有名詞：專有名詞無復(fù)數(shù)形式。①由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞要加定冠詞the,如：theGreatWall。②the+姓氏名復(fù)數(shù)形式，則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義)。如:theGreens(格林一家人)。(2)普通名詞：普通名詞又分個(gè)體名詞，集體名詞，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞，其中個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞是可數(shù)名詞，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞是不可數(shù)名詞。①個(gè)體名詞:表示單個(gè)的人和事物。如car(汽車)、room(房間)、fan(風(fēng)扇)、photo(照片)②集體名詞:表示一群人或一些事物的名稱。如family(家庭)、army(軍隊(duì))、government(政府)、group(集團(tuán))③物質(zhì)名詞:表示物質(zhì)或不具備確定形狀和大小的個(gè)體的物質(zhì)。如fire(火)、steel(鋼)、air(空氣)、water(水)、milk(牛奶)④抽象名詞:表示動(dòng)作，狀態(tài)，品質(zhì)或其他抽象概念。如labor(勞動(dòng))、health(健康)、life(生活)、friendship(友情)、patience(耐心)2.可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的變化規(guī)則(1).一般情況加s:book--books，house---houses(2).以s、sh、ch、x結(jié)尾的加es:class---classes，box----boxes，match----matches(3).輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的變y為i加es:city---citiescountry----countries，factory----factories(4).以o結(jié)尾的詞：有生命的詞加es,無生命的詞加s:hero---heroes,potato---potatoes;radio--radios,zoo---zoos,piano---pianos.photo---photos例外:bamboo---bamboos(5).以f,fe結(jié)尾的變f或fe為v+es:thief--thieves,wife--wives,life--lives,knife--knives例外：belief--beliefsroof--roofsgulf--gulfs3.可數(shù)名詞的不規(guī)則變化(1).常見的不規(guī)則變化名詞child---childrenfoot---feettooth---teethmouse---miceman---menwoman---women(2).單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,works(工廠),means,fish，deer,sheep一句話記憶：SomeChinese,JapaneseandSwisskeepsomefish,deerandsheepinthisworksbythismeans.(3)people,police,cattle(牛)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式。(4)以s結(jié)尾，但仍然為單數(shù)。例如：①maths,politics,physics等學(xué)科名詞。②news是不可數(shù)名詞③theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。名詞考點(diǎn)2、名詞作定語(1)名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)。例如：papermoney,aneveningpaper,citylife,officework(2)用復(fù)數(shù)作定語。例如：sportsmeeting,salesman/woman/girl(男/女售貨員),goodstrain(貨車)，customspapers(海關(guān)文件)【注意：其中g(shù)oods和customs本身就帶有s】(3)數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時(shí)，若有連字符，名詞用單數(shù)；若無連字符，名詞用復(fù)數(shù)加“’”.例如：例如：afive-year-plan,afiveyears’plan(4)man和woman做定語時(shí)隨著被修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)變化而變化。例如：Aman/womanteacher--twomen/womenteacher名詞考點(diǎn)3、名詞所有格名詞所有格有兩種形式：’+s式和of式。(1)一般說來，表示有生命的名詞和表示時(shí)間，國家，距離等名詞的所有格用’+s式,例如：Mary’smother,today’snews。(2)表示無生命的事物名詞的所有格用of式，例如:thecoverofthebook。(3)雙重所有格：例如：afriendofmyfather’s,afriendofmine。三、名詞應(yīng)考技巧：1、在語法填空題中，空格處作主語和賓語時(shí)，常用名詞，考慮把提示詞改為名詞形式；如果給的是就是名詞，則考慮用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式，這時(shí)注意修飾語。2、在改錯(cuò)題中，重點(diǎn)考慮不可數(shù)名詞是否是用了復(fù)數(shù)形式，可數(shù)名詞該用復(fù)數(shù)的是否用了單數(shù)。四、考點(diǎn)精練（一）單句語法填空1.【2021·全國甲卷】Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesand49(watchtower)totakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheirdailyroutines.key:watchtowers2.【2021·全國乙卷】Itisdifferentfromtraditionaltourismbecauseitallowsthetravelertobecomeeducatedabouttheareas-bothintermsofgeographicalconditionsandculturalcharacteristics,andoftenprovidesmoneyforconservationandbenefitsthe62(develop)ofthelocalareas.key:development【2021·全國乙卷】69(activity)thererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking(遠(yuǎn)足)andaccommodationsaimtohavealowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.key:Activities【2021·新高考Ⅰ卷】Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe57(human)are.key:humans【2021·浙江高考卷】In1844theyboughtitfor$1,200andsomelandfromCharlesDresser,whoperformedtheir38（marry）ceremonyin1842.key:marriage【2020?全國Ⅱ卷】ChineseNewYearisa61.(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.key:celebration【2020?全國Ⅲ卷】Filledwith64(curious),theartistpackedhisbagsandleft.key:curiosity【2020·新高考Ⅰ卷】Historical44(accurate)isimportantbutsoisentertainment.key:accuracy9.【2017全國I卷】Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(醫(yī)學(xué)界)61asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside62(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdiseasekey:effects10.【2017全國II卷】Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible61(crowd)ontheroads.key:crowds11.【2017全國II卷】Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththe69(introduce)ofelectric-poweredenginesandlifts.key:introduction12.【2017全國III卷】Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher66(educate).key:education13.【2017全國III卷】Shehasturneddownseveral67(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.key:invitations14.【2016全國I卷】Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop61(attract).keys:attraction15.【2016全國I卷】Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew69(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottle-fed,theotheriswithmum-sheneversuspects.key:days16.【2016全國II卷】Then,handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou’llfeelarealsenseof42(achieve).keys:achievement17.【2016全國II卷】Recent46(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.keys:studies18.【2016全國III卷】Heinfluencedthe48(develop)ofchopsticks.keys:development19、【2018?卷I】Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014thatshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall________(cause).key:causes20、【2018?卷II】Thisswitchhasdecreased________(pollute)inthecountry'smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.key:pollution21、I'ma________(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.Key:scientist(二)單句改錯(cuò)1.【2021年全國甲卷】Manystudentssaytheywilltalktotheirfriendorclassmatesbecausethey'reofthesameageandcanunderstandeachother.key:friend→friends2.Ialwaysassistmyparentsindoingthedishaftermeals.Ialsowatertheflowersintheyard.key:dish→dishes3.【2020·全國卷I】NextIbroketheeggsintoabowlandbeatthemquicklywithchopstick.key:chopstick→chopsticks4.【2020·全國卷II】Luckily,Iwillgohomeintwoweeksforsummervacations.Key:句意：幸運(yùn)的是，兩周后我就要回家過暑假。分析句子，vacation譯為“假期”是個(gè)不可數(shù)名詞，后面不可加s表示復(fù)數(shù)。Summervacation譯為“暑期”是固定搭配。故將vacations改為vacation。5.【2020·全國卷III】Mymomisreallyconcernedwiththehealthofeveryoneinourfamilies.key:考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。句意同上。family當(dāng)“家庭”講時(shí)，是集合名詞，這里表示“我們一個(gè)家庭”，所以用單數(shù)，families改成family。6.【2019·全國卷I】Allthefootballplayerontheplaygroundcheeredloudly,sayingthatIhadatalentforfootball.Key:考查名詞的數(shù)?！皃layer（運(yùn)動(dòng)員）”為可數(shù)名詞，所以all（所有的）后需要用player的復(fù)數(shù)形式。故將player改為players。7.【2019·全國卷II】SinceIwasakid,I`veconsidereddifferentjobIwouldliketodo.key:考查名詞的數(shù)。“job（工作；職業(yè)）”為可數(shù)名詞，用different（不同的）修飾時(shí)意思為不同種類的工作，應(yīng)該用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。故將job改為jobs?！?018·全國卷I】LastwinterwhenIwenthereagain,theyhadabigseparatehousetoraisedozensofchicken.Keys:chicken改成chickens考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。他們擁有一個(gè)大的獨(dú)立住宅，還養(yǎng)了許多只雞。根據(jù)前文的dozensof可知，其后用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。10.【2016全國I卷】Itisalwayscrowdedwithcustomersatmealtimes.key:times→time11.【2016全國I卷】Myuncletellsmethatthekeytosuccessishonest.key:honest→honesty12.【2017全國I卷】Theinstructorkeptrepeatingtheword,“Speedup!”“Slowdown!”“Turnleft!”.key:word→words13.【2017全國II卷】Besides,theyoftengetsomeusefulinformationsfromtheInternet.key:informations→information14.【2017全國III卷】Ienjoyedstudyingdifferencekindsofcarsandplanes，playingpopmusic，andcollectingthelatestmusicalbums.key:difference→different15.【2016全國II卷】Ifwegoonatripabroad,wecanbroadenourviewandgainknowledgeswecannotgetfrombooks.key:knowledges→knowledge16.【2016全國III卷】Theteenageyearfrom13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.key:year→years17.【2016四川卷】Momhasafull-timejob,soshehastodomostofthehouseworks.key:houseworks→housework18.【2016浙江卷】WhenIwasaveryyoungchildren,myfathercreatedaregularpracticeIrememberwellyearslater.key:children→child19.【2015陜西卷】Mumtaughtmesomebasicstepofbaking.key:step→steps20.【2015四川卷】AsItellyoulasttime,Imadethreenewfriendhere.key:friend→friends21.【2015浙江卷】Myoldclassroomwasinterestingbecausethreesideoftheclassroomweremadefromglass.key:side→sides22.【2015全國II卷】Oneday,littleTonywenttoashoppingcenterwithhisparent.key:parent→parents23.【2015全國I卷】Theairswebreatheinisgettingdirtieranddirtier.key:airs→air24、【2018?卷I】LastwinterwhenIwentthereagain,theyhadabigseparatehousetoraisedozensofchicken.key:chicken--chickens25、【2018?卷II】Aftersupper,wewouldplaycardgamesofallsortinthesittingroom.Key: