專題20 上海高考說明文閱讀技巧點(diǎn)睛（原題版）

?專題20上海高考說明文閱讀技巧點(diǎn)睛_________________________________________________________________________________________考點(diǎn)精考點(diǎn)精講【考情鏈接】上海高考英語(yǔ)關(guān)于閱讀理解要求考生讀懂簡(jiǎn)易的英語(yǔ)文學(xué)作品、科普文章、公告、說明、廣告以及書、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文章并回答相關(guān)問題。文章題材廣泛，體裁多樣，包括記敘文、新聞報(bào)道、應(yīng)用文、說明文、議論文等。以下梳理說明文體裁主要閱讀技巧?！疽c(diǎn)梳理】[方法1]細(xì)節(jié)理解題說明文通常突出介紹事件的過程、步驟和方法，同時(shí)通過具體的事例、數(shù)字、定義或圖表等加以說明，所以該文體中的細(xì)節(jié)理解題常常和這些過程、步驟、方法、事例、數(shù)字、定義、圖表等相關(guān)?？忌忸}時(shí)一定要準(zhǔn)確地理解這些事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)而做好相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)理解題?！镜淅浚?023寶山一模）Whendisasterstrikesacommunity,itisoftencriticalthatassistancebeprovidedrightaway.Thebestfirstrespondersarethepeoplewhocallthatareahome.TheCommunityEmergencyResponseTeam(CERT)programteachescivilianshowtopreparethemselvesfordangersthatmightaffecttheircommunities.Teamsofvolunteersaretrainedinbasicskillssuchasfiresafetyandprevention,searchandrescue,andfirstaid.Aftertraining,thesevolunteerscanbegintoprovideimmediateassistanceintheconsequenceofdisastersbeforeprofessionalrescuersarrive.43.Accordingtothepassage,whendoCERTmembersusuallyprovideassistance?A.Beforethoseprofessionalrescuersarrive. B.Whenuniformedemergencyrespondersarrive.C.Duringtheearlystagesofadisastrousevent. D.Throughouttheprocessofrescueinadisaster.[方法2]主旨大意題說明文中的主旨大意題通常會(huì)體現(xiàn)作者寫作的目的、文章主題思想、段落大意及閱讀人群、文章出處等。這樣，考生需要根據(jù)文章或段落的主題句、作者說明的主要內(nèi)容等信息確定和主旨大意相關(guān)的試題，從而做出正確的選擇。【典例】(2023靜安一模)AsChristmasapproached,thepriceofturkeywentwild.Itdidn’trocket,assomemightsuggest.Nordiditcrash.Itjuststartedwaving.Weliveintheageofthevariableprices.Intheeyesofsellers,therightprice—theonethatwilldrawthemostprofitfromconsumers’wallets—hasbecomethefocusofhugeexperiments.Thesesortsofpriceexperimentshavebecomearoutinepartoffindingthatrightprice.Itmaycomeasasurprisethat,inbuyingapie,youmightbeparticipatinginacarefullydesignedsocial-scienceexperiment.Butthisiswhatonlinecomparisonshoppinghasbrought.Simplyput,theconveniencetoknowthepriceofanything,anytime,anywhere,hasgivenus,theconsumers,somuchpowerthatsellers—inadesperateefforttoregaintheupperhand,oratleastavoidextinction—arenowstaringbackthroughthescreen.Theyaretryingto“comparisonshopping”us.46.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Theadvantagesofonlineshoppingovertraditionalshopping.B.Measuressellerstaketomaximizeprofits.C.Theanalysisofpricingmechanism.D.ThebattlebetweenbuyersandsellersinInternetage.[方法3]標(biāo)題判斷題科普說明文多出現(xiàn)標(biāo)題判斷題，考查考生對(duì)全文的理解，它常以Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?等為設(shè)問方式，文章標(biāo)題可以是單詞，短語(yǔ)，也可以是句子，它的特點(diǎn)是：短小精悍，多為一短語(yǔ)；涵蓋性強(qiáng)，一般要求能覆蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當(dāng)，既不能太大，也不能太小；精確性強(qiáng)，不能隨意改變語(yǔ)言表意的程度及色彩。答案需要理解文章后歸納文章中心?！镜淅浚?023長(zhǎng)寧一模）……Takenasawhole,however,thebookcontributesmuchtothediscussionoftheoriginsofemotions,presentingaremarkablecollectionofcross-culturalstudiesintermixedwithpersonalstoriesaboutforeignresidents’strugglestoreunitediverseemotionalandsocialworlds.……Thebook’stake-homemessageisfundamental:Therearenonaturalemotions,noinbornemotions,nouniversalemotions.Mesquitaarguesthatemotionsare“meaningmaking”and“apreparationforaction”andthattheideaof“emotionsasinnerstates”isaWesternconstruct.Instead,shesuggeststhatemotionsarea“dance”cocreatedbetweenpeoplewholiveinaspecificculturalcontextataparticularhistoricalmoment.46.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.Theculturallandscapeofemotions B.TheculturaloriginofemotionsC.Theculturalconventionofemotions D.Theculturalshockofemotions[方法4]推理判斷題為了考查考生的邏輯推理判斷能力，說明文中的推理判斷題通常要求考生推斷出事件發(fā)展過程和步驟的重要環(huán)節(jié)以及作者使用舉例和對(duì)比等寫作手法的具體目的等。這時(shí)，考生需要聯(lián)系文章的主題思想對(duì)推理判斷題加以突破?！镜淅浚?023青浦區(qū)一模）Adatabasethatfollowstheworld’sfossilfuelproduction,reserves,andreleaseofcarbonwaslaunchedonMonday.Thelaunchcomesoutatthesametimeastwoimportantclimatetalkshappeningattheinternationallevel.OneistheclimatetalksattheUnitedNation’sGeneralAssemblyinNewYorkwhichbeganonSeptember13.TheotherisCOP27inSharmElSkeikhwhichbeganinNovember.Itreallymatterstoenvironmentalsustainability.……Untilnow,therehasbeenprivatedataavailableforpurchase,andresearchoftheworld’sfossilfuelusageandreserves.TheInternationalEnergyAgencyalsokeepspublicdataonoil,gas,andcoal.Butitcentersonthedemandforthosefossilfuels.Thisnewdatabase,however,looksatwhatisyettobeburned.Theinformationcouldhelpenvironmentalgroupstopressureleadersforstrongerpoliciesreducingtheamountofcarbontheyrelease.46.What’sthewriter’sattitudetowardsthelaunchofthenewdatabase?A.Positive. B.Flexible. C.Critical. D.Ironical.[方法5]生詞詞義猜測(cè)題科普說明文往往揭示自然奧秘、動(dòng)植物生存特點(diǎn)及產(chǎn)品工藝原理，易出現(xiàn)一些學(xué)術(shù)性較強(qiáng)的生詞，因此常出現(xiàn)生詞詞義判斷題，這種試題常以Whatdoestheunderlinedwordmean?或Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedword?為設(shè)問方式考查對(duì)生詞詞義的判斷。詞義猜測(cè)題的設(shè)置通常和定義、概念、舉例等有關(guān)，這有助于對(duì)詞匯的理解，解題時(shí)考生要注意捕捉這些信息，正確理解相關(guān)詞匯的意思?！镜淅浚?023寶山一模）ACERTteamcanmakeahugedifferencetoacommunity.Duringtheearlystagesofadisastrousevent,citizenswilllikelyfaceextremechallengesontheirown.Emergencyservicesareusuallyoverwhelmed,andcommunitiesmaybeisolatedbecauseofblockedroads.ACERTteamcansizeupthesituationintheirneighborhoodandprovidehelprightaway.In1986,untrainedvolunteerssavedmorethan800livesintheMexicoCityearthquake.Unfortunately,atleast100volunteersalsodiedintheprocess.Toensuretheircommunitywasbetterpreparedineventslikethis,LosAngelespilotedthefirstCERTprogramin1986,andmanycitiesfollowedtheirlead.44.Theword“pilot”inthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans________.A.conduct B.imitate C.pass D.discuss_____真題操練真題操練2019年上海秋季高考英語(yǔ)真題CompositeimageofEuropeandNorthAfricaatnight,2016.Credit:NASAEarthObservatoryimagesbyJoshuaStevens,usingSuomiNPPVIIRSdatafromMiguelRoman,NASA’sGoddardSpaceFlightCenter.Artificiallightisoftenseenasasignofprogress:themarchofcivilizationshinesalightinthedark;ittakesbackthenight;itilluminates.Butachorusofscientistsandadvocatesarguesthatunnaturallybrightnightsarebadnotjustforastronomersbutalsofornocturnal(夜間活動(dòng)的)animalsandevenforhumanhealth.Nowresearchshowsthenightisgettingevenbrighter.From2012to2016theearth’sartificiallylitareaexpandedbyanestimated2.2percentayear(map),accordingtoastudypublishedlastNovemberinScienceAdvances.Eventhatincreasemayunderstatetheproblem,however.Themeasurementexcludeslightfrommostoftheenergy-efficientLEDlampsthathavebeenreplacingsodium-vaportechnologyincitiesallovertheworld,saysleadstudyauthorChristopherKyba,apostdoctoralresearcherattheGermanResearchCenterforGeosciencesinPotsdam.ThenewdatacamefromaNASAsatelliteinstrumentcalledtheVisibleInfraredImagingRadiometerSuite(VIIRS).Itcanmeasurelong---wavelengthsoflight,suchasthoseproducedbytraditionalyellow-and-orangesodium-vaporstreetlamps.ButVIIRScannotseetheshort-wavelengthbluelightproducedbywhiteLEDs.Thislighthasbeenshowntodisrupthumansleepcyclesandnocturnalanimals’behavior.Credit:MappingSpecialists;Source:“ArtificiallyLitSurfaceofEarthatNightIncreasinginRadianceandExtent,”byChristopherC.M.Kybaetal.,inScienceAdvances,Vol.3,No.11,ArticleNo.E1701528;November22,2017.TheteambelievestheongoingswitchtoLEDscausedalreadybrightcountriessuchasItaly,theNetherlands,SpainandtheU.S.toregisterashavingstablelevelsofilluminationintheVIERSdata.Incontrast,mostnationsinSouthAmerica,AfricaandAsiabrightened,suggestingincreasesintheuseoftraditionallighting.Australiaactuallyappearedtoloselitarea—buttheresearcherssaythatisbecausewildfiresskewedthedata.“ThefactthatVIIRSfindsanincrease(inmanycountries),despiteitsblindnessinthepartofthespectrumthatincreasedmore,isverysad,”saysFabioFalchi,aresearcheratItaly’sLightPollutionScienceandTechnologyInstitute,whodidnotparticipateinthestudy.In2016Falchi,alongwithKybaandseveralothermembersofhisresearchteam,publishedaglobalatlasofartificiallightingthatshowedonethirdoftheworld’spopulationcurrentlylivesunderskiestoobrighttoseetheMilkyWayatnight.ThedataalsocastdoubtontheideathattheLEDlightingrevolutionwillleadtoenergycostsavings.Between2012and2016themediannationpumpedout15percentmorelong-wavelengthlightasitsGDPincreasedby13percent.Andoverall,countries’totallightproductioncorrelatedwiththeirGDP.Inotherwords,Kybasays,“webuyasmuchlightaswearewillingtospendmoneyon.”Whichisnottrueaboutthespreadoflitareas?A.Litareaexpandedbyanestimated2.2percentayear. B.Artificiallightisoftenseenasasignofprogress.C.TheincreaseinGDPisduetotheincreaseinlight. D.Itisbadfornocturnalanimalsandevenforhumanhealth.WhatisthefunctionofVIIRS?A.ItcantakingpicturesoftheEarthtosolveproblems.B.Itcanrecordandanalyselongwavelengthsoflight.C.ItisaNASAsatellitearoundtheearth.D.Itcanfindthelightthatisbadforhumansleepcycles.Accordingtothearticle,whatwecanknowabouttheLEDs?A.UnnaturallyLEDlightsarebadforpeople.B.Itisasignofcivilizationinmodernsociety.C.VIIRScanseethelightproducedbywhiteLEDs.D.ArtificiallylitsurfaceofEarthincreasingbecauseofLEDs.66. Theauthorwritesthisarticleto__________.A.showthenightisgettingevenbrighterB.tellpeoplethatVIIRSmeasurelongwavelengthsoflightC.complainthattheMilkyWayisnotvisibleatnightD.attempttoarousepeople’sawarenessoflightpollution2014年上海秋季高考英語(yǔ)真題Ifyoucouldbeanybodyintheworld,whowoulditbe?Yourneighbourorasuperstar?Afewpeoplehaveexperiencedwhatitmightbeliketostepintotheskinofanotherperson,thankstoanunusualvirtualreality（虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)）device.RikkeWahl,anactress,modelandartist,wasoneoftheparticipantsinabodyswappingexperimentattheBeAnotherlab,aprojectdevelopedbyagroupofartistsbasedinBarcelona.Sheswappedwithherpartner,anactor,usingamachinecalledTheMachinetoBeAnotherandtemporarilybecameaman."AsIlookeddown,Isawmywholebodyasaman,dressedinmypartner'spants,"shesaid."That'sthepictureIrememberbest."Theset-upisrelativelysimple.Bothuserswearavirtualrealityheadsetwithacameraonthetop.Thevideofromeachcameraissenttotheotherperson,sowhatyouseeistheexactviewofyourpartner.Ifshemovesherarm,youseeit.Ifyoumoveyourarm,sheseesit.Togetusedtoseeinganotherperson'sbodywithoutactuallyhavingcontrolofit,participantsstartbyraisingtheirarmsandlegsveryslowly,sothattheothercanfollowalong.Eventually,thiskindofslowsynchronised（同步的）movementbecomescomfortable,andparticipantsreallystarttofeelasthoughtheyarelivinginanotherperson'sbody.Usingsuchtechnologypromisestoalterpeople'sbehaviourafterwards-potentiallyforthebetter.Studieshaveshownthatvirtualrealitycanbeeffectiveinfightingracism-thebias（偏見）thathumanshaveagainstthosewhodon'tlookorsoundlikethem.ResearchersattheUniversityofBarcelonagavepeopleaquestionnairecalledtheImplicitAssociationTest,whichmeasuresthestrengthofpeople'sassociationsbetween,forinstance,blackpeopleandadjectivessuchasgood,bad,athleticorawkward.Thentheyaskedthemtocontrolthebodyofadarkskinneddigitalcharacterusingvirtualrealityglasses,beforetakingthetestagain.Thistime,theparticipants'biasscoreswerelower.Theideaisthatonceyou've"putyourselfinanother'sshoes"you'relesslikelytothinkillofthem,becauseyourbrainhasinternalisedthefeelingofbeingthatperson.ThecreatorsofTheMachinetoBeAnotherhopetoachieveasimilarresult."Attheendofbodyswapping,peoplefeellikeholdingeachotherintheirarms,"saysArthurPointeau,aprogrammerwiththeproject."It'sareallynicewaytohavethiskindofexperience.Iwouldreally,reallyrecommendittoeveryone."74.Theword"swapping"(paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto______.A.buildingB.exchangingC.controllingD.transplanting75.WecaninferfromtheexperimentattheBeAnotherlabthat______.A.ourfeelingsarerelatedtoourbodilyexperienceB.wecanlearntotakecontrolofotherpeople'sbodiesC.participantswilllivemorepassionatelyaftertheexperimentD.TheMachinetoBeAnothercanhelppeoplechangetheirsexes76.IntheImplicitAssociationTest,beforetheparticipantsusedvirtualrealityglassestocontroladarkskinneddigitalcharacter,______.A.theyfoughtstronglyagainstracismB.theyscoredloweronthetestforracismC.theychangedtheirbehaviourdramaticallyD.theyweremorebiasedagainstthoseunlikethem77.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat______.A.technologyhelpspeoplerealizetheirdreamsB.ourbiasescouldbeeliminatedthroughexperimentsC.virtualrealityhelpspromoteunderstandingamongpeopleD.ourpointsofviewaboutothersneedchangingconstantly_____好題必好題必測(cè)【上海市復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期11月教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè)英語(yǔ)試題】Thateveryone’stoobusythesedaysisacliche.Butonespecificcomplaintismadefrequently:There’sneveranytimetoread.AprofessionalreaderthenovelistandcriticTimParks,wroteinaNewYorkReviewofBooksessay:“Everymomentofseriousreadinghastobefoughtfor,plannedfor.”ParkswrotethatinJune;lastmonth,Ifinallyfoundtimetoreadit.Whatmakestheproblemthornieristhattheusualtime-managementtechniquesdon’tseemsufficient.Theweb’sfullofarticlesofferingtipsonmakingtimetoread:“GiveupTV”or“Carryabookwithyouatalltimes”.Butinmyexperience,usingsuchmethodstofreeuptheodd30minutesdoesn’twork.Sitdowntoreadandtheflywheelofwork-relatedthoughtskeepsspinning—orelseyou’resoexhaustedthatachallengingbook’sthelastthingyouneed.“Themodernmind,”Parkswrites,“isoverwhelminglyinclinedtowardcommunication...Itisnotsimplythatoneisinterrupted;itisthatoneisactuallyinclinedtointerruption.”Deepreadingrequiresnotjusttime,butaspecialkindoftimewhichcan’tbeobtainedmerelybybecomingmoreefficient.Infact,“becomingmoreefficient”ispartoftheproblem.Thinkingoftimeasaresourcetobemaximizedmeansyouapproachitinstrumentally,judginganygivenmomentaswellspentonlyinsofarasitadvancesprogresstowardsomegoal.Immersivereading,bycontrast,dependsonbeingwillingtoriskinefficiency,goallessness,eventime-wasting.Trytoslotitasato-dolistitemandyou’llmanageonlygoal-focusedreading—useful,sometimes,butnotthemostfulfillingkind.“Thefuturecomesatuslikeemptybottlesalonganunstoppableandnearlyinfiniteconveyorbelt,”writesGaryEberleinhisbookSacredTime,and“wefeelapressuretofillthesedifferent-sizedbottles(days,hours,minutes)astheypass,foriftheygetbywithoutbeingfilled,wewillhavewastedthem”.Nomind-setcouldbeworseforlosingyourselfinabook.Sowhatdoeswork?Perhapssurprisingly,schedulingregulartimesforreading.You’dthinkthismightfueltheefficiencymind-set,butinfact,Eberlenotes,suchritualisticbehaviourhelpsus“stepoutsidetime’sflow”into“soultime”.Youcouldlimitdistractionsbyreadingonlyphysicalbooks,oronsingle-purposee-readers.“Carryabookwithyouatalltimes”canactuallywork,too-providingyoudipinoftenenough,sothatreadingbecomesthedefaultstatefromwhichyoutemporarilysurfacetotakecareofbusiness,beforedroppingbackdown.Onareallygoodday,itnolongerfeelsasifyou’re“makingtimetoread,”butjustreading,andmakingtimeforeverythingelse.43.Theusualtime-managementtechniquesdon’tworkbecause_________.A.whattheycanofferdoesnoteasethemodernmindB.whatchallengingbooksdemanditrepetitivereadingC.whatpeopleoftenforgetiscarryingabookwiththemD.whatdeepreadingrequirescannotbeguaranteed44.The“emptybottles”metaphorillustratesthatpeoplefeelapressureto_________.A.updatetheirto-dolists B.makepassingtimefulfillingC.carrytheirplansthrough D.pursuecarefreereading45.Eberlewouldagreethatschedulingregulartimesforreadinghelps__________.A.encouragetheefficiencymind-set B.developonlinereadinghabitsC.promoteritualisticreading D.achieveimmersivereading46.“Carryabookwithyouatalltimes”canworkif_________.A.readingbecomesyourprimarybusinessofthedayB.allthedailybusinesshasbeenpromptlydealtwithC.youareabletodropbacktobusinessafterreadingD.timecanbeevenlysplitforreadingandbusiness上海師范大學(xué)附屬外國(guó)語(yǔ)中學(xué)高三第二學(xué)期四月線上診斷Dependingonwhomyoubelieve,theaverageAmericanwill,overalifetime,waitinlinesfortwoyears(saysnationalpublicradio)orfiveyears(accordingtosomecustomer-loyaltyexperts).Thecrucialwordisaverage,aswealthyAmericansroutinelyavoidlinesaltogether.Oncethemostdemocraticofinstitutions,linesarerapidlybecomingtheexclusiveprovinceofsuckers(peoplewhostillbelieveinandpracticewaitinginlines).Poorsuckers,mostly.AirportsresembleFrancebeforetheRevolution:first-classpassengersenjoy"elite"securitylinesandpriorityboarding,anddisembarkbeforetheunwashedincoach,heldatbaybyaflightattendant,areallowedtofoultheJet-way.Atamusementparks,too,youcannowbuyyourwayoutofline.ThissummerIhaplesslywatchedkidsusea$52GoldFlashPasstojumpthelinesatSixFlagsNewEngland,andsimilarsystemsareinuseinmostmajorAmericanthemeparks,fromUniversalOrlandotoWaltDisneyWorld,wherethehavesgettowatchthehave-moresbreezepastontheirwaytotheirseats.FlashPassteacheschildrenavaluablelessoninreal-worldeconomics;thatthericharemoreimportantthanyou,especiallywhenitcomestowaiting.AnNBAplayeroncesaidtome,withabemusedchuckleofdisbelief,thatwhenplayinginCanada—getthis—"Wehavetowaitinthesamecustomslineaseverybodyelse."Almosteverylinecanbebreachedforaprice.InseveralU.S.citiesthissummer,earlyarriversamongtheearlyadopterswaitingtobuyiPhonesofferedtoselltheirspotsinthelines.OnCraigslist,prospectiveiPhonepurchasersofferedtopay"waiters"or"placeholders"towaitinlineforthemoutsideApplestores.Inevitably,somesemi-populistpoliticianshaveseenthevalueofsort-ofwaitinginlineswiththeordinarypeople.BillionaireNewYorkmayorMichaelBloombergoftenwaitsforthesubwaywithhisfellowcitizens,thoughhe'sfirstdrivenbymotorcadepastthestopnearesthishousetoastation22blocksaway,wherethewait,oratleasttheride,isshorter.Nothingannoysanationallawmakermorethanapersonwhowillnotwaitinline,unlessthatlin