2. Coherence-5 大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)課件

2.Coherence1.ParagraphStructureToachievecoherence,allsentencesinaparagraphshouldbearrangesinalogicalorder.Thatis,asentenceofgeneralstatementcomesfirst,secondlyfollowedbylessgeneral,thenthestilllessgeneralwouldbethethird.Inaword,sentencelogicalarrangementinaparagraphcanbemadeaccordingtothelevelofgenerality.Foeexample,ifyouwanttowriteaparagraphabout"A

surprisepartyforMarjorieMartin",thelevelofgeneralityisprobablywrittenlikethis:Continued2)entertainment3)magictricks3)guitar3)groupsinging3)recordsandrecordplayerLet'sreadtheactualparagraph:WerecentlyplannedasurprisepartyforMarjorieMartinwhowastwentyyearsoldbutneverhadabirthdaypartybefore.

First,wecarefullymadeaguestlist.

Weincludesmanyofherfriendsfromschool,afewofherfriendsfromchurch,andallofherbrothersandsisters.Second,weplannedasuitabledrinksandfood.

Weneededsomerefreshingdrinksandfood.

Weweregoingtoservefruitpunchandcoffee.ContinuedWealsowantedchickensandwiches,abirthdaycakewithtwentycandles,andicecream.Third,weplannedentertainment.

Aboydidmagictricksskillfully.Anotherboyplayedguitarwell.Wealllikedgroupsinging.WehadalotofrecordsandarecordplayerHelpedbyeveryone,thepartybecameasecretcommunityproject.Transitions:wordsorotherdevicesthatjoinoneideatoanothertogivecoherencetoaparagraph(withinaparagraphorbetweenparagraphs).Forexample:Example(withouttransitions)A.Inthelasttwentyyearsorso,someundevelopedcountrieshaveincreasedtheirfoodproduction.Theirpopulationhaveatthesametimegrownfaster.Thestandardoflivinghasnotbeenimproved.Theincreaseinfoodproductionhasbeenachievedattheexpenseofusingupmarginallands.Therehasbeennogainintheproductivityoflandlabor.Example(withtransitions)B.Inthelasttwentyyearsorso,someundevelopedcountrieshaveincreasedtheirfoodproduction.Theirpopulation,however,haveatthesametimegrownfaster.Andsotheirstandardoflivinghasnotbeenimproved.What'smore,theirincreaseinfoodproductionhasbeenachievedattheexpenseofusingupmarginallands.Asaresult,therehasbeennogainintheproductivityoflandlabor.1.Connectorsastransitions1)NumberTransitionsTherearefourmainareasoftheworldwheredepositsofoilappear.ThefirstisthatoftheMiddleEast,…；anotheristheareabetweenNorthandSouthAmerica；andthethird，betweenAsiaandAustralia…；thefourthareaisthecoldregionneartheNorthPole，notyetexploited.…2)EmphaticTransitionsAveryimportantworldproblem——infact，Iaminclinedtosayitisthemostofallthegreatworldproblemswhichfaceusatthepresenttime——istherapidlyincreasingpressureofpopulationonlandandonlandresources.3)QualifyingTransitionsManycitiesworryaboutviolenceontelevision,mostoutoffearthatitstimulatesviewerstoviolentoraggressiveacts.Ourresearch,however,indicatesthattheconsequencesofexperiencingTV'ssymbolicworldofviolencemaybemuchmorefarreaching.4)IllustratingTransitions(forexample,forinstance,thus,toillustrate)

Continued5)Foradditional(secondly,inthesecondplace,then,furthermore,next,moreover,inaddition,similarly,again,also,finally)MyroommatePaulpossessesthecharacteristicsofagoodstudent.Oneofhischaracteristicsisalwaysbeingpreparedforclasses.Forexample,whenhisphilosophyprofessorassignsaclass….Inaddition,whenhisEnglishteacherassignsanout-of-classessay,hebringstoclassthefinalcopyofanessaythathehasrevisedseveraltimes.6)ForComparison&Contrast(inthesameway,ontheotherhand,nevertheless,despitethisfact,onthecontrary,still,however,conversely,instead)JaneandKarenhavemanythingsincommon.Tobeginwith,bothgirlshavethesamebackground.…Next,bothgirlsareinterestedinschool.…Furthermore,bothgirlswanttobeteachers.…7)ForConsequence(therefore,inconclusion,tosumup,consequently,asaresult,accordingly,inotherworld)

….Becausesinglepeoplelivealone,theirfinancialsecuritydependsontheirownefforts.Asaresult,careergoalsbecomesextremelyimportanttothem.Theirsinglestatusgivethemtheopportunitytopursuecareergoalsbasedsolelyontheirownneeds.8)ForTimeOrder(meanwhile,later,atthesametime,soon,etc)

9)ForSpaceOrder(infrontof,totheright,tomyleft,etc)Frommydormitorywindow,Iinspectedtheparkbelowdaily.DirectlyinfrontofmeIsawthegracefulswaying(擺動(dòng))branchesofabamboohedge(竹林)thatseparatedtheparkfromthebusystreetbeyond.Itprovidesalovelygreenbackgroundtothepurpleandblueperiwinkles(長(zhǎng)春花)thatbloomedinthebedjusttotherightofit.Tomyleftstoodastatelyelm(榆樹).2.Pronounastransitions(it,they,this,that,those,I,heshe,they,such,&one)

Whenapronounisusedasatransition,itmovesathoughtforward.Apronouncanappearwithinasentenceorlinkingtwosentencestogether.Inthefollowingexample,thetransition“it”connectsseveralideas,makingtheparagraphcoherent.PronounWewantyoutotryourproduct.Notonlyisitnew,improved;andeasytouse,butitalsocomesinagianteconomysizethatwillsaveyoumoney.Nineoutoftendoctorsrecommendedit,afamousHollywoodstarusesiteveryday,and,ifyoubuyitandtryit,yourlovelifewillimprove,andyourneighborswillenvy

you.ContinuedOntheotherhand,ifyoudon’tuseourproduct,romancewillflyoutthewindow,andyourneighborswilldespiteyou.Evenworse,you’llstillhavetolistentoyoucommercials!Solookforourbrightlycoloreddisplayinastorenearyou!DiscoveringAmericanEnglishReading,H.Krants.3.SynonymsastransitionsForexample:Amythsuggeststhatboththepoorandthewealtharecriminals,oratleastpotentiallawbreakers,becausethepoorarepressedtocrimebytheirpoverty,andbecausethelattercouldhardlyhavegainedtheirpossessionswithhonestyandconstructivework.Thisfiction,however,seemstofadingoutgradually.IntroductiontoCriminology,StephenShafer4.RepeatingaWordasTransitionsRepeatingawordtokeepanideamovingaheadhelpsapieceofwriting,addscoherence.Forexample:Manypeoplehaveinstalledwoodburning

stovesintheirhomesthisyear.Woodisconsiderablycheapertoburnthanoil,becausehomeheatingoilhasdoubledinpriceinthepasttwelvemonths,butthepriceofwoodhasremainedaboutthesame.ContinuedPeoplewhoareconcernedthatrisingoilpricesmayforcethemtochoosebetweeneatingproperlyandkeepingwarmareshoppingforattractive,safe,andefficientwoodburningstoves.Becauseofthegrowinginterestinthesestoves,therearedozensofnewmodels,inawidevarietyofstylesandsizestochoosefrom.Manufacturershavesoldthousandsoftheseold-timeheaterstohomeownersthisyear.WaysofDevelopingParagraphs.pptContinuedInTheScarletletterHawthornestructuresthestoryaroundthreescaffoldscenesstrategicallyplacedatthebeginning,middle,andendofthenovel.Thescaffoldisaraisedplatformonwhichthosewhohavebrokentherulesofthecommunityareforcedtostandforpubliccondemnation.ContinuedInthefirstscenethe“adulteress”,HesterPrynne,andherillegitimateinfant,Pearl,aredisplayedforallthecommunitytowitnesshershame.ReverendArthurDimmesdalehasanopportunityheretoacknowledgethatheisthefatherofHearer’schild;but,thoughhesuggeststhatHesterpubliclynamethefatherandthussavethatmanfrom“addinghypocrisytosin”,hedoesnotconfesswhensherefuse.ContinuedThesecondscaffoldsceneoccurssevenyearslaterwhenthe