英語語法基礎(chǔ)匯總

形容詞性從句--定語從句用來修飾名詞、代詞、句子等，在句中的作用相當于形容詞，故稱為形容詞性從句。2012新程專轉(zhuǎn)本◆限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句：對被修飾詞起限制作用，與主句關(guān)系密切，一般不可缺少。非限制性定語從句：對先行詞起補充說明作用，缺少也不會影響全句的意思，與主句用逗號隔開。IliveinBeijingwheremyparentsworkedtenyearsago.Hissister,whoworksinWuhan,iscomingtoseehimtomorrow.如：e.g.Thecar

that

isunderthetreeismine.先行詞放置于名詞之后，修飾名詞的從句關(guān)系詞連接作用1.2.

在從句中充當成分◆限制性定語從句的構(gòu)成3.

指代先行詞◆定語從句的關(guān)系詞關(guān)系代詞（在從句中作主、表、賓、定等成分）

指人:who(主格),whom(賓格),whose(所有格)

指物:which(主格,賓格),whose(所有格)

指人或物:that,as關(guān)系副詞（在從句中作狀語）

where(onwhich)when(inwhich)why(forwhich)1.Theman(who/whom/that)mymothersawinthestreetismyteacher.(指人）2.Thebookwhich/thattellsusabouttheearthisinteresting.（指物）

3.Shelivesinahousewhosewindowfacessouth.

4.DoyouknowtheboywhosefatherisanEnglishteacher?

5.Ihaveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.

6.Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen(onwhich)Ijoinedthearmy.7.Iwon’tforgetthefactorywhere(inwhich)myfatherworked.

8.Tellmethereasonwhyyoucamelate.◆只用that不用which的情況1）先行詞為不定代詞，如：

all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone,等

e.g.We’lldoallthatwecoulddotohelpyou.2)先行詞被all,every,no,some,any,little,much,oneof,theonly,thevery,theright,thelast,few,just修飾時。ThistrainisthelasttrainthatwillgotoBeijing.3)先行詞被序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級修飾時。ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatI’veeverread.4)先行詞既有人又有物的時候。Thepeopleandthehappytime

thatIhadinthatvillageinfluencedmealot.5)有兩個定語從句時，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which，另外一個用that。Theysecretlybuiltupasmallfamilywhichproducedthingsandthatcouldcausepollution.1)在非限定性定語從句中e.g.Brucewenttowardthefire,

whichwasstillsmoking.◆只用which不用that的情況2)介詞之后ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.3)先行詞本身是that時Whatisthatwhichflashedintheskyjustnow?4)引導詞后面有插入語的情況Hereisthebookwhich,asyouknow,Ilikebest.1)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語e.g.Haveyoureceivedthebook(that)Isentyoulastweek?◆關(guān)系詞的省略2)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語e.g.Maryisnolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobe.3)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞的賓語，并且介詞在句末e.g.Thisistheartist(whom)Ispoketoyouabout.1.關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語e.g.Theclassroomthatisonthefourthfloorispoorlyequipped.

2.關(guān)系副詞不可省略e.g.IhavecometoexplainthereasonwhyIwasabsentfromthemeeting.◆不能省略關(guān)系詞的情況◆介詞+關(guān)系代詞1)固定搭配e.g.Thisistheevidencewithwhichthecaseisconnected.3)介詞詞組+關(guān)系代詞e.g.Wearrivedatahill,ontopofwhichstoodatower.2)先行詞e.g.I’llneverforgetthedayonwhich\whenIjoinedtheparty.◆介詞+關(guān)系代詞5)介詞+關(guān)系代詞+代詞/數(shù)詞e.g.Hehaswrittenmanybooks,ofwhichmostareinChinese.6)介詞+whosee.g.HeistheverymaninwhosepocketIfoundmylostmoney.4)

代詞/數(shù)詞+of+關(guān)系代詞e.g.Hehaswrittenmanybooks,mostofwhichareforchildren.Wehavemanystudents,twoofwhomhavewonprizesofinternationalcompetitions.◆關(guān)系詞的選擇（三步法）1.找出先行詞2.看先行詞在從句中的功能（主語/賓語/狀語）3.選擇關(guān)系詞1)Thepeople_____________youmetinthecampusarefromAustralia.2)Thiswasthetime______________sheleftforBeijing.3)Theplace_______heoftenvisitsisalwaysfullofartists.who/whom/thatwhen/atwhichwhichas引導非限定性定語從句和which的區(qū)別：①如果指代前一句話的意思,二者可以互換.e.g.Helefther,as/whichwasstrange.◆

as和which②as引導的從句可以放在句首，句中和句尾。Aseveryoneknows,TomisgoodatEnglish.Theearth,asweknow,movesaroundthesun.③as有“正如….”

一類的含義如：ashasbeensaidabove,asanybodycanseeaswehadexpected,asitappears④在thesame…as…/such….as….中as引導的是限制性定語從句.e.g.Manyofthesportsarethesameastheywerewhentheystarted. Theresultwasnotsuchasheexpected.◆

as和which狀語從句2012新程專轉(zhuǎn)本狀語從句的分類狀語從句在復合句中作主句的狀語，可表示時間、地點、原因、結(jié)果、目的、條件、方式、比較、讓步等。狀語從句通常由從屬連詞引導,從屬連詞把主句和狀語從句連接成為一個復合句.1.時間狀語從句1).常用引導詞：

在…..前:before;在……后:after

當……時:

when,as,while,

一……就:assoonas,instantly,immediately,directly,themoment,theinstant,thesecond,

nosooner…than,scarcely/hardly…when

自從:since,eversince,once(一旦)

每當:eachtime,everytime,whenever,theday(那天)，(the)nexttime,(the)lasttime,bythetime,thefirsttime,anytime1.時間狀語從句2）while,when,as的用法區(qū)別a.when引導的從句動作和主句動作可以同時發(fā)生，也可以先后發(fā)生。b.as,while強調(diào)從句動作和主句動作同時發(fā)生c.as,when指時間點或時間段，但while不可以表示時間點，它引導的從句要用延續(xù)性動詞d.表示“隨著…”，只能用as。e.表示“一邊…一邊…”，用as。。1.連詞：where，wherever2.比較:a.Hishousestandswherethreeroadsmeet.(地點)b.Hishousestandsattheplacewherethreeroadsmeet.(定語)2.地點狀語從句1)引導詞:because,since,for,as

2)區(qū)別:

①because

語氣最強，一般置于主句之后。

②回答why時只能用because。

③在強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)”Itis/was…that”中，只能用because。④在“not…but…”結(jié)構(gòu)中，用because。⑤since表示新出現(xiàn)的原因，語氣比because弱，一般位于句首。

⑥as表示雙方已知的原因，語氣比since弱，一般放在句首。⑦for

表示一種推斷的理由，只能放在主句之后，并用逗號隔開。3.原因狀語從句

如：1.---Whydid’tyouphonemelastnight?---BecauseIdidn’twanttodisturbyou.2.Sinceyouhavenolicense,youarenotallowedtodrive.3.Ashewasnotwellenough,Ihadtogowithouthim.4.Thedaybreaks,forthebirdsaresinging.3.原因狀語從句

條件狀語從句引導詞：

if,unless,as/solongas,onconditionthat等

如：Let’sgooutforawalkunlessyouaretootired.4.條件、方式狀語從句

2.方式狀語從句引導詞：

as,(just)as…so…,asif,asthough

如：DoinRomeasRomansdo.Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasiftheyneverexisted.目的:that,sothat,so…that,inorderthat結(jié)果：that,so…that,such…that注:

目的狀語從句的謂語里常有can,couldmay,might,will,would等1.連詞:I’llspeakslowlysothatyoucanunderstandme.HespokeslowlysothatIunderstoodhim.2.比較:5.目的、結(jié)果狀語從句such+adj.+不可數(shù)名詞/復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+thatIt’ssuchniceweatherthatallofuswanttogotothepark.such+a/an+adj.+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+that=so+adj.+a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+thatMikeissuchanhonestworkerthatweallbelievehim.Mikeissohonestaworkerthatweallbelievehim.somany/few/much/little+n.+thatMr.Greenhadsolittleeducationthathewasunabletogetajob.3.句型:5.目的、結(jié)果狀語從句though,although,evenif,eventhough,whether…or…,疑問詞+ever,nomatter+疑問詞等注:though/although不能和but連用，但能和yet,still連用。1.引導詞:6.讓步狀語從句如：We’llmakeatripeventhoughtheweatherisbad.

Whetheryoubelieveitornot,itistrue.

Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.Eventhoughheismybrother,Idon’ttrusthim.盡管……(事實上他是我弟弟)Evenifheweremybrother,Iwouldnottrusthim.即使……(其實他不是我弟弟)2.比較:6.讓步狀語從句Importantaswateristous,wecannotliveonitalone.Foolasheis,hewillnotdosuchathing.Shoutashemight,hecouldnotmakehimselfheard.3.as,though引導的倒裝句型:------adj./n./v.+as+主謂+主句6.讓步狀語從句練習1.—Ourholidaycostalotofmoney.—Didit?Well,thatdoesn’tmatter______you

enjoyedyourself.A.unless B.incaseC.asfaras D.aslongas3.______youunderstandtherule,youwillhaveno

furtherdifficulty.A.WhileB.OnceC.ThoughD.Unless2.—ShallMarycomeandplaycomputergames?—No,______shehasfinishedherhomework.A.whenB.ifC.unlessD.onceDCB練習4.Afteryouusedthedictionary,pleasejustputit

back______itbelongs.A.whereB.towhichC.whatD.that6.ThefansinChicagoadmireMichaelJordan_____heisno

longerfightingfortheChicagoBulls.A.sinceB.evenifC.howeverD.when5.—Didthedoor-keeperletyouin?—No.______ItriedtotellhimIwasyourrelative,he

justdidn’tbelieveme.A.Evenif B.HoweverC.Nomatter D.WhetherABB練習7.Theyweresurprisedthatachildshouldworkoutthe

problem______theythemselvescouldn’t.A.onceB.thenC.whileD.if9.Foodshortagewilllongbeaworldproblem______much

hasbeendonetosupplyenoughforeveryone.A.althoughB.nomatterC.sinceD.before8.Americanseat______vegetablesperpersontodayasthey

didin1910.A.morethantwiceasmanyB.morethantwiceC.astwiceasmanyasD.twiceasmanyasCAA練習10.______sherealizeditwastoolatetogohome.A.NosooneritgrewdarkthanB.HardlydiditgrowdarkthatC.ItwasdarkafterD.Itwasnotuntildarkthat12.Howlongdoyousupposeitis______hearrivedthere.A.whenB.beforeC.afterD.since11.______theInternetisbridgingthedistancebetween

people,itmayalsobebreakingsomehomesorwillcause

otherfamilyproblems.A.WhenB.WhileC.IfD.AsDBD練習13.Tomoftenhastobecalledtwoorthreetimes______

hecomesdownstairstohavedinner.A.untilB.whenC.afterD.before15.Theirtent,______lightasafeather,remainedfirminthe

stormlastnight.A.asifB.evenC.thoughD.if14.Itwasaweek______theboygot______again.Hewas

senttohospitalatonce.A.before;tobehurt B.since;tobehurtC.before;hurt D.since;hurtDDC練習16.______yourdaughterhasrecoveredandyoursonhas

passedthecollegeentranceexamination,youhave

nothingtoworryabout.

A.BecauseB.NowthenC.SolongasD.Nowthat18.

—

Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?—Ifindrecordsareoften______orbetterthanan

actualperformance.A.asgoodasB.asgoodC.aswellasD.aswell17.

______thelivingstandardimproves,peoplewilltake

greaterinterestintravelingathomeandabroad.

A.Becauseof

B.With

C.During

D.AsDDB練習19.Quitetheoppositeinfact,Iliketolive______muchtraffic

andnoise.A.inwhichthereis B.intheplacethereisC.wherever D.wherethereisD練習22.Johnknockedatthedoorfornearlyfiveminutes_____

hisfriendopenedit.A.whenB.beforeC.untilD.while24.—DidyouremembertogiveTomthekeytothebike?—YesIgaveittohim______Isawhim.A.whileB.onceC.suddenlyD.themoment23.Iwashalfwaybacktothecottagewheremymotherlived

______Susancaughtupwithme.A.beforeB.whereC.whenD.thatBCD練習25.Somepeoplewastealotoffood______othershaven’t

enoughtoeat.A.howeverB.whenC.asD.while27._thereissomethingelsetodiscuss,I’lldeclarethe

meetingclosed.A.AsB.WhileC.SinceD.Unless26.______theEgyptianpeoplewerewarlike,theyfoundtime

forpeacefulgames.A.AsifB.EventhoughC.OnceD.AssoonasDBD練習

30.Thepatientsdon’thavetowaitallday_____thedoctor

worksfast.A.ifB.whetherC.unlessD.that29._____,youmustn’tgoagainstrules.A.NomatterwhattodoB.WhatevertodoC.Whatyoudo D.WhateveryoudoDAThat'sall名詞性從句2012新程專轉(zhuǎn)本一.相關(guān)概念1.名詞：表示人或事物名稱的詞叫名詞。2.名詞的作用：名詞在句中主要作主語、賓語、表語、同位語、定語、狀語。3.名詞性從句：由句子充當句子中的主語、賓語、表語和同位語的結(jié)構(gòu)就名詞性從句。4.名詞性從句的種類：根據(jù)名詞性從句在句子中所充當?shù)牟煌煞郑~性從句可以分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。二.主語從句1.主語從句的連接詞1).連接詞:that,whether例:(1).Thathewillwiniscertain.==Itiscertainthathewillwin.(2).Whetherhe’lljoinusinthediscussionisofgreatimportance.==Itisofgreatimportancewhetherhe’lljoinusinthediscussion..2).連接代詞:who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever例:(1).Itisnotyetdecided

whowilldothatjob.(2).Whosebagitiscannotbetold.(3).Whathewantsisabook.(4).Whateverhesaidwasright.(5).Whoevergotheremustgetreadyby6o’clock.3).連接副詞:when,where,why,how,howmany,howmuchhowlong,howsoon,howoften例:(1).Whenwe’llstarttomorrowwillbetoldsoon.(2).Wherewecanbuycomputersisweneedtofindout.(3).Whyhecamehereisnotknown.(4).Howwecanprotectenvironmentneedstobediscussed.(5).Howmanypeoplediedinthewarwillneverbeknown.(6).Howoftenhe’llgotoseehisgrandmotherdependsonthetimehecanspare._____hediditwasquiteclear/obvious.WhyInone’sownhomeonecando_______onelikes.

what______theycametotheislandinterestsmanyscientists.HowIhavenoidea________hewillreturn.when________dictionaryitbelongstohasnotbeenfoundout.Whose_______heisactuallythinkingaboutpuzzledhismother.What用適當?shù)膚h-詞完成下列句子:2.注意點1).主語從句一律用陳述句語序,即主語在前,謂語在后.例:正:Whenhewillcomeisnotknown.

誤:Whenwillhecomeisnotknown.2).連接詞that在從句中無實際意義,但不能省略.例:正:Thathewillnotcometothemeetingthiseveningistrue.

誤:Hewillnotcometothemeetingthiseveningistrue.3).whether可以引導主語從句,但if不能.4).whoever,whatever,whichever等詞可以引導主語從句,但nomatterwho,nomatterwhat等不能.例:正:Whateverhedoeshasnothingtodowithme.

誤:Nomatterwhathedoeshasnothingtodowithme.5).為避免主語冗長,句子頭重腳輕,經(jīng)常用it作形式主語,主語從句放在后面作真正的主語.例:Itiswellknown/reported/thought/said/…that…

Itisclear/necessary/certain/true/doubtful/…that…

Itisapity/ashame/anhonour/…that…

Itdoesn’tmatterwhether…/Itseemsthat…

Ithappensthat…三.賓語從句1.賓語從句的引導詞:

與引導主語從句的連接詞相同.2.注意點1).賓語從句一律用陳述句的語序.2).引導賓語從句的連詞that也無實際意義,多數(shù)情況下可以省略.3).whether和if都可以引導賓語從句但:(1).當whether后緊跟ornot時,不用if.

例:Idon’tknowwhetherIwillstayornot.(2).介詞后面的賓語從句不能用if.例:IworryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeeling.4).that在賓語從句中的省略與保留(1).在主+謂+it(形式賓語)+賓補+that從句(真正賓語)的句型中不省略.例:Wemustmakeitclearthatwemeanwhatwesay.(2).由連詞and連接的兩個由that引導的賓語從句中,that不省略.例:Hetoldmethathewouldcome

and

thathewouldcomeontime.四.表語從句1.表語從句的引導詞:

基本上與主語從句的引導詞相同.在連系動詞seem,look之后還可用asthough(asif).例:(1).ThatiswhereIwasbornandgrewup.(2).Energyiswhatmakesthingwork.(3).Thatiswhathetoldus.(4).Itseemsasifitisgoingtorain.2.注意點1).表語從句一律用陳述句的語序.2).表語從句的引導詞that無實際意義,但不能省略.3).表語從句只能用whether,而不能用if引導.4).誤:Thereason…isbecausethat…正:Thereason…isthat…

或This/it/that/isbecause…例如:今天早上他遲到的原因是因為路上行人太多.

正:Thereasonwhyhewaslatethismorningisthattherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.

或:Hewaslatethismorning.Thatwasbecausetherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.五.同位語從句1.同位語從句的引導詞:that2.同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別:如果that作從句中的某一成分,則是定語從句,如果that不作從句中的任何成分,則是同位語從句.

例:(1).Ihadnoideathat

itwassolate.(主系表結(jié)構(gòu),that不作從句中的成分,同位語從句)(2).Istill

remembertheplacethatwevisited

lastyear.(主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu),that作從句中的賓語,定語從句)3.that引導的同位語從句前面的名詞常見的有:

idea,fact,news,belief,thought,doubt,suggestion,proof,message,order,conclusion,desire,theory,truth,word等.1._____isknowntousallisthatthe2008OlympicGameshastakenplaceinBeijing.A.It

B.What

C.AsD.Which2.______wasmostimportanttoher,shetoldme,washerfamily.A.It B.ThisC.

What

D.As4.______wantstostayinahotelhastopaytheirownway.A.AnyoneB.TheoneC.Whoever

D.Who5.Somechildrenwanttochallengethemselvesbylearningalanguagedifferentfrom______theirparentsspeakathome.A.what

B.thatC.whichD.oneBCCA6.Thecompaniesareworkingtogethertocreate

theyhopewillbethebestmeansoftransportinthe21stcentury.A.whichB.that

C.what

D.who7.Thelasttimewehadgreatfunwas_____wewerevisitingtheWaterPark.A.whereB.how

C.when

D.whyPeopleinChongqingareproudof__theyhaveachievedinthepasttenyears.A.thatB.which

C.what

D.how9.Allpeople,___theyareoldoryoung,richorpoor,havebeentryingtheirbesttohelpthoseinneedsincethedisaster.A.evenifB.whether

C.nomatterD.howeverCCCB10.Ashisbestfriend,Icanmakeaccurateguessesabout___hewilldoorthink.

A.what

B.whichC.whom D.that11.Ithasbeenproved___eatingvegetablesinchildhoodhelpstoprotectyouagainstseriousillnessesinlaterlife.

A.if B.because C.when D.that12.Studentsarealwaysinterestedinfindingout_______theycangowithanewteacher.A.howfarB.howsoonC.howoftenD.howlongADA非謂語動詞2012新程專轉(zhuǎn)本非謂語動詞不定式（todo)分詞動名詞（-ing)過去分詞(-ed)現(xiàn)在分詞(-ing)-ing分詞-ed分詞不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)時態(tài)、語態(tài)主動被動一般式todotobedone進行式tobedoing/完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成進行式tohavebeendoing/動詞不定式(todo)1不定式做主語2不定式做表語3不定式做賓語4不定式做賓語補足語5不定式做定語6不定式做狀語7不定式用法注意事項TheInfinitive（不定式）Subject(主語）Object（賓語）Predictive（表語）attribute（定語）Adverbial（狀語）Complement（補語）Todothatsortofthingisfoolish.Itisfoolishtodothatsortofthing.Iwanttoseeyouthisevening.Allyouhavetodois(to)finishitquicklyWefoundahousetolivein.ShecameheretostudyEnglish.Thepatientwaswarnednottoeatoilyfoodaftertheoperation.Heliftedastoneonlytodropitonhisownfeet.Theyjumpedwithjoytohearthenews.1.不定式做主語一般用it當形式主語，把真正的主語不定式后置。Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.完成那個任務花去了我五分鐘。Itisverydifficultforhimtofinishthepaperinsuchashorttime.

在如此短的時間內(nèi)完成試卷對他來說很難。

2.不定式作表語通常表示預定要發(fā)生的動作，結(jié)構(gòu)為“be+todo”。Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.我的工作是每天清掃房間。Hisdreamistobeadoctor.他的夢想是成為一名醫(yī)生。3.不定式作賓語1)“動詞+不定式”afford（負擔得起）,agree（同意）,dare（敢于）decide（決定）,happen（碰巧）,hesitate（猶豫）,fail（不能）,guarantee（保證）,tend（傾向）,manage（設法）,

pretend（假裝）,offer（提供）,plan（計劃）…Heofferedtohelpme.Thestudentfailedtopasstheexam.

2)“動詞+疑問詞+不定式”有些動詞可以要求其后的不定式前面加一個連接副（代）詞，一起充當賓語。what，when，where，which，how，whether等，但不可以是why。1.Couldyoutellmewhethertogoforapicnic?

2.Mymothershowedmehowtopreparemeals.

3)“動詞+賓語+不定式”不定式可以做賓語補足語，常見的動詞有：advise,allow,appoint,arrangefor,ask,consider,expect,forbid,force,invite,judge,like…1.Theofficerorderedhismentofire.長官命令士兵開火。2.Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.

父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。4）“it作形式賓語”當不定式為直接賓語，且?guī)в匈e語補足語時，應將不定式置于補足語后面，而用it代替它。Ifounditimpossibletoanswerallthequestionswithinthetimegiven.我發(fā)現(xiàn)在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)答完所有的問題是不可能的。4.不定式做定語通常放在被修飾的詞后面，往往表示未發(fā)生的動作。Ihavealotofworktodo.我有許多事要做。Therewasnothingtobringhomethatmorning.那天早上（他回家時）兩手空空。5.不定式作狀語1）作目的狀語，常用結(jié)構(gòu)為”todo,onlyto,inorderto,soastodo,so(such)…asto…Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.我來僅僅是向你告別。他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou.2）作結(jié)果狀語常用enoughto，sufficientto，onlyto，neverto，so+形容詞/副詞+asto引導。Iawoketofindmytruckgone.我醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)箱子不見了。我要開門，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)門被里面鎖住了。Itriedthedoor,onlytofinditlockedinside.Hesearchedtheroomtofindnothing.他搜索了房間，沒發(fā)現(xiàn)什么。3）作原因狀語Shesmiledtoseethestudentssohappy.

看到學生們這么高興她笑了。Heopenedhismouthwideasiftospeak.

他張開嘴像是要說些什么.(=Shesmiledbecauseshesawthestudentssohappy.)(=Heopenedhismouthwideasifhewouldspeak.)4）作方式狀語省略to的不定式（1）cannotbut（只得）cannothelpbut（不得不，只得）hadbetter（最好還是）hadrather（寧愿）wouldrather（寧愿）wouldsooner（寧愿）may(just)aswell（還是...的好）must(just)aswell（幸好）ratherthan（而不是）whynot（為什么不）wouldyouplease（請您...）helpsb.(to)dosth.e.g.Hecouldn'tbutaccepttheterms.

donothing/anything/everything...but/

except結(jié)構(gòu)不帶to。LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchTV.昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。IhavedonenothingexceptdowhatIshould.我只能做我應該做的事。醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。Thedoctortoldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking.省去to的不定式（2）當謂語動詞是感官動詞see,watch,lookat,notice,hear,listento,smell,feel,find和使役動詞let,have,make時，作賓語補語的不定式可以省去to。如果這些動詞為被動形式，則要保留to。Iheardhimlockthedoor.我聽到他鎖門了。Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.=Theyweremadetoworkthewholenight.老板讓他們整夜干活。(被動語態(tài)）-ing分詞1-ing分詞做主語2-ing分詞做表語3-ing分詞做賓語4-ing分詞做賓語補足語5-ing分詞做定語6-ing分詞做狀語7-ing分詞用法注意事項分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)類別及物動詞不及物動詞形式主動被動主動一般式doingbeingdonedoing完成式havingdonehavingbeendonehavingdone-ing分詞的一般式表示分詞的動作與主句謂語的動作同時發(fā)生，它的主動語態(tài)的形式為-ing分詞，被動語態(tài)的形式為“beingdone”。Everybodydislikesbeinglaughedat.誰都不喜歡被人嘲笑。Livinginthedowntown,wefoundalotofamusements.Havingreceivedhisletter,shewenttothenearestnetbartogosurfing.-ing分詞的完成時

表示分詞的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語的動作之前，它的主動語態(tài)的形式為“having+-ed分詞”，被動語態(tài)的形式為“havingbeen+-ed分詞”。Havingbeengiventhisinformation,Ericsatdownagaintowait.得到此消息后，埃里克又坐下來等著。-ing分詞的完成進行時表示分詞的動作從過去開始，一直到說話時仍未結(jié)束，它的主動語態(tài)形式為“having+been+-ing分詞Havingbeenwritingthisbook,Ihavenotimeforotherthings.我一直在寫這本書，沒有時間做其他事情。Teachingismyfull-timejob.WritinganEnglishcompositionisnoteasy.It’suselesstakingthiskindofmedicine.1.作主語（1）動名詞Myjobisteaching.=Teachingismyjob.Herfull-timejobislayingeggs.=Layingeggsisherfull-timejob.（2）現(xiàn)在分詞Theplayisexciting.≠Excitingistheplay.Thestoryhetolduswasveryinteresting.≠Interestingwasthestoryhetoldus.2.作表語Isuggestedaskinghisbrotherforsomemoney.Shekeepsbuyingexpensiveclothes.

3.作賓語acknowledge（承認，自認），admit（承認）advise（建議）anticipate（預期，期望）appreciate（感激，欣賞）consider（考慮）

deny（否認）delay（延遲）endure（忍受）enjoy（享有，喜愛）finish（完成）forbid（禁止）fancy（幻想，愛好），favor（偏愛）imagine（設想）include(包括），involve（卷入，包含）

keep（繼續(xù)不斷）mind（介意）postpone（延遲）practise（實行，實踐）prohibit（禁止），permit（允許）

agreeto（同意）adaptto（適應）

applyto（適用于）approveof（同意）beaccustomedto（習慣于）beafraidof（害怕）befondof（喜歡）begoodat（擅長）beintenton（專心于）beinterestedin（感興趣）beopposedto（反對的）besickof（厭惡）besuccessfulin（成功）betiredof（厭倦）beworriedabout（不開心）can‘thelp（禁不?。?/p>

can‘tresist（禁不住）contributeto（有助于）counton（依靠）dependon（決定于）feellike（想要）giveup（放棄）

havedifficulty(in)（在某方面有困難）havetrouble(in)（在...有困難）holdoff（拖延）insiston（堅持）lookforwardto（期望）lookforwardto（期望）objectto（反對）persistin（堅持）preventfrom（阻止）putoff（推遲）relyon（依靠）resortto（求助）

succeedin（獲得成功）thinkabout（考慮）thinkof（考慮）worryabout（擔心）4.作賓語補足語賓語補足語與賓語之間是主動關(guān)系。形式為“動詞+賓語+doing”表示“致使，帶來”等意義的動詞bring（引起），catch（碰上），get，have，leave（使...處于某種狀態(tài)），keep，set（使得，引起），start（引起）Thefarmercaughttheboysstealinghisapples.那個農(nóng)民正好抓住那些在偷他蘋果的男孩。Herquestionssetmethinking.

她的問題使我陷入了沉思。Inoticedhimslippingawaybeforetheendofthemeeting.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他在會議結(jié)束前就溜了。

2）表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞see，hear

，feel，smell，listento，lookat，watch，

notice，find，discover，observe，think，wish，want5.作定語⑴表示性質(zhì)或用途，此時-ing分詞為動名詞。awashingmachine＝amachineforwashingaswimmingpool＝apoolforswimming

（2）表示動作，此時-ing分詞為現(xiàn)在分詞。a

developingcountry＝acountrywhichisdevelopingasleepingboy＝aboywhoissleeping（3）如果是單詞，放在被修飾的名詞之前；如果是短語，放在被修飾的名詞之后。Chinaisadevelopingcountry.ThemantalkingwithmyfatherisMr.Wang.6.作狀語-ing分詞作狀語，可以表時間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、伴隨（方式）等。分詞的邏輯主語是句子的主語，它們之間是主動關(guān)系。Hearingthecryforhelp,herushedout.（時間）

Beingill,hewenthome.

（原因）Workingharder,youwillpasstheexamination.(條件）6.作狀語-ing分詞作狀語，可以表時間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、伴隨（方式）等。分詞的邏輯主語是句子的主語，它們之間是主動關(guān)系。Itrainedheavily,causingseverefloodinginthatcountry.（結(jié)果）Admittingwhatshehassaid,Istillthinkthatshehasn‘ttriedherbest.（讓步）Hereadamagazinewaitingforthebus.（伴隨）

-ed分詞1-ed分詞做表語2-ed分詞做賓語補足語3-ed分詞做定語4-ed分詞做狀語1.作表語表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，用作表語的過去分詞大多來自及物動詞，表示某人對某事的感覺或者體驗，解釋為“感到...”。confused（感到困惑的）delighted（感到高興的）disappointed（感到失望的）dissatisfied（感到不滿的）embarrassed（感到窘迫的）encouraged（感到鼓舞的）excited（感到激動的）interested（感到高興的）pleased（感到愉快的）puzzled（感到費解的）satisfied（感到滿意的）surprised（感到驚異的）worried（感到擔心的）e.g.Themanlookedquitedisappointed.

Hishairisnearlyallgone.2.作賓語補足語賓語補足語與賓語之間是被動關(guān)系。感官，心理狀態(tài)：feel,find,hear,help,keep,notice,observe,see,smell,watchthink,understand“致使”意義：make,get,have,set,start3)希望，要求，命令：like,want,wish,orderWefoundhishairstylechangedcompletely.

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他的發(fā)型完全改變了。Imademyselfunderstoodeasily.

我使自己很容易就被人理解了。3.作定語1)前置定語，表示被動和完成。Mrs.Brownislookingforausedcar.布郎夫人想買輛二手車。What’sthelanguagespokeninGermany？在德國說哪中語言。2)后置定語，表示被動和完成，相當于一個定語從句。4.作狀語修飾主句的謂語動詞，相當于狀語從句，表示時間，條件，原因，伴隨等。其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致。Heated,metalsexpand.受熱時，金屬會膨脹。Wheneverpraised,sheblushes.無論何時受到表揚，她都會臉紅。1.Heaskedmetohelphimrepairhisradio,butIdon’tknow___.todoitB.howtoC.whattodoitD.howtodo2.Hisvoicemademe_____terrible.TofeelB.feelC.feelsD.felt3.Myparentstoldme____peoplewhentheyareintrouble.neverlaughatB.nottolaughatdon’tlaughatD.notlaughat4.It’sbadmanners____rudetopeople.tobeB.are