Unit 2 Using language Grammar 語法課件-2023-2024學(xué)年高中英語外研版（2019）必修第一冊(cè)

Unit

2

ExploringEnglishWordformationLearntoknowthewordformationrulesinEnglish.LearntoknowthedifferencesbetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglishinspellingandwordschoice.WhyisEnglishaninterestingandcrazylanguagetolearn?Thereareseveralreasonsforit.First,theformationandthemeaningsofsomewordsarecrazy,suchas“_________”and“________”.Second,somewords,like“_______,_______”and“________,_________”maymakelearnersconfused.Third,themeaningsofsomephrasesarealsoconfusing.That’sbecauseEnglishwasinventedbypeople,whichreflectstheir__________.ReviewthepassageNeitherPinenorAppleinPineappleandfinishthesummaryofthepassage.pineapplehomesickharmfulharmlessshamefulshamelesscreativityMatchthewordstothetypesofwordformation.a.Neitheristherepinenorappleinpineapple.b.…sculptasculpture…c.Whenwe…seerain…,wecansay“it’sraining”…d.WHO□1abbreviating□2changingthepartofspeech□3addingaprefixorsuffix□4combiningtwoormorewordsdcbaNowlookformoreexamplesofeachtypeinthereadingpassage.1.abbreviating:IT,US2.changingthepartofspeech:whenwe…see…snow,wecansay…“it’ssnowing”.3.addingaprefixorsuffix:paint-painting,hard-hardly,soft-softly,harm-harmless/harmful,shame-shameless/shameful,visible-invisible4.combiningtwoormorewords:hamburger,eggplant,seasick,airsick,carsick,homesick,homework,housework英語中，詞的構(gòu)成方法主要有四種：合成法、轉(zhuǎn)化法、派生法和縮略法。1.

合成法(compound)：把兩個(gè)或更多的詞合成一個(gè)詞，可用連字符連接，也可直接寫一起，或者由分開的兩個(gè)詞構(gòu)成。合成詞一般包括：合成名詞、合成形容詞、合成動(dòng)詞等。構(gòu)詞法(Wordformation)

1)

合成名詞名詞+名詞：postman,girlfriend,flowerbed,notebook形容詞+名詞：blackboard,supermarket,greenhouse名詞+動(dòng)詞：daybreak,sunrise,haircut動(dòng)詞-ing形式+名詞：readingroom,washingmachine名詞+動(dòng)詞-ing形式：handwriting,papermaking動(dòng)詞+名詞：pickpocket,workroom動(dòng)詞+副詞：breakup其它形式：get-together,go-between,passer-by2)

合成形容詞形容詞+名詞+ed:warm-hearted形容詞+v.-ing:good-looking副詞+v.-ing:hard-working名詞+v.-ing:English-speaking名詞+v.-ed:man-made副詞+v.-ed:well-known形容詞+名詞:mid-east,round-trip3)

合成代詞代詞賓格/物主代詞+self/selves：herself,ourselves某些不定代詞some,any,every,no等+body/one/thing：anyone,nothing4)

合成介詞介詞+副詞：within副詞+名詞：outside5)

合成副詞副詞+名詞：indoors,overhead,upstairs介詞+名詞：alongside,beforehand名詞+形容詞：sky-high副詞+介詞：nearby其它形式：meanwhile,headfirst6)

合成動(dòng)詞副詞+動(dòng)詞：overhear,overwork,underline名詞+動(dòng)詞：moonwalk,sunbathe形容詞+動(dòng)詞：whitewash,safeguardpopcornrainbowsunglassesmoonlightsunflowerstarfish=?2.派生法(Derivation)：在一個(gè)詞根之前或之后加上一個(gè)詞綴，構(gòu)成一個(gè)新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法叫派生法。單詞前加前綴，一般不改變?cè)~性，只引起意義上的變化。單詞后加后綴，一般意義變化不大，只改變了詞性。如：(dis)honest,(il)legal,(ir)regular,fool(ish),farm(er),visit(or)等。常見前綴含義/功能例詞in-,il-,im-,ir-,un-,non-,dis-表否定或反義incorrect,illegal,impolite,irrelative,unnecessary,non-smoking,dislikemis-錯(cuò)誤地mislead,misunderstand,misadventurepre-在……之前preschool,previewre-再，重新retell,rewrite,reviewinter-相互international,interconnect常見前綴含義/功能例詞a-的asleep,aliveen-使enrich,enlargetele-遠(yuǎn)程的television,telescopeauto-自動(dòng)automaticco-共同cooperate,co-workermulti-多multicultural,multilingualkilo-千kilogram,kilometer常見名詞后綴含義/功能例詞-er，-or表具有特征之人或用于……之物teenager,sculptor,cooker,

actor-ment表結(jié)果、狀態(tài)replacement,

disappointment,arrangement,argument-tion表狀態(tài)、行為examination,condition,reflection-hood表身份、性質(zhì)、時(shí)期parenthood,brotherhood,childhood-ist表主義者、從事某種職業(yè)panist,socialist-ship表性質(zhì)、關(guān)系ownership,friendship常見形容詞后綴含義/功能例詞-ed表具有interested,aged-ful表有可……性質(zhì)的，充滿……的useful,mouthful,painful,colorful-less表示無、沒有careless,useless-able表示可……的，有……性質(zhì)的knowledgeable,comfortable常見副詞后綴含義/功能例詞-ly表示方式carefully,quickly3.

轉(zhuǎn)化法(Conversion)：有些名詞可作動(dòng)詞，有些形容詞可作動(dòng)詞、名詞或副詞。這種保持詞形不變，但改變?cè)~性的方法叫轉(zhuǎn)化法。1)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞有些詞在轉(zhuǎn)化過程中詞義變化不大，如attempt,laugh。有些動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞時(shí)意義有一定的變化，如：wind(v.上發(fā)條→n.風(fēng)）tear（v.

撕開→

n.

淚水），record（v.

記載，錄制→

n.

記錄）。2)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞face

n.

臉→

v.

面對(duì)nurse

n.

護(hù)士→

v.

護(hù)理water

n.

水→

v.

澆水e.g.Shegavemeaglassofwater.她給了我一杯水。

Youshouldwatertheflowerstwiceaweek.你應(yīng)該每周給這些花澆兩次水。3)

形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞、名詞或副詞narrow

adj.

窄的→

v.

使……變窄red

adj.

紅色的→

n.

紅色fast

adj.

快的→

adv.

迅速地e.g.Thestairswereverynarrow.樓梯非常狹窄。Henarrowedhiseyesandgazedatthehorizon.他瞇起眼睛凝望著地平線。Wepaintedthedoorbrightred.我們把門漆成鮮紅色。Ilikethewaytheartistusesredinthispainting.我喜歡畫家在這幅作品中對(duì)紅色的運(yùn)用。。4)其它情況的轉(zhuǎn)化，如head（n.

頭

→

v.

朝某方向行進(jìn)），

north（adj.

北方的→

adv.

向北）。e.g.Heheadedforthebusstop.他朝著公共汽車站走去。Thebirdsflynorthinsummer.夏季鳥兒向北飛。4.

縮略法(Abbreviation)：用單詞或短語的部分內(nèi)容指代整體。

1)首字母縮寫

WTO–WorldTradeOrganization世界貿(mào)易組織IOC–InternationalOlympicCommittee國(guó)際奧林匹克委員會(huì)OPEC–OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries石油輸出國(guó)組織2)單詞截?cái)?Clipping)

advertisement–adlaboratory–labexamination--examDividethefollowingwordsaccordingdifferentwordformation.Abbreviation:_____________________________________________USADJPMwatermelonschoolworkUSAsunshinetoothacheimpossiblebookstorenationalmooncakeDJrestroomchopstickimpolitetextbookwarmthbathroomdisagreePMbutterflysnowmanCompounding:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Derivation:_________________________________________________watermelonschoolworksunshinetoothachebookstoremooncakerestroomchopsticktextbookBathroombutterflysnowmanimpossiblenationalimpolitewarmthdisagreewatermelonschoolworkUSAsunshinetoothacheimpossiblebookstorenationalmooncakeDJrestroomchopstickimpolitetextbookwarmthbathroomdisagreePMbutterflysnowmanCompletethepassagewiththehelpofwordformationandgetthemainideaofeachparagraph.Whenyouopenadictionary,youoftencomeacrossalotofunfamiliarwords.Youmightthinkthisisabitscary.Butmanyofthemareformedusingothersimplerwords.Thisiscalledwordformation.Whatiscalledwordformation.Wordsformedbycombiningotherwordsarecalledcompounds,forexample,__________(afriendthatyoucontactbywriting,traditionallyusingapen)and____________(knownbymanypeople).penfriendwell-knownWhatarecalledcompoundsandsomeexamples.Prefixesandsuffixesoftenhavefixedmeanings.Ifyouaddun-orin-toaword,thenewwordusuallymeansopposite.Forexample,ifsomethingisn’tcorrectit’s_________,andifsomeoneisn’thappythey’re_________.Wordswiththesuffixes-mentand-nessareoftennouns.Forexample,ifsomebodyhasimprovedalot,theyhavemadegreat______________.incorrectunhappyimprovementPrefixesandsuffixesoftenhavefixedmeanings.Somenounsandadjectivescanbeusedasverbs,ortheotherwayround.Whenwecalmsomebodydown,theybecome________.Andwecangivesomeoneapresentby____________it.calmpresentingThepartofspeechcanbechanged.Andsometimesawordismadeupofthefirstlettersofseveralwords:“WorldTradeOrganization”canbereferredtoas________,and________isshortfor“assoonaspossible”.Itisimpossibletoknowthemeaningofeveryword,butknowingaboutwordformationcanhelpusguesstheirmeanings.WTOASAPAbbreviatingHowwordformationcanhelpus.1.Whenyouopenadictionary,youoftencomeacrossalotofunfamiliarwords.e.g.Whenyoucomeacrossanydifficulty,don’thesitratetoturntomeforhelp.HespokeforalongtimebutIamafraidhismeaning

didnotcomeacross.comeacross

findunexpectedly

偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)

cometogether

偶然遇見

bereceivedorunderstood

被理解contactv.towritetoortelephonesomeone(寫信、打電話)聯(lián)系(某人)n.

communicationwithaperson,organization,countryetc聯(lián)系，聯(lián)絡(luò)2.afriendthatyoucontactbywriting,traditionallyusingapene.g.Givethenamesoftwopeoplewhocanbecontactedinanemergency.Manyofushavenodirectcontactwithelderlypeople.stay/keepincontactwithsb.與某人保持聯(lián)系beincontactwithsb.與某人有聯(lián)系losecontactwithsb.與某人失去聯(lián)系makecontactwithsb.

與某人取得聯(lián)系LearntoknowtheAmericanEnglishwordsandtheirEnglishequivalents.Watchavideoforfun!AmericanandBritishEnglishLookatthepicturesandgettoknowtheAmericanEnglishwordsandtheirBritishequivalents.asubway(AmericanEnglish)/underground(BritishEnglish)bhighway(AmericanEnglish)/motorway(BritishEnglish)ctheater(AmericanEnglish)/theatre(British

English)dgas(AmericanEnglish)/petrol(BritishEnglish)eapartment(AmericanEnglish)/flat(British

English)felevator(AmericanEnglish)/lift(BritishEnglish)Keys:Nowcompletethepassagewiththewordsabove.Today,AmericanEnglishisincommoninternationaluse.ItisdifferentfromBritishEnglishinseveralways,mostlyinspellingandvocabulary.SomeAmericanspellingswerecreatedbyNoahWebster,whomadeoneofAmerica’sfirstdictionaries.Hechanged“-re”spellingto“-er”,whichiswhy________isspelt________inAmericanEnglish.theatertheatreTheAmericansandtheBritishalsousedifferentwordsforeverydaythings.Forexample,Americanstalkaboutputting______intheircarsanddrivingalongthe________,whereasintheUK,peopleput________intheircarsanddrivealongthe___________.Americanstakethe________tothetopfloorofabuilding,buttheBritishusethe_____.gashighwaypetrolmotorwayelevatorliftIntheUS,theytakethe________,butintheUK,peopletravelonthe____________.Americansliveina(n)___________,whiletheBritishliveina(n)______.It’snotasconfusingasitseems:usuallypeoplefromthetwocountriescanunderstandeachotherfromthecontext.Buttha