（完整版）語言學練習題（含答案）

（完整版）語言學練習題（含答案）判斷題1.Interlanguageisneitherthenativelanguagenorthesecondlanguage.(T)2.Krashenassumedthatthereweretwoindependentmeansorroutesofsecondlanguagelearning:acquisitionandlearning.(T)3.Therearetwointeractingfactorsindetermininglanguagetransferinsecondlanguagelearning.(F)4.Threeimportantcharacteristicsofinterlanguage:systemacticity,permeabilityandfossilization.(T)5.Intrinsicmotivation:learnerslearnasecondlanguageforexternalpurposes.(F)6.Neurolinguisticsisthestudyoftworelatedareas:languagedisordersandtherelationshipbetweenthebrainandlanguage.(T)7.Thebrainisdividedtwosections:thehighersectioncalledthebrainstemandthelowersectioncalledthecerebrum.(F)8.Aninterestingfactaboutthesetwohemispheresisthateachhemispherecontrolstheoppositehalfofthebodyintermsofmusclemovementandsensation.(T)9.Mostright-handedindividualsaresaidtoberightlateralizedforlanguage.(F)10.CTscanningusesanarrowbeamofX-raytocreatebrainimagesthattaketheformofaseriesofbrainslices.(T)11.1Righthearadvantageshowstherighthemisphereisnotsuperiorforprocessingallsounds,butonlyforthosethatarelinguisticinnature,thusprovidingevidenceinsupportofviewthattheleftsideofthebrainisspecializedforlanguageandthat'swherelanguagecentersreside.（f）12.2EvidenceinsupportoflateralizationforlanguageinlefthemispherecomesfromresearchesinDichoticlisteningtasks（t）13.3interpersonalcommunicationsistheprocessofusinglanguagewithintheindividualtofacilitateone’sownthoughtandaidtheformulationandmanipulationofconcepts.（t）14.4Linguisticlateralizationishemisphericspecializationordominanceforlanguage.（t）15.5DichoticListeningisaresearchtechniquewhichhasbeenusedtostudyhowthebraincontrolshearingandlanguage,withwhichsubjectswearearphonesandsimultaneouslyreceivedifferentsoundsintherightorleftear,andarethenaskedtorepeatwhattheyhear.（f）16.6DichoticListeningisaresearchtechniquewhichhasbeenusedtostudyhowthebraincontrolshearingandlanguage,withwhichsubjectswearearphonesandsimultaneouslyreceivedifferentsoundsintherightandleftear,andarethenaskedtorepeatwhattheyhear.（t）17.7Inputreferstothelanguagewhichalearnerbearsandreceivesandfromwhichheorshecanlearn.（f）18.8Fossilization，aprocessthatsometimesoccursinlanguagelearninginwhichincorrectlinguisticfeatures(suchastheaccentofagrammaticalpattern)becomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesinthetargetlanguage.（f）19.9Thedifferentlanguageshaveasimilarlevelofcomplexityanddetail,andreflectgeneralabstractpropertiesofthecommonlinguisticsystemiscalledUniversalGrammar.（t）20.10Acculturationaprocessofadaptingtothecultureandvaluesystemofthesecondlanguagecommunity.（t）21.Insocialinguisticstudies,speakersarenotregardedasmembersofsocialgroups(F)22.newwordsmaybecoinedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubstractinganaffixthoughttobepartoftheoldworld(T)23.alllanguagesmakeadistinctionbetweenthesubjectanddirectobject,whichcanbeillustratedinwordorder(T)24.Ithasbeennoticedthatinmanycommunitiesbelanguageusedbytheoldergenerationdiffersfromthatusedbytheeldergenerationincertainways(F)25.Apidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisn’tusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading(F)26.Itisinterestingtoknowthatthelanguageusedbymenandwomenhavesomespecialfeaturesofothers(F)27.Itisanobviousfactsthatpeoplewhoclaimtobespeakersofthesamelanguagedon’tspeakthelanguageinthedifferentmanner(T)28.Aregionaldialectisalinguisticvarietyusedbypeopleliving(T)29.Fusionreferstothistypeofgrammaticationinwhichwordsdevelopintoaffixes(T)30.Historicallinguistics,asabranchoflinguisticsismainlycovernedwithboththedescriptionandexplanationoflanguagechangesthatoccurredovertime(T)選擇題Chapter71.WhichoneisnotrightaboutBlenging?(b)A:disco-discothequeB:brunch-breakfast+luchC:B2B-Business-to-BusinessD:videophone-video+cellphone2.Semanticchangescontainsthreeprocesses,whichoneisture?(a)A:namelywidening,narrowingandshiftinmeaningB:semanticbroadening,narrowingandsemanticdispearingC:semanticshift,narrowingandsemanticlossingD:namelywidening,narrowingandnotshiftinmeaning3.ScienceandtechnologyinfluenceEnglishlanguageintheseaspects(d)A:spacetravelB:compnterandinternetlanguageC:ecdogyD:aboveofall/doc/6712907809.html,nguagechangescanbefoundatdifferentlinguisticlevels,suchasintheA:phonologyandmorphologyB:syntaxandlexiconC:semanticcomponentofthegrammarD:ABC5,MorphologicalandsyntacticchangecontianA:additionorlossofaffixesB:changeofwordordenC:changeinregationruleD:abroveofallChapter81.WhichisnotHalliday'ssocialvariablesthatdeterminetheregister?(D)A:fieldofdiscourseB:tenorofdiscourseC:modeofdiscouseD:ethnicdialect2.Whichisnotdialectalvarieties?(C)A:regionaldialectandidiolectB:languageandgenderC:registerD:ethnicdialect3.Tosomeextent,languageespeciallythestructureofitslexicon,refects___ofasociey.(C)A:physicalB:socialenvironmentC:bothAandBD:socialphenomenon4.____,referstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.(D)A:Social-classdialectB:sociolectC:AandBD:AorB5.Twolanguagesareusedsidebysidewitheachhavinga____roletoplay;andlanguageswitchingoccurswhenthesituation____.(A)A:different,changesB:similar,changesC:different,unchangingD:similar,unchangingChapter91.whichisnotthecomponentofculture?/doc/6712907809.html,nguageB.ideasC.beliefD.soil2.inaword,languageexpressA.factsB.eventswhichrepresentsimilarworldknowledgebyitspeopleC.peoples'attitudes.beliefsD.culturalreality3.anylinguisticsignmaysimultaneouslyhaveaA.denotativeB.connotativeC.iconicD.denotative,connotative,oriconickindofmeanings4.what'sthemeaningof"aluckydog"inenglish?A.acleverboyB.asmartladC.aluckypersonD.asilentperson5.traditionally,curturecontactconsistsofthreeforms.whichiswrongbelowA.acquisitionB.acculturationC.assimilationD.amalgamationChapter101.Theinteravtionistviewholdsthatlanguageasaresultofthecomplexinterplaybetweenthe___A__ofachildandthe__A__inwhichhegrows.A:humanchracteristicsenvironmentB:chracteristicsenvironmentC:languageacquisitionplaceD:giftplace2.Theatypicallanguagedevelopmentincludes__A___A:hearingimpairmentmentalretardationB:autismstutteringC:aphasiadyslexiadysgraphiaD:BothA,BandC3.Children'slanguagelearningisnotcompletebythetimewhentheyenterschoolattheageof_C__A:3or4B:4or5C:5or6D:6or7Chapter111.Adistinctionwasmadebetween()and().Theformerwouldfacilitatetargetlanguagelearning,thelaterwouldinterfere.<A>ApositivetransfernegativetransferBnegativetransferpositivetransferCcontrastiveanalysiserroranalysisDerroranalysiscontrastiveanalysis2.()arelearners'consious,goal-orientedandproblem-solvingbasedeffortstocahievedesierablelearningefficiency.<A>ALearningstrategiesBCognitivestrategiesCMetacognitivestrategiesDAffectstrategies/doc/6712907809.html,nguageacquisitiondevice(LAD)camefrom().<D>AJohnB.WatsonBB.F.SkinnerCS.D.KrashenDChomskyChapter121.____isthestudyoftworelatedareas:languagedisordersandtherelationshipbetweenthebrainandlanguage.A.neurolinguisticsB.linguisticsC.neuronsD.modernlinguistics2.Psycholingusiticsisthestudyof_____andmentalactivityassociatedwiththeuseoflanguageA.psychobiologyB.psychologicalstatesC.physicalstatesD.biologicalstates3._____usesanarrowbeamofX-raytocreatebrainimagesthattheformofaseriesofbrainslices.A.PETB.MRIC.CTscanningD.fMRI4.Thebrainisdividedintotwosections:thelowersectioncalledthe____andthehighersectioncalled____.A.brainstem,cerebrumB.brainstem,neuronsC.cerebrum,brainstemD.cerebrum,neurons5.Damagetopartsoftheleftcortexbehindthecentralsulcusresultsinatypeofaphasiacalled_____.A.Wernicke'saphasiaB.Broca'saphasiaC.AcquiresdyslexiaD.fluentaphasia填空題第七章1.Inadditiontotheborrowedaffixes,somelexicalformsbecomegrammaticalizedovertime,thisprocessiscalled______________2.Generallyspeaking,therearemainlytwopossiblewaysoflexicalchanges:________and________,whichoftenreflectstheintroductionofnewobjectsandnotionsinsocialpractices.3.Newwordsmaybecoinedfromalreadyexistingwordsby"subtracting"anaffixthoughttbepartoftheoldword,suchwordsarethuscalled____________.4.Overthetimemanywordsremaininuse,buttheirmeaningshavechanged,threemainlyprocessesofsemanticchange,___________,____________,____________.5.Whilethe"_________"and"__________"doseemtoaccountforsomelinguisticchanges,itmaynotbeexplanatoryenoughtoaccountforotherchanges.KEYS:1.grammaticalization2.theadditionandlossofwords3.back-formation4.widening,narrowing,shift5.theoryofleasteffort,economyofmemory第八章1·-------isthesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.答案Sociolinguistics2·Thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialstudyiscalledthe----------.答案speechcommunity3A------------isalinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.答案regionaldialect4heTtypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituationisa---------.答案register5A-------isaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesangitisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.答案pidgin第九章1.anguageandculture,intrinsicallyinterdependentoneachother,have_throughhistory(evolvedtogether)2.ulturereflectsatotalwayoflifeofapeopleina_(community)3.inaword,_expresesculturereality(language)4.culturedifferencesarealsoevidentintheway_andcomplimentsareexpressed(gratitude)/doc/6712907809.html,nguageasthe_ofcultureistightlyintertwinedwithculture(keystone)第十章1()referstoachild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue.2Generallyspeaking,therearemainlythreedifferenttheoriesconcerninghowlanguageislearned,namelythebehaviorist,theinteractionist,()views.3Allchildlanguageacquisitiontheoriestalkabouttherolesoftwofactorstodifferentdegreestheageang().4Lexicalcontrastand()theoriesarealsoproposedtoexplainhowchildrenacquiretheirvocabularyorlexicon.5Theatypicallanguagedevelopmentincludeshearingimpairment,mentalretardation,autism,stuttering,(),dyslexia,dysgraphia.答案：/doc/6712907809.html,nguageacquisition2.theinnatist3.thelinguistictotype5.aphasia第十一章1.（）referstothesystematicstudyofhowonepersonacquiresasecondlanguagesubsequenttohisnativelanguage(NLorL1).2.Contrastiveanalysiscomparesthe()crossthesetwolanguagestolocatethemismatchesordifferencessothatpeoplecanpredictthepossiblelearningdifficultylearnersmayencounter.3.Inaddition,becauseofitsassociationwithanoutdatedmodellanguagedescription(structuralism)andtheincreasinglydiscreditedlearningtheory(behaviorism),theoncepredominantcontrastiveanalysiswasgraduallyreplacedby().4.Theinterlingualerrorsmainlyresultfrom（）interferenceatdifferentlevelssuchasphonological,lexical,grammaticalordiscoursal,etc.5.Krashenassumedthatthereweretwoindependentmeansorroutesofsecondlanguagelearning:acquisitionand（）。答案：1.secondlanguageacquisition(SLA)2.formsandmeanings3.erroranalysis(EA)4.cross-linguistic5.Learning第十二章1.Neurolinguisticsisthestudyoftworelatedareas:languagedisordersandtherelationshipbetweenthe().2.Thecortexhasmanywrinkles:aridge(hill)onthecortexiscalled();agroove(valleys)onthecortexiscalledsulcusandadeepandprominentsucusiscalledfissure.3.Eachhemisphereisconventionallydividedintofourlobes:(),parietallobe,temporallobeandoccipitallobe.4.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyof（）andmentalactivityassociatedwiththeuseoflanguage.5.Agardenpathsentenceisanawkwardsentencethatmisleadsthe（）andtakesitdownthegardenpathtothewronganalysis.答案;1.brainandlanguage.2.gyrus:3.thefrontallobe4.psychologicalstates5.syntacticparser名詞解釋Semanticbroadening:whenthemeaningofawordbecomesbroader,itmayincludeallthemeaningsitusedtomean,andthenmore.Semanticnarrowing:semanticchangehasnarrowedthemeaningofsomewordswhicharestillusedinModernEnglish.Speechcommunity:thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialstudy.Speechvariety:referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.Sociolect:referstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.Register:thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.Linguisticimperialism:isakindoflinguicismwhichcanbedefinedasthepromulgationofglobalideologiesthroughtheworldwideexpansionofonelanguage.Interculturalcommunication:alsoknownascross-culturalcommunication,iscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolssystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.Culture:Inabroadsense,meansintegratedpatternofhumanknowledge,belief,andbehaviorthatisbotharesultofandintegraltothehumancapacityforlearningandtransmittingknowledgetosucceedinggenerations.Inanarrowsense,culturemayrefertolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms,whichcanbemanifestedinfolkculture,enterprisecultureorfoodculture,etc.Sapir-Whorfhypothesis:SapirandWhorfbelievethatlanguagefilterspeople'sperceptionandthewaytheycategorizetheirexperiences.thisinterdependenceoflanguageandthoughtisnowknownasSapir-Whorfhypothesis.Languageacquisition:Languageacquisitionreferstoachild'sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.LAD(LanguageAcquisitionDevice):TheLADwasdescribedasanimaginary"blackbox"existingsomewhereinthehumanbrain.The"blackbox"issaidtocontainprinciplesthatareuniversaltoallhumanlanguages.Contrastiveanalysis:comparetheformsandmeaningsacrossthenativelanguageandthetargetlanguage.Erroranalysis:firstdescribingthelearners’interlanguage,thencomparingthetwoformstolocatemismatches.Neurolinguistics:isthestudyoflanguagedisordersandtherelationshipbetweenthebrainandlanguage.Psycholinguistics:isthestudyofpsychologicalstatesandmentalactivityassociatedwiththeuseoflanguage.辨析題Chapter7Languagechangethetypesoflanguagechange?Historicallinguistics,asabranchoflinguistics,ismainlyconcernedwithboththedescriptionandexplanationoflanguagechangesthatoccurredovertime.Thechangescanbefoundatdifferentlinguisticlevelssuchasinthephonology,morphology,syntax,lexicon,andsemanticcomponentsofthegrammar.inotherwordsallpartsofgrammarmaychange.1)Phonogicalchanges.Amongallthechangesinlanguage,thelevelofMorphologicalchangesareparticularlynoticeableandvaried.Thetones,stress,andsyllablestructuresaresubjecttochangeovertime.Egstan-stone2)Morphologicalandsyntacticchangea.Additionofaffix.InEnglishmanyaffixes(suchassuffix–ment)areborrowedfromFrenchwordsoranother.manylexicalformsbecomegrammaticalizedovertime.b.Lossofaffixes.Asaffixescanbeaddedtothegrammar,theycanalsogetlost,someaffixassimplyfadeoutofusefornoapparentreason.ForexampleoldEnglishhadacomplexsystemofaffixesmarkingcaseandgender，bythe15thcenturyEnglishcaseendingshadchangedradically,manyofthemwereobliteratedb.changeofwordorder.ThemiddleEnglishthepresentenglishSOVSVOShehimadvised.sheadvisedhim.c.Changesinnegationrulesaslateas15thand16thcenturies,onecouldmerelyaddnotattheendofanaffirmativesentencetoneglectit,asin:‘hesawyounot‘a(chǎn)domarkedthepropertensemustbeinserted:‘hedidnotseeyou.’3)Additionofnewwordsa.Coinage----Anewwordcanbecoinedoutrighttofitsomepurpose,e.g.walkmanb.Clippedwords----Theabbreviationoflongerwordsorphrases,e.g.disco—discothequec.Blending----Ablendisawordformedbycombiningpartsofotherwords,e.g.smog—smoke+fogd.Acronyms----Acronymsarewordsderivedfromtheinitialsofseveralwords,e.g.CBS----ColumbiaBroadcastingsysteme.Back-formation----Newwordsmaybecoinedfromalreadyexistingwordsby“subtracting”anaffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword.editeditorbaby-sitbaby-sitterf.Functionalshift----Wordsmayshiftfromonepartofspeechtoanotherwithouttheadditionofaffixes,e.g.Nounverb:toknee,tobrake…Adj.noun:adaily,theimpossible…g.Borrowing----Whendifferentculturescomeintocontact,wordsareoftenborrowedfromonelanguagetoanother.ThefollowingaresomeoftheloanwordsinEnglish(seemoreinP100-101).Latin:bonusArabic:zeroalcoholh.Lossofwords---Wordscanbelostfromalanguageastimegoesby.Thefollowingwords,takenfromRomeoandJuliet,havefadedoutoftheEnglishlanguage.Beseem→tobesuitableWherefore→whyi.semanticChangesWideningofmeaningHoliday:[+specific]holyday→anyrestdayNarrowingofmeaningdeer:anyanimal→aparticularkindofanimalMeaningshiftsilly:happy→na?ve,foolish4）SomerecenttrendsMovingtowardsgreaterinformalityTheinfluenceofAmericanEnglishTheinfluenceofscienceandtechnologyTheinfluenceofscienceandtechnologySpacetravelComputerandinternetlanguageEcology2Causesofthelanguagechange?1)Therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology;2)Moreandmorewomenhavetakenupactivitiesformerlyreservedformen,moreneutraljobtitleshavebeencreated;3)“Economyofmemory”resultsingrammarsimplification;4）Regularizationofexceptionalpluralformsprovidesanotherexampleforanalogicalchange.Chapter8Pleaseanalysetheregionaldialect&sociolect.Aregionaldialectisalinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.Ithasbeenfoundthatregionaldialectboundariesoftencoincidewithgeographicalbarrierssuchasmountains,rivers,orswamps.Thisdifferentiationisaccountedforbythelackofcommunicationintheolddayswhentravelwasdifficultandtherewaslittlecommunicationbetweenruralcommunitiesseparatedbysomekindofgeographicalbarrier.Justasregionaldialectisassociatedwithseparationcausedbyphysicalconditions,socialdialecthastodowithseparationbroughtaboutbydifferentsocialconditions.Social-classdialect,orsociolect,refertothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.Iwopeoplewhowerebornandbroughtupinthesamegeographicalregionandspeakthesameregionaldialectmayspeakdifferentlybecauseofanumberofsocialfactors.Chapter9DifferentiateandanalysislinguisticrelativityandSpair-WhorfHypothesisLinguisticrelativityisdifferentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround,andsotheythinkandspeakdifferently.Spair-WhorfHypothesisi