2021年考研英語一真題及參考答案

2021年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）試題

及參考答案

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumbered

blankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-term

memoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolve

newproblems.It_1inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen

2_startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But3agingisinevitable,scientists

arefindingoutthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.

Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe4ofbodyfataroundtheabdomen

areassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe5that

lifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor6thistypeofdecline.

Theresearcherslookedatdatathat_7measurementsofleanmuscleand

abdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand_8that

datatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfound

thatmiddle-agedpeople9highermeasuresofabdominalfat10worseon

measuresoffluidintel1igenceastheyears11

Forwomen,theassociationmaybe12tochangesinimmunitythatresulted

Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould_14thesedifferencesandperhapsleadto

different15formenandwomen.

16therearestepsyoucan17tohelpreduceabdominalfatand

maintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental

18.Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasing

your19ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingMediterranean-style20thatis

highinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.

1.[A]pauses[B]return[C]peaks[D]fades

2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally

3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until

4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]separation

5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement

6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize

7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted

8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied

9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against

10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played

11.[A]ranout[B]setoff[C]drewin[D]wentby

12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant

13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled

14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain

15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments

16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead

17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take

18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination

19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space

20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescription

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartADirections:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsaftereachtext

bychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

HowcanBritain"strainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanother

increasetorailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannual

ritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposinga

significantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherail

networktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear'sriseanaverageof2.7

percent,maybeafactionlowerthanlastyear's,butitisstillwell

abovetheofficialConsumerPriceInd-er(CPI)measureofinflation.

Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegrounds

thatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbeborne

bythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargument

goes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincoln-shirehavetosubscribe

thedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?Equally,thereisasense

thatthetravailsofcommutersinthesouthEast,manyofwhomwillface

amongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothose

whomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsand

theNorth.

However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperienced

someoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperators

trumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengers

shouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsums

theyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthetestwaveof

strikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthose

whohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceive

compensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.

TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimum

servicerequirement,sothatevenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescan

continuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasures

toaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain'srailways.Yes,more

investmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymore

indefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices

interruptedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplanned

maintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalizationmay

havebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthe

justifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.

21.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengerfares

[A]haskeptpacewithinflation.

IB]isabigsurprisetocommuters.

[C]remainsanunreasonablemeasure.

[D]willeasetrainoperatorsburden.

22.ThestockbrokerinParagraph2isusedtostandfor

[A]railtravelers.

IB]cardrivers.

[C]localinvestors.

[D]ordinarytaxpayers.

23.ItisindicatedinParagraph3thattrainoperators

[A]havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.

[B]havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice.

[C]areofferingcompensationtocommuters.

[D]aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions

24.Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface

[A]thelossofinvestment.

IB]thecollapseofoperations.

[C]areductionofrevenue.

[D]achangeofownership.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?

[B]ConstantComplainingDoesn，tWork

[C]CanNationalizationBringHope?

[D]Ever-risingFaresAren，tSustainable

Text2

LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowthatIndonesia'sbleakrate

deforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethe

country'santipovertyprogram.

In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneyto

itspoorestresidentsunder

certainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschool

orgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,

thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityand

breakthecycleofpoverty.Theyarealreadyusedindozensofcountries

worldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicine

tosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.

ButtheCCTprogramsdon，tgenerallyconsidereffectsonthe

environment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionare

oftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohns

HopkinsUniversity.

That'sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmental

degradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwith

greaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon，tprovecauseandeffect.

Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexico

thathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeople

gotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraise

formeat,Ferrarosays.

Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.

FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia'spoverty-alleviationprogramwas

affectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropical

forestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.

Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008

to2012-includingduringIndonesia，sphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram

一in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.The

duoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromother

factors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffecting

forestloss.Withthat,“Weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha

30percentreductionindeforestation,“Farrowsays.

That'slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshift

insurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,if

rainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplement

theirharvest.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneyto

supplementtheirharvests.

Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody，sguess.Farrow

suggeststheresultsmaytransfertootherpartsofAsia,dueto

commonalitiessuchastheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.

Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat'sgoodfor

peoplemayalsobegoodfortheenvironment.Evenifthisprogramdidn，t

reducepoverty,Ferrarosays,“thevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjust

forcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.”

26.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,CCTprogramsaimto.

[A]Facilitatehealth-carereform

IB]helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff

[C]Improvelocaleducationsystems

[D]lowerdeforestationrates

27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoexcitedtoshowthat.

[A]cattleraisinghasbeenamajorlivelihoodforthepoor

[B]CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles

[C]antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers

[D]economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation

28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Farrowintendstofindout.

[A]itsacceptancelevelofCCTs

IB]itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation

[C]therelationofCCTstoitsforestloss

[D]theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange

29.AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaisvaluableinthat.

[A]itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries

[B]itwillreduceregionalinequality

[C]itcanprotecttheenvironment

[D]itcanbenefitgrainproduction

30.Whatisthetextcentredon?

[A]Theeffectsofaprogram.

[B]Thedebatesoveraprogram.

[C]Theprocessofastudy.

[D]Thetransferabilityofastudy.

Text3

Asahistorianwho,salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethat

makesusre-evaluatethepast,I'vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingfor

photographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwayto

shattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).I'vefoundquiteafew,and

一sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter-theyhavebeencausingquite

astir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfun

andcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenly

seemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfade

awaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.

Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof'SmilingVictorians'

makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographic

portraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshow

sittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,or

staringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?

Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposure

timeswerenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod

(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutes

tocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionor

adjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecamera

performeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoa

non-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.

Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroduction

oftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowby

today'sdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.

Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemust

lookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedto

smile.

Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesy

grin."Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth.ranonepopularVictorian

maxim,alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,

mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthy

andclean,regular“pearlywhites“wasararesightinVictoriansociety,

thepreserveofsuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnot

guaranteed).

Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedgnashers)

lackedclass:drunks,trampsandmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrin

withasmileaswideasLewisCarrol1*sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butit

wasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,aman

whoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraits

therecouldbe“nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixed

foreverv.

31.Accordingtoparagraph1,theauthor*spostsonTwitter.

A.illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography

B.highlightedsocialmedia'stoleinVictorianstudies

C.re-evaluatedtheVictorian'snotionofpublicimage

D.changedpeople*simpressionoftheVictorians.

32.WhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?

A.Theyarerareamongphotographofthatage.

B.Theyshoweffectofdifferentexposuretimes.

C.Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.

D.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.

33.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingpicturesinthe1890s?

A.Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.

B.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.

C.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.

D.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.

34.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas.

A.athought-provokingidea

B.amisguideattitude

C.acontroversialvies

D.adeep-rottedbelief

35.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?

A.WhydidmostVictorianslooksteminphotographs?

B.WhendidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographdifferently?

C.WhatmadephotographdevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?

D.Howdidsmilinginphotographbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?

Text4

Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersandweb-based

companiesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadband

connectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsitesover

theirrivals.That'swhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthat

wouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,

preservingthefreedomandinnovationfromwhathavebeenthelifeblood

oftheInternet.

Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill一inpartbecause

ofpushbackfrombroadbandproviders,anti-regulatoryconservativesand

thecourts.AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,butinstead

ofprovidingabadlyneededresolution,itonlyprolongedthefight.

AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbia

CircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)

Republican-pennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutrality

rulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,but

rejectedthecommission，sauthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodo

muchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernments

couldn，tregulatebroadbandproviderseither.

TheCommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainst

anti-competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomerate

likeAT&Tfavoringitsownvideo-streamingserviceattheexpenseof

NetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadband

providersthatimposeddatacapsontheirrivalsstreamingservicesbut

nottheirown.

OnTuesday,theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017order

deregulatingbroadbandproviders,citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005

thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatingmove.ButJudgePatriciaMillett

rightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthat"theresultisunhingedfrom

realitiesofmodembroadbandservice”,andsaidCongressontheSupreme

Courtcouldinterveneto“avoidtrappingInternetregulationsin

technologicalanachronism”.

Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCC'sattempttoblockall

staterulesonnetneutrality,whilepreservingtheCommission'spowerto

promptindividualstatelawsthatundermineitsorder.Thatmeansmore

battlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentand

California,whichenactedatoughnetneutrallylawsinthewakeofthe

FCC，sabdication.

Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forthattheFCCcryoutfor

Congresstoact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonce

andforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheir

networkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovation

online.

36.Therehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandproviderswould

A.bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrol

B.showpartialityintreatingclients

C.slowdownthetrafficontheirnetwork

D.intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals

37.Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFCC

A.takesananti-regulatorystance

B.stickstoanout-of-dateorder

C.hasissuedaspecialresolution

D.hasallowedthestatestointervene

38.WhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?

A.Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices

B.Itprotectsagainstunfaircompetition

C.ItisundertheFCC，sinvestigation

D.Itisinpursuitofqualityservice

39.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt'sdecision

A.focusesontrivialities

B.conveysanambiguousmessage

C.isoutoftouchwithreality

D.isatoddswithitsearlierrulings

40.Whatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?

A.Broadbandproviders'rightsshouldbeprotected

B.TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision

C.Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices

D.Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemost

suitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs

(41-45),Therearetwoextrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER

SHEET.(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethe

mostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextra

choices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10

points)

Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligence(Al)istypicallydepictedassomething

sinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAlinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutitin

relationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,butinwhatwaysisAlchangingcompanies

andthelargereconomythatdon'tinvolvedoom-and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?

ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServices

foundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAlmoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthanin

automatinghumanactivities.HereareafewwaysAlisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacing

employees:

Betterhiringpractices

Companiesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiring

decisions./zThereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuch

morebiasedthanwhatAldoes/'saysPedroDomingos,authorofTheMasterAlgorithm:Howthe

QuestfortheUltimateLearningMachineWillRemakeOurWorldandacomputerscienceprofessor

attheUniversityofWashington.Inaddition,“(41)"Onecompanythat'sdoingthisis

calledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocess.

Moreeffectivemarketing

SomeAlsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopen

rates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10

percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.(42)

Theseare“toolsthathelppeopleusedata,notareplacementforpeople/'saysPatrickH.Winston,

aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.

Savingcustomersmoney

EnergycompaniescanuseAltohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybills,savingthem

moneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Companiescanalsooptimizetheirownenergyuseandcut

downonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompanies,meanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumsonAl

modelsthatmoreaccuratelyassessrisk.Domingossays,“(43)"

Improvedaccuracy

“Machineleaningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatistics,whichmakesdatamore

valuable/saysWinston.It“helpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions."(44)

Protectingandmaintaininginfrastructure

Anumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAlimageprocessing

technologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbeforetheyhappen.

theyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem,it'sveryexpensive/'saysDomingos."(45)〃

A.Alreplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou'redoingresearch,youcanhaveAlgooutand

lookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn'thavetimefor.

B.TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacross

multiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestions

aboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.

C.Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAlsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.This

process,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.

D.We'realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephonetoaccomplish

somethingbeyondhumanscale.

E.Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit'susefulfor

employeestogoto.

F.Allooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthemore

G.Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,or

theywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwou