公路專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)

Division11。。：TermsandDefinitionsDescriptionInthisSpecificationsthefollowingterms,wordsorexpressionsshallhavethemeaningsherebyassignedtothem.Forclarifyandeaseofunderstanding,certaincross-sectionalandpavementstructureelementsareillustratedinfigures1,2and3.termsanddefinitionsAggregateHardmineralelementsofconstructionmaterialmixtures,forexample:sand,gravel(crushedoruncrushed)orcrushedrock.AnchorageAnchorageisthedevicecomprisingallthecomponentsandmaterialsrequiredforretainingtheforceinatensionedtendonandtotransmitthisforcetotheconcreteofthestructure.AnchoragereinforcementAnchoragereinforcementisthespiralandotherreinforcementwhichformspartoftheanchorageandisrequiredforstrengtheningtheanchorageand/orassistingintransmittingthetendonforcetotheconcrete.AngleofSlopeUnlessotherwisestated,isgivenintermsoftheratiooftheverticaldifferenceinelevationbetweenanytwopointsandthehorizontaldistancebetweenthem.Thisratiomayalsobeexpressedasapercentage.ArisingToolAtoolusedtoroundofftheedgeofaconcreteslab.AsphaltAmixturetopredeterminedproportionsofaggregate,fillerandbituminousbindermaterialpreparedofftheroadandusuallyplacedbymeansofapavingmachine.AsphaltConcreteAmixturetopredeterminedproportionsofaggregate,fillerandbituminousbindermaterialplantmixandusuallyplacedbymeansofapavingmachine.AsphaltSurfacingThelayerorlayersofasphaltconcreteconstructedontopoftheroadbase.BackFillExcavatedmaterial,whichisplacedandcompactedintrenchesandaroundfoundations.BaseAlayerofmaterialconstructedontopofthesubbase,orintheabsencethereof,theselectedlayer.Abasemayextendtooutsidethetravelledway.1100章：術(shù)語(yǔ)和定義1101描述在本規(guī)范中，下列術(shù)語(yǔ)、詞語(yǔ)和表達(dá)的含義以以下規(guī)定為準(zhǔn)。為表達(dá)清楚和易于理解，某些路面銜接部分要素和路面結(jié)構(gòu)要素在圖表1、2、3中有插圖。1102術(shù)語(yǔ)和定義骨料由建筑材料混合而成的硬質(zhì)礦物物質(zhì)，如沙子、石子（粉碎或未粉碎）或碎石。錨具一種裝置，有保持繃緊鋼筋束的力量并將其傳送到構(gòu)造混凝土所需的所有部件和材料組成。錨固鋼筋錨固鋼筋是螺旋狀的或其它類(lèi)型的鋼筋，是錨具的一部分，用來(lái)加強(qiáng)錨具并/或輔助傳送鋼筋束力量到混凝土。坡度任意兩點(diǎn)之間的垂直高度差與水平距離之比例，另有規(guī)定的除外。此比例也可以用百分比表示。磨圓機(jī)用于磨圓混凝土塊棱角的工具。瀝青由預(yù)定比例的骨料、填充物和含瀝青的黏合劑構(gòu)成的混合物，在道路以外備好，通常用鋪路機(jī)進(jìn)行鋪筑。瀝青混凝土由預(yù)定比例的骨料、填充物和含瀝青的黏合劑、廠(chǎng)拌混合料構(gòu)成的混合物，通常用鋪路機(jī)進(jìn)行鋪筑。瀝青路面建在路基上面的一層或多層瀝青混凝土。堆積料挖出的土料，裝填并壓實(shí)進(jìn)溝渠和地基周?chē)??；鶎咏ㄖ诘谆鶎又匣颍ǖ谆鶎尤笔r(shí)）建在選定層之上的一層材料。基層可以延伸至通行道之外。BatterBoardAboardofwoodfixedtopostsatthetopofcuttingsorthebottomofembankmentswhichindicatestheslopeatwhichthecuttingorembankmentistobeconstructed.BinderAmaterialsuchasbitumen,cementorlime,whichisaddedtoandmixedintoaggregate,granularmaterialsorsoilstobindthemixturetogether.BitumenAclassofblackordark-coloured(solid,semisolid,orviscous)cementitioussubstances,naturalormanufactured,composedprincipallyofhighmolecularweighthydrocarbons,ofwhichasphalts,tars,pitches,andasphaltitesaretypical.BondbreakerBondbreakeristhecoatingorsheathplacedonatendontopreventitfrombondingtothesurroundingconcrete.BondStoneAbondstoneisanelongatedprismoidalstoneincorporatedwiththelongestdimensionatrightanglestothefaceofamasonrystructuretoprovidestructuralintegrity.BorrowArea/BorrowPitAnarea,withindesignatedboundaries,outsidethePermanentWorks,approvedforthepurposeofobtainingfillorpavementmaterials.Aborrowpitistheexcavatedpitinaborrowarea.BorrowMaterialBorrowmaterialisageneraltermusedtodescribematerialobtainedfromaborrowpit.BoulderAfragmentofrock,usuallyroundedbyweatheringorabrasion,withaminimumdimensionof200mmormore.BridgeAstructureerectedoveradepression,river,watercourse,railwayline,roadorotherobstacleforcarryingmotor,railway,pedestrianorothertrafficorservicesandhavingalength,measuredbetweenabutmentfacesalongthecentrelineofthesuperstructure,of6metreormore.BurstingreinforcementBurstingreinforcementisthereinforcingsteelrequiredinandadjacenttotheanchoragezonestoresistthetensilestressesinducedintheconcretebytheanchorage(s).CableCableisthetendon.togetherwiththeanchorage,sheathingandallfittings.CaliforniaBearingRatio(CBR)TheCaliforniaBearingRatio(CBR)ofanuntreatedsoilorgravelasdeterminedbymeansofMethodA8ofTMH1istheloadinNewtons,expressedasapercentageofCaliforniastandardvalues,requiredtoallowacircularpistonof1,935mm2topenetratethesurfaceofacompactedmaterialatarateof1.27mmperminutetodepthsof2.54,5.08and7.62mm.定斜板一塊木版，固定在路塹頂部或路堤底部的桿子上，用于指示即將建設(shè)的路塹或路堤的坡度。黏合劑添加并混合在骨料、顆粒材料或土壤中，以便將混合物黏合在一起的材料，如瀝青、水泥或石灰。瀝青一種黑色或暗色的(固態(tài)，半固態(tài)或粘性的)黏性的物質(zhì)，天然的或制造的，主要由高分子重氫碳組成，其中以瀝青、柏油、樹(shù)脂和天然瀝青巖最為典型。防粘接材料防粘接材料是放置于鋼筋束上的涂料或護(hù)套，以防止鋼筋束與周?chē)幕炷琳澈显谝黄稹Ｊ且环N長(zhǎng)棱體狀的石頭，垂直于石工構(gòu)造表面與其最長(zhǎng)處結(jié)合，用來(lái)確保構(gòu)造完整性。取土區(qū)/坑在指定界限以?xún)?nèi)，永久性工程以外，批準(zhǔn)用于獲取填料或路面材料的區(qū)域。取土坑是在取土區(qū)內(nèi)挖掘出來(lái)的坑。取土材料取土材料是用來(lái)描述從取土坑獲取的材料的統(tǒng)稱(chēng)。圓石石頭的一種，通常由于自然風(fēng)化或磨損而變圓，尺寸在200毫米及以上。橋梁建在低洼處、河流、水道，火車(chē)線(xiàn)路、公路之上的構(gòu)造或其它用于承載汽車(chē)、火車(chē)道、人行道或其它交通設(shè)施的障礙物，沿上層建筑中心線(xiàn)測(cè)量，橋礅面之間的長(zhǎng)度在6米或6米以上。防爆鋼筋防爆鋼筋是指在錨具區(qū)內(nèi)或其附近需要的，用于抵抗由錨具在混凝土中引起的張力的鋼筋。纜繩纜繩即前述用于錨具、護(hù)套和綁定的鋼繩。加州承載比(CBR)由TMH1辦法A8決定的未經(jīng)破壞的土壤層或砂礫層的加利福尼亞軸承載比是以牛頓計(jì)量的負(fù)載，以加利福尼亞標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值的百分?jǐn)?shù)表示，要求能使面積1，935平方毫米的圓形活塞以每分鐘1.27毫米的速度穿過(guò)壓實(shí)土的表層，至2.54毫米，5.08毫米和7.62毫米的深度.這三個(gè)深度的對(duì)應(yīng)的加利福尼亞標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值分別是13.344，20.016和25.354kN.TheCaliforniastandardvaluesforthesedepthsare13.344,20.016and25.354kNrespectively.CappingLayerAlayerofselectedfillmaterialplacedonthetopofthetopmostembankmentlayerorthebottomofexcavation.CarriagewayThatportionoftheroadwayincludingthevarioustrafficlanesandauxiliarylanesbutexcludingshoulders.CatchwaterDrainorBankAlongitudinaldrainorbankoutsidetheroadprismfordivertingwaterthatwouldotherwiseflowintotheroadprism.CementedMaterialMaterialinanexistingpavementwhichcannotbebrokenupwiththetinesofatype1400caterpillarorsimilarroadgrader.Cementedcrushedstoneiscementedmaterialconstructedwithcrushedstone.Anexistingstabilizedpavementlayerwillnotnecessarilybeclassifiedascementedmaterial.ChannelAnaturalorartificialwatercourse.CharacteristicstrengthCharacteristicstrengthofprestressingsteelisthemanufacturer'sguaranteedtensilestrengthbelowwhichnomorethan5percentofthetestresultsinastatisticalpopulationshallfall.CharacteristicStrengthofConcreteThecharacteristicstrengthofconcreteisthatstrengthbelowwhichonlyapre-selectedproportionoftestresults(i.e1%,2%or5%)areexpectedtofall.ChippingsChippingsaresinglesizedparticlesofcrushedrock,crushedboulders,crushedcobblesorcrushedgravelusedforsurfacedressing.CoarseAggregateCoarseaggregateismaterialretainedonthe4.75mmsieve.CobbleAfragmentofrock,usuallyroundedbyweatheringorabrasion,withaminimumdimensionof60mmandamaximumdimensionof200mm.CoefficientofUniformityThecoefficientofuniformityistheratioofthesievesizethroughwhich60%bymassofthematerialpassestothesievesizethroughwhich10%bymasspasses.ComplianceTestingTestingofthecompletedworkstoascertaincomplianceoftherequirementsoftheSpecification.面層鋪置于路堤層最上方或者挖掘?qū)拥撞康囊粚犹暨x的填料.車(chē)道公路的一部分，包括各種交通車(chē)道和輔助車(chē)道，但是不包括公路路肩.排水溝或便道路體外面的將水從路體導(dǎo)出的縱向的排水道.水泥硬化材料1400型履帶平地機(jī)或類(lèi)似的平地機(jī)不能破碎的已有路面中的材料.素砼是用碎石、水泥硬化而成的水泥硬化材料.已有硬化路面層沒(méi)必要?dú)w類(lèi)為水泥硬化材料.水渠自然的或人工的水道.特征強(qiáng)度預(yù)加強(qiáng)鋼筋的性能強(qiáng)度是指制造商保證的拉伸強(qiáng)度，在此拉伸強(qiáng)度之下不得有大于5%的統(tǒng)計(jì)測(cè)試結(jié)果出現(xiàn).混凝土性能強(qiáng)度混凝土性能強(qiáng)度是指在此強(qiáng)度之下只可能出現(xiàn)預(yù)定的測(cè)試結(jié)果比例（即1%,2%或5%）.碎石碎石是大小一致的粉碎巖石、圓石、鵝卵石或沙礫石，用于表面修整。粗骨料粗骨料是經(jīng)47.5mm篩選實(shí)驗(yàn)留在篩子上的材料。鵝卵石石頭的一種，通常由于自然風(fēng)化或磨損變圓，尺寸最小60毫米，最大200毫米。均勻系數(shù)均勻系數(shù)是指材料的60%通過(guò)的篩孔與材料的10%通過(guò)的篩孔的比例。復(fù)查實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)已完工程的實(shí)驗(yàn)，以確定符合說(shuō)明的要求。CouplerCoupleristhedevicecomprisingallcomponentsrequiredtojoinuptwotendons.CrushedParticleAcrushedparticleisaparticleofcoarseaggregate,whichhasatleastthreefracturedfaceswhenobtainedbycrushingrockandboulders,andatleasttwofracturedfaceswhenobtainedbycrushinggravel.CrushedRatioThecrushedratioisthepercentageofcrushedparticlesofcoarseaggregateinthetotalnumberofparticlesofcoarseaggregate.CulvertAdrainagestructurewhichprovidesanopeningunderthecarriagewayormedianforthepassageofwater.CuringCompoundAliquidwhichisappliedasasurfacecoatingto(newlyplaced)concreteandhardenstoformamembranethatinhibitstheevaporationofmoisturefromtheconcrete.CutCutshallmeanallexcavatedmaterialfromtheroadprismincludingsidedrains.CuttingThatportionoftheroadprismfromwherematerialisexcavatedtosub-gradeorroadbedlevel.DeflectorDeflectoristhedeviceusedtodeflectatendonalignmentwithinastructuralelement.DuctDuctisthevoidformedtohousethetendon(s)andmaybeformedbycoring,orbyusingsheathsorbywayofextractablecores.EarthworksTheexcavationofmaterialfromcuttingsand/ortheconstructionofembankments.EmbankmentThatportionoftheroadprismcomposedofapprovedfillmaterial,whichliesabovetheoriginalgroundandisboundedbythesideslopes,describedintheContract,extendingdownwardsandoutwardsfromtheoutershoulderbreakpointsandonwhichthepavementisconstructed.EquipmentAllmachinery,togetherwiththenecessarysuppliesforupkeepandmaintenance,andalsoalltoolsandapparatusnecessaryfortheproperconstructionandacceptablecompletionofthework.ExcessOverburdenOverburdenwithinaborrowareawhichisnotrequiredorisunsuitableforuseinconstruction.連結(jié)裝置連結(jié)裝置是由將兩個(gè)鋼筋束連接起來(lái)所需的所有部件組成的裝置。粉碎粒料粉碎粒料是粗骨料的一種，通過(guò)粉碎巖石和圓石獲得的至少有三個(gè)斷裂面，從粉碎沙礫石獲得的至少有兩個(gè)斷裂面。粉碎率粉碎率是指粉碎粒料在粗骨料粉碎時(shí)所占的百分比。涵洞一種排水構(gòu)造，在車(chē)道下或中間，有一個(gè)開(kāi)口供水流過(guò)。養(yǎng)護(hù)混合物一種用做（剛鋪筑的）混凝土和硬質(zhì)物表面涂層的液體，以形成禁止水氣從混凝土蒸發(fā)的隔膜。挖方挖方指從路體（包括側(cè)邊排水管道）挖掘出的全部材料。路塹低于原地面，需要填方到路基、路床的挖方地基。鋼筋彎折機(jī)鋼筋彎折機(jī)在一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)裝置內(nèi)彎折鋼筋的裝置。管道管道是為裝鋼筋而制成的孔洞，可以通過(guò)挖空、外加保護(hù)殼或抽芯形成。土方工程從路塹或建造路堤開(kāi)挖的材料。路堤路堤是路體的一部分，按合同要求由批準(zhǔn)材料填充在原始路面之上填充而成，并由路肩外邊向外、向下延伸形成邊坡，路面就建在路堤上。設(shè)備所有機(jī)器，包括機(jī)器維修保養(yǎng)所需供應(yīng)，另外還有正確施工和可接受的完工所需的所有工具和機(jī)械設(shè)備。清表在取土區(qū)內(nèi)清除不符合要求的或不適用于建筑的表土。FalseworkSupportforconcreteformwork.FillMaterialwhichisusedfortheconstructionofembankments.FillerProcessedornaturallyoccurringmaterialpassingthe75micronsievewhichisprincipallyusedtoimprovethecombinedaggregategradingandthusreducetheairvoidscontentofbituminousmixtures.FineAggregateFineaggregateiscrushedornaturallyoccurringmaterialpassingthe4.75mmsieve.FootwayAnareanormallyadjacenttothecarriagewayprovidedfortheusebypedestrians.FormworkTemporaryboardingorsheetingerectedtocontainconcreteduringplacing,compactingandinitialhardening.FurrowDitchAlongitudinaldrainorbankoutsidetheroadprismfordivertingwaterthatwouldotherwiseflowontotheroadprism.GabionsGabionsconsistofwovensteelmeshboxesormattressesfilledwithstone.GradelineThegradelineisareferencelineinthedrawingsofthelongitudinalsectionsoftheroadindicatingatregularintervalstheelevationsaccordingtowhichtheroadistobeconstructed.Thegradelinemayrefertothelevelofthecompletedroad,baseoranyotherlayerandmayindicatetheelevationseitheralongthecarriagewaycenterlineoralonganydesignatedpositionontheroadcross-section.GradingModulus(GM)Thecumulativepercentagesbymassofmaterialinarepresentativesampleofaggregate,gravelorsoilretainedonthe2.00mm,0.425mmand0.075mmsieves,dividedby100.GravelGravelisnaturallyoccurring,rounded,granularmaterialwithaparticlesizeoffrom2mmto60mm.(ItdoesnotapplytoGravelWearingCourses).GroutCheckArecessformedatconcreteconstructionjoints,whichmaybefilledwithgrout;tomask,andensureastraightlineto,thejoint.HighwayAgeneraltermdenotingapublicwayforpurposesofvehiculartravel,includingtheentireareawithintheright-of-way.InletandOutletDrainageChannelsChannelsleadingintoordischargingfromculverts,storm-waterdrainsandminorbridges.腳手架混凝土模具的支撐。路堤填料用于建設(shè)路堤的材料。礦粉通過(guò)75微米篩網(wǎng)的經(jīng)過(guò)處理的或自然形成的材料，主要用于改善混合骨料的碾壓并因此降低瀝青混合物中的空氣含量。細(xì)骨料細(xì)骨料是指粉碎的或自然形成的能通過(guò)4.75毫米篩網(wǎng)的材料。人行道供行人使用的區(qū)域，通常鄰近車(chē)道。模板鋪筑、壓縮和初步加硬過(guò)程中用來(lái)容納混凝土的臨時(shí)支起的木板或擋板。排水溝路體以外的縱向排水管道或堤壩，用于將水排出，使其不能流入路體。石筐石筐由編織的鋼絲筐或填滿(mǎn)石頭的墊子組成。等高線(xiàn)等高線(xiàn)是圖紙中道路縱斷面里的參考線(xiàn)，表明道路建設(shè)應(yīng)該遵循的有規(guī)律的高程間隔。等高線(xiàn)可以指已經(jīng)完工道路、基層或其他任何一層所處的水平線(xiàn)，也可以指示沿車(chē)道中心線(xiàn)的高程或道路橫截面中任何一個(gè)指定位置的高程。細(xì)度模數(shù)具有代表性的骨料、沙礫或土壤的樣品經(jīng)篩選實(shí)驗(yàn)保留在2.00毫米,0.425毫米,0.075毫米篩網(wǎng)上的樣品除以100獲得的累積百分比。沙礫石沙礫石是自然形成的圓形的有顆粒的材料，顆粒大小在2毫米到60毫米之間。（不適用于沙礫路面）。灌縫在混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的接縫處灌滿(mǎn)灰漿，用于連接并保證平整。公路供交通工具通行的公共道路的統(tǒng)稱(chēng)，包括依法準(zhǔn)予通行道路以?xún)?nèi)的整個(gè)區(qū)域。引入和引出排水渠通向或自水管、暴雨排水管和小橋?qū)С龅那馈nspectorTheauthorizedrepresentativeoftheEngineerassignedtomakedetailedinspectionsofmaterialsorcontractperformance.KickerAconcreteplinthatleast70mmhighabovetheconcretefloor,formingthestartofaconcretewallorcolumn.LanePartofatravelledwayintendedforasinglestreamoftrafficinonedirection,whichhasnormallybeendemarcatedassuchbyroadmarkings.LevelingCourse(s)Oneormorelayersofasphaltorgranularmaterial,ofvaryingthickness,whichareappliedtoimprovetheregularityofanexistingroadsurface.LotAsizableportionofworkorquantityofmaterialwhichisassessedasaunitforthepurposeofqualitycontrolandselectedtorepresentmaterialorworkproducedbyessentiallythesameprocessandmaterials.MasonryStoneworkconstructedwithinterlockingstonesmorethanonestonethick.MedianTheareabetweenthetwocarriagewaysofadualcarriagewayroad.MedianDrainAlongitudinaldrainsituatedinthemedianofadualcarriagewayroad.MillingExcavatingandremovingalayerofmaterialexceeding10mminthicknessfromanexistingpavementbymeansofanapprovedmillingmachine.Millingisnormallyusedonlyinasphaltandcementedlayers.MitreDrain/MitreBankAMitreDrainisadrainconstructedatanangletothecentrelineoftheroadtodivertwaterfromthesidedrains.Mitredrainswillincludemitrebanksplacedacrosssidedrains.MortarAmixtureoffineaggregate,cementand/orhydratedlimeusuallyinpredeterminedproportions,withwater,tocreateafinegrainedcementiousmaterialsuitableforthebeddingofbricksandmasonryetc.OptimumMoistureContentforCompactionThemoisturecontentofasoilcalculatedonthebasisofdryweightofsoilatwhichthesoilcanbecompactedtotheapproximatemaximumdensityunderaspecifiedstandardmethodofcompaction.OverburdenOverburdenisunsuitablematerialwhichoverliessuitablematerialwithinaborrowpitorquarry.檢驗(yàn)員工程師的授權(quán)代表，被指派詳細(xì)檢驗(yàn)材料或合同執(zhí)行情況。路緣石水泥路面以上至少70毫米高的水泥底座，水泥墻或水泥柱的開(kāi)始部分。單行道用于駛向同一方向的單一交通流的道路的一部分，通常用路標(biāo)等劃分開(kāi)來(lái)。水平層厚度不一的一層或多層瀝青或顆粒材料，用于改善現(xiàn)有路面的平整度。抽樣為控制質(zhì)量，選取工程的一部分或部分材料作為一個(gè)檢驗(yàn)單位，并且被選定部分能代表材料或基本上能代表由相同程序和材料建成的工程。石料砌體由緊密連接的石頭建筑而成的石頭工程，厚度大于單塊石頭的厚度。中間帶一條雙向車(chē)道路兩個(gè)車(chē)道之間的區(qū)域。中間帶排水管位于雙向車(chē)道中間帶的縱向排水管道。銑刨?gòu)囊延新访嫔嫌迷S可的碾磨機(jī)挖掘或去除一層厚度超過(guò)10毫米的材料，通常只在瀝青層和混凝土層使用。斜面排水管道或斜面邊坡相對(duì)于道路中心線(xiàn)以一定的角度建造的排水管道，以將水從側(cè)面排水管道轉(zhuǎn)移。斜面排水管道包括橫跨側(cè)面排水管的斜面邊坡。砂漿通常按預(yù)定比例，細(xì)骨料、水泥和/或熟石灰與水構(gòu)成的混合物，形成一種細(xì)小顆粒狀的黏性材料，適用于砌磚或砌石等。最佳含水量在干燥土重量基礎(chǔ)上計(jì)算出的土壤濕度，在此濕度下，用特定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)壓縮方法土壤可以壓縮到合適的最大密度。表土在取土坑或采石場(chǎng)以?xún)?nèi)的覆蓋在適用材料之上的不符合要求的材料。OverlayAnadditionalpavementlayerappliedontopofanexistingroadforstrengtheningthepavementand/orforimprovingtheridingquality.ParkingLaneAnauxiliarylaneadjoiningthetravelledwayforthepurposeofvehicularparking.PavementAmulti-layeredhorizontalstructurewhichisconstructedforthepurposeofcarryingtraffic.PavementLayersThelayersofdifferentmaterials,whichcomprisethepavementstructure.PavementPlanningPlanningofanexistingroadsurfacebytheremovalofalayerofmaterialbymeansofamillingmachineorotherequipment.PioneerLayerAninitiallayerconstructedoveraweakroadbedwhereselectedmaterialisusedtoprovideastableplatformfortheconstructionofsubsequentlayers.PrestressPrestressisthestressinducedinconcretebytensionedtendons.PrestressedconcretePrestressedconcreteisstructuralconcreteinwhicheffectiveinternalstressesareinducedbymeansoftensionedtendons.Pre-stressingPre-stressingistheinducementofcompressivestressintoastructuralconcreteelementeitherbypre-tensioningorpost-tensioningtendonscomprisingofcables,wiresorbarsincorporatedintotheelement.Pre-tensionedconcretePre-tensionedconcreteisprestressedconcretewherethetendonistensionedbeforetheconcretehasbeencast.Post-tensionedconcretePost-tensionedconcreteisprestressedconcretewherethetendonistensionedaftertheconcretehashardened.PrimeCoatAbituminoustreatmentappliedtothesurfaceofanewlyconstructedunboundroadbasepriortotheconstructionofabituminouslayerorsurfacetreatment.ProjectSpecificationsThespecificationsrelatingtoaspecificproject,whichformpartofthecontractdocumentsforsuchproject,andwhichcontainsupplementaryand/oramendingspecificationstothestandardspecifications.路面結(jié)構(gòu)層鋪在現(xiàn)有道路表面的額外層，用以加強(qiáng)路面和/或改善行駛質(zhì)量。停車(chē)道鄰近通行道的一個(gè)附屬車(chē)道，用于停放交通工具。路面為承載交通工具而建的多層的水平構(gòu)造。路面層用不同材料建成的多層，共同構(gòu)成路面。路面銑刨對(duì)已有道路表面進(jìn)行銑刨，通過(guò)用碾磨機(jī)或其他設(shè)備祛除一層材料。低基層在脆弱路床上鋪筑的最初一層，使用挑選的材料，為后續(xù)幾層的鋪筑提供一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的平臺(tái)。預(yù)應(yīng)力預(yù)受力是由繃緊的鋼筋束在混凝土中產(chǎn)生的壓力。預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土是繃緊的鋼筋束能產(chǎn)生有效內(nèi)部壓力的構(gòu)造混凝土。預(yù)施壓預(yù)施壓是指對(duì)建筑混凝土施加壓縮力，通過(guò)預(yù)先或事后拉緊由電纜、電線(xiàn)或條帶物結(jié)合構(gòu)成的鋼筋束實(shí)現(xiàn)。先張法混凝土預(yù)強(qiáng)化混凝土是混凝土為鋪筑之前鋼筋束就已經(jīng)拉緊的情況下產(chǎn)生的預(yù)受力混凝土。后張法混凝土后強(qiáng)化混凝土是混凝土硬化之后鋼筋束才拉緊的情況下產(chǎn)生的預(yù)受力混凝土。透層用于剛建成的無(wú)邊界的路基表層的瀝青處理，先于鋪筑瀝青層或表層處理。工程規(guī)范與某一特定工程有關(guān)的規(guī)范，構(gòu)成此工程合同文件的一部分并包含本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范的補(bǔ)充性和/或修正規(guī)范。Pull-inPull-inistheelasticshorteningofthetendoncausedbyrelativemovementbetweentheanchorageorcouplercomponentsonaccountofseatingandgrippingactionduringorimmediatelyaftertransfer.QualityControlProcedures,and/ortesting,carriedoutpriorto,orduring,theconstructionoftheWorksforthepurposeofensuringcompliancewiththerequirementsoftheSpecification.QuarryAnareawithindesignatedboundaries,approvedforthepurposeofobtainingrock.RecyclingTheprocessingofsalvagedmaterialinaplantforre-use.RehabilitationWorkundertakentosignificantlyextendservicelifeandimprovetheconditionorridingcomfortofanexistingroad.ReinforcementforAsphaltAclothorgridofsyntheticmaterialplacedunderneathorbetweenasphaltlayersforstrengtheningtheasphalt.ReleaseReleaseisthespecifiedelasticshorteningofthetendonattheanchorageachievedbeforeorduringtransfer.RetexturingTreatmentofanexistingroadsurfacetorestorethetexturetoaspecifieddepthoftextureorskidresistance.Right-of-WayThelandsecuredandreservedbytheDepartmentfortheconstructionandmaintenanceofhighway.Rip-rapUnbondedstoneprovidedtoprotectthesurfacesofslopesandthebedsofwatercoursesfromerosionandscour.RoadBaseAlayerofmaterialofdefinedthicknessandwidthconstructedontopofthesub-base,orintheabsencethereof,thesub-grade.Aroadbasemayextendbeyondthecarriageway.RoadBedThenaturalin-situmaterialonwhichtheembankmentorcappinglayersaretobeconstructed.RoadBedMaterialThematerialbelowtheroadbedextendingtosuchdepthasaffectsthesupportoftheembankmentstructureorcappinglayer.彈性收縮錨具和連接器裝置的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)引起的鋼筋束的彈性收縮，前兩者的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)是在傳送過(guò)程中或之后因機(jī)座和鉗夾動(dòng)作引起的。質(zhì)量控制為確保符合本規(guī)范要求，在工程建設(shè)前或建設(shè)中實(shí)施的程序和/或測(cè)試。采石場(chǎng)在指定范圍內(nèi)，批準(zhǔn)可以用于獲取巖石的區(qū)域?；厥绽迷诠S(chǎng)對(duì)回收材料進(jìn)行加工再利用。改造為顯著地延長(zhǎng)現(xiàn)有道路的使用壽命和改善路面行駛舒適度而進(jìn)行的工作。瀝青強(qiáng)化劑用于瀝青層之下或?yàn)r青層之間的一薄層合成物質(zhì)，用于強(qiáng)化瀝青。自錨自錨是傳送前或傳送中在錨具形成的前述鋼筋束的彈性回縮。路面改良對(duì)現(xiàn)有路面進(jìn)行處理，將其紋理恢復(fù)到一個(gè)特定的紋理深度或防滑力。施工寬度政府部門(mén)預(yù)留的土地用于公路建設(shè)與維修。護(hù)坡為保護(hù)坡面和河床的不受侵蝕和沖刷而提供的不粘合的石塊。公路基層建在底基層之上的或(沒(méi)有底基層時(shí))路基之上的規(guī)定厚度和寬度的一層材料。公路基層可以延伸到車(chē)道之外。路床原地自然存在的材料，路堤或覆蓋層建于其上。路床材料路床之下的材料，延伸到影響支撐路堤構(gòu)造或覆蓋層的深度。RoadPrismThecrosssectionalareaboundedbytheoriginalgroundlevelandthesidesofslopesincuttingsandembankmentsexcludingthepavement.RoadsideTheportionofthehighwayoutsidetheroadway.RoadReserveTheentirearea(Carriageways,median,sidedrainsandcatchwaterdrains)includedbytheboundariesofaroadasproclaimed.RoadwayTheroadwaycomprisesthecarriageway,shouldersandmedian.RockAmassofhardmineralmaterialwhich,whenexcavated,requirestheuseofexplosives,sawingorsplittingbymechanicalmeans.RollerPassesUnlessotherwisespecifiedinthespecificationsortheprojectspecifications,anareawillbetakentohavereceivedonerollerpasswhenarollerhaspassedoversuchareaonce.Additionalpassesmadeonlyasaresultofnominaloverlappingsoastoensurefullcoverageshallnotbetakenintoaccount.ScabbingTheuseofahand-heldorselfsupportingpercussionmachinetoremovethesurfaceofhardenedconcretewithoutdamagingthestructure.ScarifyLoosenandbreak-upsoilorexistingpavementlayersbymeansofamachinefittedwithtines.ScreedAlayeroffine-gradedasphaltorslurryplacedtofillinslacksinexistingsealsandtoimprovetheridingqualityoftheroad.SealTheapplicationofoneormorelayersofbituminousbinderwithorwithoutlayersofcrushedstone,sandorslurryinsuccessivelayersonthecarriageway,shouldersoronanyothercompactedlayeronwhichmovementoftraffictakesplace.SelectedLayerThelowerlayerorlayersofthepavement,whichisconstructed,directontothefill,orinsomecasestheroadbed.Itmayincluderoadbedmaterialcompactedin-situ.ServicesCables,pipesorotherstructurestoprovide,interalia,conduitsforelectricity,telephoneandtelegraphconnections,water,sewage,etc.SheathSheathisthetubeorcasingenclosingthetendonandwhichtemporarilyorpermanentlyallowsarelativemovementbetweenthetendonandthesurroundingconcrete路體以原始地面和路塹及路堤中的坡面為界限的橫截面區(qū)域，不包括路面。路邊公路以外的部分。公路專(zhuān)用區(qū)正式公布的公路邊界以?xún)?nèi)的整個(gè)區(qū)域（車(chē)道、中間帶、側(cè)翼排水管道和截水管道）。公路道路公路道路由車(chē)道、路肩和中間帶組成。巖石大塊的硬質(zhì)礦物材料，挖掘時(shí)需用炸藥或機(jī)器將其鋸開(kāi)或劈開(kāi)。碾壓只要壓路機(jī)壓過(guò)某區(qū)域一次，此區(qū)域就被認(rèn)為是已經(jīng)壓過(guò)，本規(guī)范或工程規(guī)范中另有規(guī)定的除外。為確保全部覆蓋而進(jìn)行的少數(shù)重疊式的額外碾壓不考慮在內(nèi)。刮表用手持或自助撞擊機(jī)器去除硬化混凝土的表面，不對(duì)建筑造成損害。破碎用裝有尖齒的機(jī)器將土壤或已有路面層松弛并打碎。找平層由細(xì)瀝青或水泥漿組成的一層，用于填滿(mǎn)已有封頂層里的煤屑和改善路面行駛狀況。封層用一層或多層含瀝青黏合劑（與或不與多層粉碎石、沙或水泥漿層一起都可以）在車(chē)道、路肩或其他任何承載交通的壓縮層上連續(xù)涂上多層。挑選層路面的較低的一層或多層，直接建設(shè)在填料上或有時(shí)直接建設(shè)在路床上。它可以包括壓縮在原地的路床材料。服務(wù)設(shè)施電纜、管道或其他構(gòu)造，用于提供電線(xiàn)、電話(huà)和電報(bào)連接、水、污水及其它。護(hù)套護(hù)套是包裹鋼筋束的管道，臨時(shí)性或永久性承受鋼筋束與周?chē)炷恋南鄬?duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。ShoulderWhenreferringtothisasasurface:Theareabetweentheoutsideedgeofthetravelledwayandtheshoulderbreakpoint.Whenreferringtothisasapavementlayer:Theupperpavementlayerlyingbetweentheoutsideedgeofthebaseandtheshoulderbreakpoint.ShoulderBreakpointThepointonacrosssectionatwhichtheextendedflatplanesofthesurfaceoftheshoulderandtheoutsideslopeofthefillandpavementintersect.SideDrainAlongitudinaldrainoffsetfrom,andparallelto,thecarriageway.SideFillSidefilliseithersurplusoradditionalfillwhichisusedtoextendandflattentheslopeofanembankmentandwhichisoftencompactedtoalowerstandardthantheformer.SidewalkTheportionoftheroadwayprimarilyconstructedfortheuseofpedestrians.SkeworSkewAngleTheacuteangleformedbytheintersectionofalinenormaltothecenterlineoftheroadwaywithalineparalleltothecenterlineofbents,piersorabutmentsofabridge,orinthecaseofaculvert,withthecenterlineoftheculvertbarrels.SlopeUnlessotherwisestated,slopeisgivenintermsoftheratiooftheverticaldifferenceinelevationbetweenanytwopointsandthehorizontaldistancebetweenthem.Theratiomayalsobeexpressedasapercentage.SpallsChippedorsplinteredfragmentsofstone.SpecificationsThegeneraltermcomprisingallthedirection,provisionsandrequirementscontainedherein,entitled"ERAStandardTechnicalSpecificationforRoadWorks-2001",togetherwithsuchasmaybeaddedoradoptedassupplementalspecificationsorasspecialprovisions,andalldocumentsofanydescription,includingnotesonplans,pertainingtothemethodandmannerofperformingtheworkortothequantitiesandqualitiesofmaterialstobefurnishedunderthecontract.Spoil(Material)Surplusmaterialoriginatingfromconstructionoperations.StabilizationThetreatmentofpavementmaterialsbytheadditionoflimeorPortlandcement.StonePitchingAsinglecourseofstonesplacedonedgewithspallsrammedintothespacesbetweenthestones.路肩(1)當(dāng)指一個(gè)表面時(shí)：通行道外緣與路肩臨界點(diǎn)之間的區(qū)域。(2)當(dāng)指路面的一層時(shí)：位于基層外緣與路肩臨界點(diǎn)之間的較高路面層。路肩臨界點(diǎn)橫截面的一點(diǎn)，路肩表面延伸的平坦面與填料的外側(cè)坡及路面相交于此點(diǎn)。側(cè)面排水管道遠(yuǎn)離并平行于車(chē)道的一條縱向排水管道。側(cè)面填料側(cè)面填料是指多余或額外的填料，用于延伸和平坦路堤坡面，壓縮標(biāo)準(zhǔn)經(jīng)常比以前的低。人行道主要供步行者使用的道路部分。坡角通常指垂直于道路中心線(xiàn)的線(xiàn)與平行于橋拱、橋墩的中心線(xiàn)的線(xiàn)相交形成的銳角，如果是涵洞，則是與涵洞中心線(xiàn)相交的交角。坡度任意兩點(diǎn)之間垂直高度差與水平距離之比例，另有規(guī)定的除外。此比例也可以用百分比表示。石子破碎的石頭。規(guī)范本書(shū)，即“埃塞俄比亞道路局公路工程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)技術(shù)規(guī)范一2001”，所包含的所有指示、規(guī)定和要求的統(tǒng)稱(chēng)，并包括可能添加或采用的補(bǔ)充規(guī)范或特別規(guī)定以及所有描述性文件，包括合同項(xiàng)下設(shè)計(jì)圖中的備注和有關(guān)施工方法、方式或材料數(shù)量和質(zhì)量的備注。余料來(lái)自建設(shè)操作中的多余材料。穩(wěn)定化通過(guò)添加石灰或普通水泥對(duì)路面材料進(jìn)行的處理。填石子將石子填入石頭之間空隙的一道單一填石程序。StructuresBridges,culverts,catchbasins,dropinlets,manholes,retainingwalls,cribbing,endwalls,buildings,sewers,servicepipes,underdrains,foundationdrains,andothermiscellaneousitems,whichmaybeencounteredinthework,andwhicharenotclassifiedherein.Sub-baseThepavementlayerofmaterialofspecifieddimensionsontopofthesub-gradeandbelowtheroadbase.SubcontractorAnyindividual,firmorcorporationtowhomtheContractorsubletsanypartofthecontract.Sub-gradeThesurfaceuponwhichthepavementstructureandshouldersareconstructed.SubstructureAllofthatpartofthestructurebelowthebridgeseatsorbellowthespringlinesofconcretearches.Backwallsandwingwallsofabutmentsshallbeconsideredaspartsofthesubstructure.Sub-surfaceDrain(Sub-soilDrains)Acovereddrainconstructedtointerceptandremovesub-soilwater.Itincludesallpipesandfiltermaterialinthedrain.SurfaceDressingThesealingorresealingofthesurfaceofthecarriagewayorshouldersbymeansofoneormoresuccessiveapplicationsofbituminousbinderandchippings.TackCoatAbituminoustreatmentappliedtothesurfaceofanexistingbituminouslayerpriortotheconstructionofanewbituminouslayer.TendonTendonistheprestressingsteelconsistingofthebar,wireorstrandindividuallyplaced,orofbars,wiresorstrandsplacedinaduct,allofwhicharetensionedtoimpartprestresstoaconcretemember.TensioningTensioningistheactionofinducingandregulatingtheforceinatendonbymeansoftensioningandmeasuringequipment.TextureTreatmentTreatmento