Farf1 1會計準則概念框架

FARF1-1AccountingstandardsandconceptualFI-1-1ACCOUNTINGFI-1-2CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKSUNDERLYINGFINANCIALThreeSEC（SecuritiesandExchangeCommission）FASB（FinancialAccountingStandardsBoard）IASB（InternationalAccountingStandardsBoard）SECwasestablishedbytheSecuritiesExchangeActof1934SEChasthelegalauthoritytoestablishGAAPSECrelinquishedthetaskofestablishingGAAPtotheprivatesectorFASB（USGAAP=Codification,Rules-based）（F1-In1973FASBwasestablishedasanindependentfull-timeorganization.FASBdetermineGAAPsince1973（RelinquishedbySEC）7full-timeIASB（IFRS≈PRCGAAP,Principles-based）（F1-ThegoaloftheIFRSFoundationandtheIASBistodevelop,inthepublicinterest,asinglesetofhigh-quality,understandable,enforceableandgloballyacceptedfinancialreportingstandardsbaseduponclearlyarticulatedprinciples.EuropeanUnion,PRC,HK,Brazil,Russia,IASB/FASBConvergence（F1-Goal:Asinglesetofhigh-quality,internationalaccountingstandardsthatcompaniescanuseforbothdomesticandcross-borderfinancialreporting.Status:InInBeckermaterials,ifnodifferencebetweenIFRSandU.S.GAAPisnoted,thentheaccountingrulesaresubstantiallytheAdoptionofIFRSintheUnitedStates（F1--SECsupportstheIASB/FASBconvergenceU.S.GAAP=FASBACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSCONDIFICATION（F1-EffectiveJuly1,2009,theFASBAccountingStandardsCodificationbecametheSINGLEsourceofauthoritativenongovernmentalU.S.GAAP.NowU.S.GAAP=CodificationOr.Codification=U.S.WhatincludedintheCodification?（F1---RelevantportionsofthefollowingauthoritativepronouncementsissuedbytheSEC.OngoingStandard-SettingProcess（F1-5）ExposureAccountingStandardsUpdatesIntegrateintoF1-1-1ACCOUNTINGF1-1-2CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKSUNDERLYINGFINANCIALConceptualframeworkprovidesabasisforfinancialaccountingconceptsforenterprises.FASBconceptualframeworkcalledStatementsofFinancialAccountingConcepts（SFAC）.SFACservesasabasisforallFASBpronouncements.TheSFACarenotFASBandIASBhaveajointprojecttoconvergetheirfinancialreportingSFACNO.8ConceptualFrameworkforFinancialreportistheresultofconvergence.（F1-1objective,2Fundamental,41objective–Decisionuseful（F1-2fundamentalqualitativecharacteristics–FAR（FAithfulrepresentation+Relevance）（F1-4enhancingqualitativecharacteristics–Compareandverifyintimetounderstand（F1-1Objective:DECISIONSFACNO.8-chapter1:TheObjectiveofGeneralPurposeFinancialReporting（F1-Whomakedecision?PrimaryUsers（existingandpotentialinvestors,lenders,andothercreditors）Whatdecision?Whetherprovidingresourcestoreportingentity.Howuseful?usefinancialinformation（FI）toassessthereportingentity’sprospectsforfuturenetcashinflows2fundamentalqualitativecharacteristics–FAR（FAithfulrepresentation+Relevance）（F1-8）SFACNO.8-chapter3:QualitativeCharacteristicsofUsefulFinancialInformationFAR=FAithfulrepresentation+RelevanceRelevance–“Doesitrelatedtomydecision?”“PassingConfirmsMoney（PCM）”“ConfirmPredictivevalueisMaterial”（PCM）Predictivevalue:HelpmepredictfutureoutcomesConfirmingvalue:HelpmeevaluateearlierMateriality:Judgment.Ifanomissionormisstatementoftheinformationcouldaffectthedecisionmadebyusers,thenitisFaithfulRepresentation-“CanIdependon“CompletelyNeutralisFreefromerror”Completeness:Allfactsembeddedintheinformation.Neutrality:Freefrombias;focusisonobjectivityandFreedomfromError:Judgement.Wouldasufficientlyknowledgeablethirdpartyderivethesameresult?4enhancingqualitativecharacteristics–CompareandverifyintimetounderstandSFACNO.8-chapter3:QualitativeCharacteristicsofUsefulFinancialInformation4enhancingqualitativecharacteristic“CompareandVerifyinTimetoComparability（Consistency）:acrossentitiesorfromperiodtoperiod.Verifiability:Independentobserverscanreachconsensus.Timeliness:RecentenoughtoinfluenceUnderstandability:Comprehensiblebyauserwithreasonableunderstandingofbusiness.SFACNo.4,“ObjectivesofFinancialReportingbyNonbusinessOrganizations”（F1-10）Nonbusinessorganizations（Notforprofit）-Mostofresourcescomefromcontributionsandgrants（Non--Operatingpurposesareotherthanfor-LackownershipObjectivesisprovideusefulinformation-Makingresourceallocation-Assessingserviceandtheabilitytoprovide-Assessingmanagementstewardshipand-Thenatureandrelationshipofin/outflowofSFACNo.5,“RecognitionandMeasurementintheFinancialStatements”（F1-FullSetofFinancialStatementoffinancialposition（thebalancesheet）Statementofearnings（theincomestatement）Statementofcomprehensiveincome（IDEA+PUFER）StatementofcashflowsStatementofchangesinowners’MeasurementAttributesforAssetsandLiabilities（F1-Historicalcost（F2-42）:PP&ECurrentcost（F2-42）:InventoryNetrealizablevalue（F4-23）:A/RCurrentmarketvalue:MarketablePresentvalueoffuturecashflows:LTdebt“bonds”（SFACNo.7F1-4Assumptionsand6Principles（F1-12）“Egoup”+”CharmFAR”4Assumptions-“Egoup”EntityAssumptionGOingConcernAssumption（IFRS&GAAP）MonetaryUnitAssumptionPeriodicity4Assumptionsand6Principles（F1-12）“Egoup”+”CharmFAR”6Principles“CharmFAR”ConservatismPrincipleHistoricalCostPrincipleAccrualAccounting（IFRS&GAAP）RevenueRecognitionPrincipleMatchingFullDisclosureGoingConcernAssumption:continuetooperateintheforeseeablefuture.（12months）AccrualAccounting（basis）Vs.CashbasisAccrualbasisrecordsthetransactionsandeventsastheyoccur,notwhenthecashisreceivedorexpended.（F2-AccrualbasisemployrevenuerecognitionandmatchingCashbasisrecordsthetransactionsandeventsasthecashisreceivedorexpended,notwhenthetransactionsandeventsoccur.（F2-53）RevenuerecognitionPrinciple（F1--Recognition=recordedonthe-Earned=goodsorservicehasbeen-Realized=cashornearcash（AR）receivedMatchingPrinciple（F1-13）-Expensesarematchedagainsttherevenuesthey-MatchingistheheartandsoulofaccrualbasisSFACNo.6,“ElementsofFinancialStatements”Elements=thecomponentsoftheF/S.（F1-13）ComprehensiveIncome:CI=NI+OCII/S:Revenues,Expenses,Gains,LossesB/S:Assets,Liabilities,EquityExcludedfromCI:Investmentsbyowners,DistributionstoSFACNo.7,“UsingCashFlowInformationandPresentValueinAccountingMeasurements”（F1-15）“Presentvalueoffuturecashflows”is1of5measurementAttributesforAssetsandLiabilities.（F1-12point5）Whatissuetoberesolved?MEASUREMENTSFiveelementsofPV（F1-Fairvaluetiers:1sttierdeterminedinthemarketplace;2ndtierobtainanestimateoffairvalue（apresentvalueoffuturecashflows）PVcomputation（F1--TraditionalApproach:PVbonds,scheduledknown-ExpectedCashFlowApproach:PVwarranties,uncertainfutureLiabilityMeasurementConsidersAdditionalFactors:Costtosettle,CreditstandingofthecompanyCatch-upApproachReportingobjective:DecisionTip:FAR=FA+R=FaithfulRepresentation+RelevanceFA:CompletelyneutralisfreefromerrorR:ConfirmPredictivevalueisFARF1-2IncomeGaryFI-2-1IncomefromcontinuingF1-2-2DiscontinuedoperationsandexitordisposalactivitiesF1-2-3ExtraordinaryitemsF1-2-4Accountingchangesanderror“IDE”1sttierof“A”directlyflowtoRetainedearningsstatementCostandUnexpiredCosts（F1-17）CostistheamountactuallypaidforMostkindsofcostexpireincurrentperiodorinfuture-ExpiredcostbecomeexpenseofI/S.-UnexpiredcostbecomeassetsofB/S.-UnexpiredcostwillallocatedinasystematicandrationalmannerormatchedagainstRevenuesfromfutureperiodSeveralkindsofcostNEVERexpired“I”of“IDEA”isbeforeincometax“DEA”of“IDEA”areafterincometax2ndtierof“I”:BeforeTax（F1-18）2ndtierof“I”:BeforeTax（F1-18）Operatingactivities（GrossConcept,revenues,expenses）Non-operatingactivities（NetConcept,gains,losses）Incometaxes=current+deferred“DE”of“IDEA”areafterincometax（F1-“D”,Income（Loss）fromDiscontinuedOperations,NETof“E”,ExtraordinaryItems,NEToftax,UnusualinnatureInfrequentin（if“OR”,Incomefromcontinuingoperation）“A”of“IDEA”areafterincometax（F1-18）“A”,CumulativeEffectofChangeinAccountingPrinciple,NEToftax,ReportonstatementofretainedEarnings.TwotypesofincomestatementDoseI/Sreportoperatingresultsseparatelyfromnon-operating“YES”,MultiplestepI/S（F1-19）“NO”,SinglestepI/S（F1-20）Tip:Thekeyistofindtheline“Income（loss）fromoperations”FI-2-1IncomefromcontinuingoperationsF1-2-2DiscontinuedoperationsandexitordisposalactivitiesF1-2-3ExtraordinaryitemsF1-2-4AccountingchangesanderrorcorrectionsComponentofanEntity（F1-21）ApartofanOperationsandcashflowscanbeclearlydistinguishedfromtherestofentityTwotypesofcomponentqualified（F1-22）-Hasbeendisposedof,-Isclassifiedasheldfor6criteria（ALLmeet）（F1-ItemsincludedinResultsofDiscontinuedOperations（F1-ResultsofoperationsofthecomponentGain/LossondisposalofthecomponentImpairmentLoss（andsubsequentincreasesinfairvalue）PassKeyofDiscontinuedOperationsCalculation某component在X1年12月15日符合Discontinuedoperations-HFS條件,預(yù)計X2年6月dispose,則X1.12.31通常要計提Exitordisposalactivities（F1-25）-CostsInvoluntaryemployeeterminationcostsTerminatecontractcostsOthercosts-CriteriaforLiabilityRecognitionObligatingeventoccurredPresentobligationNodiscretionto--LiabilityMeasurement–FairFI-2-1IncomefromcontinuingF1-2-2DiscontinuedoperationsandexitordisposalactivitiesF1-2-3ExtraordinaryitemsF1-2-4AccountingchangesanderrorcorrectionsExtraordinaryitems,NEToftax（F1-27）:-UnusualANDInfrequent（expropriationbyIncomefromContinuingOperations,-UnusualORInfrequent（Salesofafactorybuilding）-NoextraordinaryPassKeyofExtraordinaryItemsExamplesofNon-extraordinaryItems.-Lossfrom-Largewrite-downsorwrite-offsofAR,Inventory,Intangibles,Long-term-Gain/lossfromdisposalof-Gain/Lossfromforeigncurrencytransactionsortranslation.FI-2-1IncomefromcontinuingoperationsF1-2-2DiscontinuedoperationsandexitordisposalactivitiesF1-2-3ExtraordinaryitemsF1-2-4AccountingchangesanderrorcorrectionsAccountingChangeclassifiedas:（F1-29）-EstimateChange--PrincipleChange-GR:Retrospective+SR:-EntityChange-RestateErrorCorrection–Restate-RealError–Shouldnotwrongatthat-Fromnon-GAAPmethodtoGAAPmethod（cashbasistoaccrualbasis）Tip:會計政策變更與會計估計變更的區(qū)別Tip:“是”，會計估計變更（05年底球型顯示器生產(chǎn)線的減值準備提少了）“否”，會計差錯更正（10年底球型顯示器生產(chǎn)線的減值準備提少了）ChangeInAccountingEstimate:（F1-itisdeterminedthattheestimatepreviouslyusedbythecompanyisincorrect.-Donotaffectpreviousperiods-OnlyaffectcurrentandfutureperiodChangeInAccountingPrinciple:（F1-30）FromoneaccountingprincipletoanotheracceptableaccountingprincipleGR:RetrospectiveAdjustingbeginningretainedearningsintheearliestperiodpresented.SR:-ChangeeffectimpracticabletoEstimate（to-ChangeinDepreciationChangeInAccountingEntity:（F1-Whentheentitybeingreportedonhaschangedcomposition.-AsifthenewcompositionhasexistedontheearliestperiodinF/S.IFRSdoesnotincludetheconceptofachangeinaccountingentity.ErrorCorrection:（F1-33）Two-RealError–Shouldnotwrongatthat-Fromnon-GAAPmethodtoGAAPmethod（cashbasistoaccrualbasis）AsiftheaccountingtreatmentiscorrectontheearliestperiodinF/S.IFRSdoesnotincludetheconceptofachangeinaccountingentity.I-beforetaxDEA–nettaxE–unusualandAccountingestimate/principle/entity-Estimate,-Principle,GR:-Entity,ErrorCorrection--FromNonGAAPtoGAAP/RealFARF1-3ComprehensiveGary5+1componentsofequityinB/S（F1-40,F7-CapitalstockAdditionalpaid-incapitalRetainedearningsordeficitAccumulatedothercomprehensiveincomeTreasuryNoncontrollinginterest（onlyconsolidatedF/S）NetIncome（NI）結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)到REOtherComprehensiveIncome（OCI）AOCINI與OCI是時期數(shù)（CI科目）RE與AOCI是時點數(shù)（B/S科目ComprehensiveIncome（CI）=NI+OCICI=Non-ownersourceschangeEquityChange=Ownersourceschange+Non-ownersourceschange=Ownersourceschange+CIPensionadjustmentsUnrealizedgainsandlossForeigncurrencyitemsEffectiveportioncashflowhedgesRevaluationsurplus（IFRSonly）ReclassificationAdjustmentFromAOCItoExample:UnrealizedgainsandlossofAFS（availableforsale）X1.1.1FVofAFS100K,AOCI0K;X1.12.31FVofAFSX2.6.30SalespriceofAFS150K.X1.12.31OCI20K，AOCI20KX2.12.31OCI0K,AOCI0K,RE20KreclassifiedfromAOCItoREC/IDisclosureSingle-Statement-（I+D+E）+Two-Statement--Astatementofchangeinequity（Endingin中國沒有I的概念。GA。中國沒有OCI的概念。PUFER中的項目跳過C/I，直接進入Equity. 《企業(yè)年金》U，資本公積－其他，第22號《金融資產(chǎn)確認》F， FARF1-4BalanceSheetandGaryB/S:Asset=Liability+Equity（F1-Asset/Liability內(nèi)部分類要求是區(qū)分:CurrentNoncurrentitem.Asset方面防止將NCA劃分為CA（FAR+AUD）Liability方面防止將CL劃分為NCL考點：DTA（DeferredTaxAsset）與DTL（DeferredTaxLiability）的流動性與非流動性分；L下的refinance安排,如F/S附注分為四大必要部分SummaryofSignificantAccountingPoliciesRelatedPartyDisclosureDisclosureofRisksandUncertaintiesRemainingNotestotheF/S考點：AreaccompanyingnotesanintegralpartoftheseSummaryofSignificantAccounting“SummaryofsignificantAccountingpolicies”+“Organizationandprincipalactivities”,通常是報表附注中的頭兩條重要會計政策除F1-41中所列舉的，還包括以下較重要部分：Recentlyissuedaccountingpronouncements,combination,Fairvalue,Significantrisksanduncertainties,Impairment,Goodwill,NoncontrollingRelatedParty-PrincipalownersarerelatedpartyinGAAPbutnotin-KeymanagementcompensationarrangementsdonotrequiredisclosureinGAAP.ButdorequireddiscloseforpubliccompanyinUSorIFRSDisclosureofRisksand-Vulnerabilityduetocertainconcentrations（customer,supplier,market,particularproducts）RemainingNotestotheFinancialStatement-Allotherinformationrelevanttodecision-Contingency-Contractual-Post-balancesheetFARF1-5InterimFinancialGaryNotrequired,butthereareInterimfinancialreportshouldadopttheaccountingprinciplesthatwereusedinthemostrecentannualreport.MatchingofrevenuesandexpensesbyquarterOnlyinterimreporting,timelinessoverreliabilityIntegralpartofannualF/SIncome-Rate–estimatedeffectivetaxrateoffull-Expense–catchupOthers（selfstudy）FARF1-6SegmentGaryF/Sobject:provideusefulinformationfordecisionSegmentreporting:providemoredetailedandusefulinformationfordecisionmaking.Requiredforallpublicenterprises.UsesameaccountingprinciplesasmainI/C（Intercompany）transactionsNOTeliminatedforsegmentI/CtransactionsMUSTeliminatedforconsolidation.IdentifysegmentusemanagementChiefOperatingDecisionMakeristhemanagementThefunctiondecidebelowpointsare-Allocatingresource,-AssessingHowCODMdecidesegment–a-DiscreteF/I（traceablecash-Earnrevenueandincur-Regularreviewedby-HQ（headquarter）&PensionNOT10%SizeTest（OR+Co