關(guān)節(jié)學(xué)總論,中軸骨連接()

ChaptertwoArthrology關(guān)節(jié)學(xué)down李靜DepartmentofAnatomy

1.掌握滑膜關(guān)節(jié)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)、輔助結(jié)構(gòu)及其運(yùn)動(dòng)和分類。2.掌握脊柱的組成及椎骨間的連結(jié)。3.掌握骨性胸廓的組成，胸廓上、下口的形態(tài)及圍成。4.掌握顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)的組成、結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)及運(yùn)動(dòng)。5.了解肋與脊柱及胸骨的連結(jié)。目的和要求

Section1Thegeneraldescription

Thebonesareconnectedtogetherbymeansoffibrousconnectivetissue,cartilaginous軟骨orosseous骨tissuesatdifferentpartsoftheirsurfaces,andsuchaconnectionarecalledthejointorarticulation.Thejointsarefunctionaljunctionsbetweenbones,theycanbeclassifiedintotwomaintypesaccordingtotheirjunctionformviz.：

Ⅰ）Continuousjoints直接連結(jié)

Ⅱ）Discontinuousjoints間接連結(jié)一、Continuousjoints直接連結(jié)（一）Fibrousjoints纖維連結(jié)

Bonesareunitedbyfibrousconnectivetissue.

Syndesmosis

韌帶連結(jié)

Suture縫（二）Cartilaginousjoints軟骨連結(jié)

Bonesareunitedbycartilage.Synchondrosis透明軟骨結(jié)合Symphysis

纖維軟骨聯(lián)合

（三）Synosteosis骨性結(jié)合二、Articulation（關(guān)節(jié)）andSynovialjoints

（滑膜關(guān)節(jié)）

Basicstructures(基本構(gòu)造)Articularsurface:coveredby

articularcartilage（關(guān)節(jié)面）Articularcapsule（關(guān)節(jié)囊）FibrousmembraneSynovialmembrane

Articularcavity:（關(guān)節(jié)腔）containingatraceofsynovialfluid;subatmosphericpressureinit

Accessorystructures（輔助結(jié)構(gòu)）Ligaments(lig.):（韌帶）extra-andintracapsularligamentsArticulardiscandarticularlabrum（關(guān)節(jié)盤與唇）Synovialfoldandsynovialbursa（滑膜襞與滑膜囊）FunctionMovementsofjoints關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)Translation移動(dòng)Flexionandextension屈和伸

Adductionandabduction收和展Rotation旋轉(zhuǎn)Medialandlateralrotation旋內(nèi)和旋外Pronationandsupination旋前和旋后Inversionandeversion足內(nèi)翻和足外翻Circumduction環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)Classificationofsynovialjoints（Selfstudy）UniaxialjointsBiaxialjointsMultiaxialjointsJointlearningresearchandapplication關(guān)節(jié)學(xué)的研究和應(yīng)用Diagnosisandtreatment診斷與與治療ResearchandDevelopmentofArtificialjointsandArtificialLimb人造關(guān)節(jié)和假肢的研制和開發(fā)

Section2Thejointoftheaxialbones中軸骨連結(jié)IncludejointsofthetrunksbonesandtheskullArticulationsofBonesofTrunk

軀干骨的連結(jié)TheVertebralColumnTheThoracicCage(一)TheVertebralColumn

脊柱

Thevertebralcolumnconsistsof24vertebrae,thesacrum,andthecoccyx.

ConjunctionofintervertebreaJiontsofthevertebralbodiesJiontsofthevertebralarchesCompositionJointsofthevertebralbodies

椎體間的連結(jié)Intervertebraldiscs椎間盤

Anteriorlongitudinalligament

前縱韌帶Posteriorlongitudinalligament

后縱韌帶Jointsofthevertebralbodies

椎體間的連結(jié)Intervertebraldiscs椎間盤

Betweenbodiesofadjacentvertebrae.Composed

of:Nucleuspulposus髓核(aninnersoft,pulpy,highlyelasticstructure.)Annulusfibrosus纖維環(huán)

(anouterfibrousringconsistingoffibrocartilage.)Heminationofnucleuspulposus

髓核脫出Anteriorlongitudinalligament

前縱韌帶

Maintainsstabilityoftheintervertebraldiscandpreventshyperextensionofthevertebralcolumn.Posteriorlongitudinalligament后縱韌帶

Preventshyperflexionofthevertebralcolumnandposteriorprotrusionofthediscs.Jointsofthevertebralbodies

椎體間的連結(jié)

Jointsofthevertebralarches

椎弓間的連結(jié)Jointedbythezygapophysiajointsandbytheaccessoryligamentsthatconnectthelaminaeandallprocess.椎弓板、棘突、橫突間的韌帶上、下關(guān)節(jié)突間的滑膜關(guān)節(jié)

Jointsofthevertebralarches

椎弓間的連結(jié)Ligamentaflava黃韌帶―elasticligament,unitelaminaeofadjacentvertebrae,andcompletetheposteriorwallofvertebralcanal;tendtopreventhyperflexionofthevertebralcolumn.Interspinalligament

棘間韌帶Supraspinalligament

棘上韌帶Ligamentumnuchae

項(xiàng)韌帶

Intertansverseligament

橫突間韌帶

Zygapophysialjoint

關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)Atlantooccipitaljoint

寰枕關(guān)節(jié)BetweensuperiorarticulatingsurfacesofatlasandoccipitalcondylesSupportedbymembrancesandligamentsthatjoinoccipitalboneandatlasAction―noddingofhead,lateraltiltingofheadAtlantoaxialjoint寰樞關(guān)節(jié)ThreesynovialjointsbetweenatlasandaxisSupportedbyligamentsAction―allowatlas(andhead)topivotontheaxisandvertebralcolumnThevertebralcolumnasawholeViewedanteriorlyViewedposteriorlyViewedlaterallyPhysiologicalcurvesofvertebralcolumnCervicalcurve頸曲

(forwards)Thoraciccurve胸曲

(backwards)Lumbarcurve腰曲(forwards)Sacralcurve骶曲

(backwards)NeckChestWaistSacral“C”shaped“