虛擬語氣及特殊用法

虛擬語氣語氣（mood）是一種動詞形式，用以表示說話者的意圖或態(tài)度。英語中的語氣有三種：陳述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。直陳語氣（indicativemood）,表示所說的話是事實。祈使語氣（imperativemood）,表示所說的話是請求或命令。虛擬語氣（subjunctivemood）,表示說的話不是事實，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而是一種愿望、建議或與事實相反的假設(shè)等。虛擬語氣在條件句中的應(yīng)用學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法之前我們必須清楚條件句的種類條件句有真實條件句與非真實條件句（或稱虛擬條件句）兩種。真實條件句所表的假設(shè)是可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的，句中的條件從句與結(jié)果主句都用陳述語氣。如：Ifitdoesn'traintomorrow,Iwillgoforapicnic.假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。Oilfloatsifyoupouritonwater.你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起來。虛擬條件句所表的假設(shè)則是不可能或不大可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的句中的條件從句與結(jié)果主句皆須用虛擬語氣。與現(xiàn)在事實相反與過去事實相反與將來事實可能相反條件從句If主語+動詞過去式（與現(xiàn)在事實相反與過去事實相反與將來事實可能相反條件從句If主語+動詞過去式（be的過去式用were）If主語+had+過去分詞If主語+動詞過去式（be的過去式用were）；should+動詞原形；wereto+動詞原形主句should(would,might,could)+動詞原形should(would,might,could)+have+過去分詞should(would,might,could)+動詞原形與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬條件句，條件從句的謂語用動詞的過去式（be的過去式用were）,主句的謂語用should（would,might,could）+動詞原形。如：了。Ifitwerenotraining,weshouldgoforapicnic.如果現(xiàn)在不下雨的話，我們就出去野餐了。（事實是：天在下雨，我們不能出去野餐。表示愿望。）Ifhecamehere,hemightbeabletohelpyou.如果他來這，他就能夠幫助你了。（事實是：他沒來這，他不可能幫助你。表示對他的良好印象。）與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句，條件從句的謂語用had+過去分詞，主句的謂語用should（would,might,could）+have+過去分詞。女口： Shewouldhavegonetothepartyifshehadbeeninvited.要是當(dāng)初她被邀請的話，她就會去參加這次聚會了。（事實是：當(dāng)時沒有人邀請她，因此，她沒有來參加聚會。表示后悔。）Ifshehadn'tcalledme,Iwouldhaveoversleptthismorning.今天早上，她要是不叫我的話，我就會睡過頭了。（事實是：她今天早上叫我了，我沒有睡過頭。表示感激。）與將來事實可能相反的虛擬條件句條件從句的謂語用動詞的過去式（be的過去式用were）;should+動詞原形;wereto+動詞原形，主句用should（would,might,could）+動詞原形。女口： IfIweretobetwentyyearsoldnextyear,IwouldtakethecourseofFrench.明年我要是二十歲，我就會學(xué)法語。（事實是：我現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)老了，明年我學(xué)不了法語了。）Ifitshouldfail,Iwouldtryagain.要是失敗了，我會再試一次。（事實是：有可能失敗，可我會再試。表示未知。）虛擬過去式有時并不表示“不大可能實現(xiàn)的假設(shè)”，而是表示一種希望或不希望發(fā)生的動作。女口： Ifwecaughttheearlytrain,we'dgettherebylunchtime.假如我們趕上早班火車，到午飯時間我們就會到達(dá)那里了。（表希望）Ifwemissedthetrain,weshouldhavetowaitanhouratthestation.假如我們趕不上這班火車，我們就得在車站等一小時。（表不希望）混合型的條件句當(dāng)條件從句與主句所表的時間不一致時，虛擬語氣的形式應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。主句和從句的謂語動詞并不相互呼應(yīng)，這種條件句叫混合條件句。較多見的混合型條件句是從句用過去完成時（指過去行為），而主句用一般時（指目前狀態(tài)）。Hewouldpassthetestifhehadtakenmyadvice.如果他聽了我的勸告，他現(xiàn)在會通過考試。IfIhadspokentohimyesterday,Ishouldknowwhattodonow.假如昨天我對他說了，現(xiàn)在我就知道該怎么辦了。Youwouldbemuchbetternowifyouhadtakenmyadvice.假如你接受了我的意見，你現(xiàn)在就會好得多。如條件從句用ifIwere..?，主句則可用表任何時間的虛擬形式。女口： IfIwerenotbusy,Iwouldhavecome.假如我不忙，我就會去了。（were表過去）IfIwereyou,Iwouldgo.假如我是你，我會去的。（were表現(xiàn)在）連詞if的省略如果虛擬條件句的謂語部分有were，had和should時，可省略if,把were，had和should放到從句主語前面去，多見于書面語。Hadyounothelpedme，Ishouldhavefailed.要是沒有你的幫助，我就失敗了。Wereyouinmyposition,youwoulddothesame.假如你處在我的地位，你也會這樣干的。Shouldtheyattackus,we'llwipethemoutcompletely.假如他們進(jìn)攻我們，我們就把他們徹底消滅干凈。含蓄條件句虛擬條件句中的條件從句有時不表出來只暗含在上下文中這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句大體有三種情況。1） 條件暗含在短語中。女口：Butforyourhelpwecouldn'thavesucceededintheexperiment.如果沒有你的幫助，我們的實驗是不會成功的。（暗含在分詞短詞butforyourhelp）WhatwouldIhavedonewithoutyou?如沒有你，我會怎么辦呢？（條件暗含在介詞短語withoutyou中）Itwouldbeeasiertodoitthisway.這樣做會比較容易。（條件暗含在不定式短語todoitthisway中）Hemusthavethestrengthofahippo,orhenevercouldhavevanquishedthatgreatbeast.他一定是力大如河馬，否則他絕不會擊敗那只龐大的野獸。（暗含條件是連詞or）Alone,hewouldhavebeenterrified.如是單獨一人，他是會感到害怕的。（暗含條件是alone）2） 條件暗含在上下文中。如：Youmightstayhereforever.你可以永遠(yuǎn)待在這兒。（可能暗含ifyouwantedto） 、Wewouldhavesucceeded.我們本來是會成功的。（可能暗含ifwehadkepttrying）Yourreputationwouldberuined.你的名譽(yù)會敗壞的。（可能暗含ifyoushouldacceptit）3） 在不少情況下，虛擬式已變成習(xí)慣說法，很難找出其暗含的條件。如： Youwouldn'tknow.你不會知道。Iwouldliketocome.我愿意來。不用if引導(dǎo)的條件從句虛擬條件句中的條件從句除用if引外，還可用when,unless,lest,suppose,asif,forfear,incase,oncondition等詞語來引導(dǎo)。女口：Thepeasantspreparedtofeedthecitywhenitshouldbefreed.農(nóng)民已準(zhǔn)備在這座城市解放后供給糧食。Lestyoushouldnothaveheardall,Ishallbeginatthebeginning.我怕你沒有聽全，所以我再從頭開始講一遍。UnlessIwerewell,Iwouldn'tbeatschool.除非我好了，否則我不會上學(xué)。SupposeyouweregivenachaneetostudyinAmerica,wouldyouaccept?假如給你一個到美國學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會，你會接受嗎？（suppose或supposing=whatif）Supposingitwereso？（=Supposingitwereso，whatwouldhappen?）要是這樣的話，會怎么樣呢？Hecanusethebicycleonconditionthatheshouldreturnittomorrow.如果明天能還回來，他就可以借用這輛自行車。 _IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeofmypromise如果我忘了，請?zhí)嵝盐业闹Z言。Susaniswalkingslowly,asifsheweretired.蘇珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。與if—樣，上述詞語所引導(dǎo)的條件從句亦可用直陳語氣，表可能實現(xiàn)或發(fā)生的事。虛擬語氣補(bǔ)充講解虛擬語氣除主要用于條件句（也就是狀語從句）外，還可用于主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、定語從句等。虛擬語氣在主語從句中的應(yīng)用“常用在Itis（was）+形容詞/過去分詞+that引導(dǎo)的主語從句”的句型中的主語從句要用虛擬語氣。主語從句的謂語用should+動詞原形（或should+have+過去分詞）或只用動詞原形（尤其是美國英語）。should在此是助動詞，本身并無實義，這種主語從句中的should有時有感情色彩。It'simportantthatwe（should）workoutaplan.（帶有“要求”的含義）It'sbetterthathegoatonee.（帶有“建議”的意思）☆用于本句型的形容詞并不多，常見形容詞有：necessary，important，best,right,impossible，preferable，desirable,imperative,advisable，essential，reserved，urgent，等。Itisneeessarythathe（should）besentthereatonce.It'sstrangethatheshouldsayso.wasgladthatheshouldgo.Itisimportantthatweshouldspeakpolitely.Itisapitythatsheshouldfaresobadly.It'srightthatyoushouldthinkthatway.☆用于本句型中的過去分詞就是表示提議要求、命令等動詞的過去分詞，如suggested,settled,required,requested,demanded,urged,decided,proposed,ordered,desired,advised等。ItisrequestedthatProfessorLiu（should）giveusalecture.Itisdesiredthatwe（should）geteverythingreadybytonight.I'mashamedyoushouldhavedonesuchathing.Ithasbeensuggestedthatthemeeting（should）beputoff.有人建議推遲會議。Itissettledthatyouleaveus,then?注意：這種句型中的主語從句也可用陳述語氣，如:Itwasimportantthathemadeanexplicitstatementonthisscorelastweek.他上個星期對于這一方面做了明確的說明，這是很重要的。虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的應(yīng)用1） .賓語從句在表示提議、要求、命令、意志等動詞后，其謂語用should+動詞原形或只用動詞原形的虛擬語氣作為suggest.request,demand,urge.propose,prefer,advise,insist,require,order,command,maintain,ask,object,arrange,desire等動詞的賓語。如：Thedoctorsuggestedthathenotgothere.醫(yī)生建議他不要去那里。Hesuggestedthatweshouldleaveearly.他建議我們早點動身。Thejudgeorderedthattheprisonershouldberemanded.法官命令被告還押。2） .wish的賓語的從句，表示愿望，常省去連詞thato☆從句的謂語動詞可用過去式，表示現(xiàn)在的愿望（與現(xiàn)在事實相反），雖實現(xiàn)的可能性不大，但仍有實現(xiàn)的可能。Iwishitweretrue.我但愿這是真的。☆從句的謂語動詞還可用“could（would,might）+動詞原形”用來表示將來的愿望IwishyouwouldstayalittleIonger.我希望你再待一會兒。☆表示無能為力的過去愿望（與過去事實相反），可用“had+過去分詞”或“could（would,might）+have+過去分詞”Iwishyouhadcalledyesterday.我希望你昨天來過電話。WewishyouhadcometoourNewYear'sparty.我們真希望你來參加了我們的新年聯(lián)歡會。3） .wouldrather,wouldsooner等表示愿望，其賓語從句常用虛擬過去式?！畋硎九c現(xiàn)在和將來含義事實相反的虛擬語氣要用動詞的過去式☆用過去完成式（had+過去分詞）表示過去事實相反的含義Iwouldratheryoucametomorrow.我寧愿你明天來。I'dsoonershelefttheheavyendoftheworktosomeoneelse我寧愿她把重活留給別人。 4） .有些動詞，如think,expect,believe其否定式的賓語從句亦可用should+動詞原形。如：Ineverthoughtheshouldrefuse.我萬沒有想到他會拒絕。Shedidnotexpectthatyoushouldcome.她沒有預(yù)料你會來。虛擬語氣在表語從句中的應(yīng)用名詞suggestion，proposal,order，advice，demand等作主語，其后的表語從句中的謂語動詞一般使用虛擬語氣，用should+動詞原形或省略should。Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)sendafewsoldierstohelpthem.我的建議是我們應(yīng)派幾個戰(zhàn)士去增援他們。Myadviceisthatyou(should)treatherwell. 我的忠告是你應(yīng)該善待她。Hemakesthedemandthatshe(should)leavetheplaceatonce.他提出一個要求，要求她立刻離開這個地方。Mysuggestionisthatweshouldtellhim.我的建議是我們應(yīng)該告訴他。Ouronlyrequestisthatthisshouldbesettledassoonaspossible.我們唯一的請求就是盡快解決這個問題。注意：虛擬語氣也可以用于同位語從句。女口：TherewasasuggestionthatBrownshouldbedroppedfromtheteam有—項建議是布朗應(yīng)該離隊。虛擬語氣在定語從句中的應(yīng)用常用在Itistime(that)…句型中，定語從句常用虛擬過去式Itistimethechildrenwenttobed. 孩子們早該上床睡覺了。(表示催促)It'shightimethathebegantothinkhowtodealwithmoney.他早該開始考慮如何與錢打交道。Itistimeweleft.我們該走了。Itistimewewenttobed.我們該去睡覺了。虛擬式動詞原形亦常用在獨立句中，表愿望LonglivetheCommunistPartyofChina!中國共產(chǎn)黨萬歲！Godblessyou!上帝保佑你。Goddamnit!該死的！Thedeviltakeyou!見鬼去吧！Sobeitthen.就那樣吧。虛擬時態(tài)與謂語動詞時態(tài)的關(guān)系:從句中的虛擬時態(tài)往往不受全句謂語時態(tài)的影響。用于主語從句。試比較：Itisimportantthatheshouldknowaboutthis.他必須知道此事。Itwasimportantthatheshouldknowaboutthis.他必須知道此事。用于賓語從句。試比較：Isuggestthatweshouldgotomorrow.我建議我們明天走。Isuggestedthatweshouldgothenextday.我建議我們第二天走。Shesaid,"IfIwereaboyIwouldjointhearmy."她說，"我如是男孩，就參軍。：Shesaidthatifshewereaboy,shewouldjointhearmy.她說她如是男孩就參軍。但強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在時刻的虛擬式在間接引語中需要遵守時態(tài)一致的原則。試比較："IfIknewhowitworked,Icouldtellyouwhattodo,"hesaid."假如我知道它是如何運行的話，我就會告訴你該怎么辦,"他說道。Hesaidthatifhehadknownhowitworkedhecouldhavetoldmewhattodo.他說假如他知道它是如何運行的話，他就會告訴我該怎么辦。"IfIknewtheanswertoallyourquestionsrdbeagenius,"hesaid.“我如知道你所有問題的答案，我就是天才了?！彼f道。Hesaidthatifheknewtheanswertoallmyquestions,he'dbeagenius.他說他如知道我所有問題的答案，他就是天才了。但如果全句謂語是虛擬語氣，其后從句的時態(tài)則多受其影響，現(xiàn)在時態(tài)應(yīng)隨之而變?yōu)檫^去時態(tài)。如：Iwouldthinkhewaswrong.我看他是錯了。(須用was,試比較：Ithinkheiswrong)Itwouldseemthatshewasright.她似乎是對的。(須用was,試比較：Itseemsthatsheisright)

專項練習(xí)1:enjoyedthemovieverymuch.IwishI thebookfromwhichitwasmade.A.haveread B.hadreadC.shouldhaveread D.arereadingYouarelate.Ifyou afewminutesearlier,you him.A.come;wouldmeet B.hadcome;wouldhavemetC.come;willmeet D.hadcome;wouldmeetThetwostudentstalkedasifthey friendsforyears.A.shouldbe B.wouldbeC.havebeen D.hadbeen4.ltisimportantthatI withMr.Williamsimmediately.A.speak B.spokeC.willspeak D.tospeakHelookedasifhe illforalongtime.A.was B.WereC.hasbeen D.hadbeen6.lfthedoctorhadcomeearlier,thepoorchildwouldnot B.havebeenliedtherefortwohoursD.havelaintherefortwohoursA.havelaidtherefortwohoursC.haveliedtherefortwohourslie-lay-lain躺B.havebeenliedtherefortwohoursD.havelaintherefortwohourslie-lied-lied說謊lay-laid-laid下蛋wishthatI withyoulastnight.A.went B.couldgoC.havegoneD.couldhavegoneLet'ssayyoucouldgothereagain,how feel?A.willyou B.shouldyouC.wouldyou D.doyoucan'tstandhim.Healwaystalksasthoughhe everything.A.knew B.knowsC.hasknown D.hadknownthefog,weshouldhavereachedourschool.A.BecauseofB.InspiteofC.IncaseofD.Butfor11.Ifyouhadtoldmeinadvanee,I himattheairport.A.wouldmeet B.wouldhadmetC.wouldhavemet D.wouldhavemeet12.Mikecantakehiscarapartandputitbacktogetheragain.Icertainlywishhe mehow.A.teaches B.willteachC.hastaught D.wouldteachwouldhavetoldhimtheanswer,haditbeenpossible,butI sobusythen.A.hadbeen B.wereC.was D.wouldbe14.He'sworkinghardforfearthathe .A.shouldfallbehind B.fellbehindC.mayfallbehind D.wouldfallenbehind15.Ifit anothertenminutes,thegamewouldhavebeencalledoff.A.hadrained B.wouldhaverainedC.haveseen D.rainedHesuggestedthatthey useatrickinsteadoffighting.A.should B.wouldC.do D.hadMyfatherdidnotgotoNewYork;thedoctorsuggestedthathe there.A.notwent B.won'tgoC.notgo D.nottogowouldhavegonetothemeetingifI time.A.hadhad B.havehadC.had D.wouldhavehadWouldyouratherI buyinganewbike?wouldrathersb.didsth.A.decidedagainst B.willdecideagainstC.havedecided D.shalldecideagainstYoulooksotiredtonight.Itistimeyou .A.gotosleep B.wenttosleepC.gotobed D.wenttobed一Whydidn'tyoubuyanewcar?一IwouldhaveboughtoneifI enoughmoney.A.had B.havehadC.wouldhave D.hadhad22.lfshecouldsew, .A.shemakeadress B.shewouldhavemadeashirtC.shewillmakeashirt D.shewouldhadmadeacoat today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.Wouldheleave??? B.WasheleavingC.Werehetoleave D.IfheleavesHisdoctorsuggestedthathe ashorttripabroad.A.willtake B.wouldtakeC.take D.tookTheBakersarrivedlastnight.Ifthey'donlyletusknowearlier, atthestation.A.we'dmeetthem B.we'llmeetthemC.we'dhavemetthem D.we'vemetthem26.IfI you,I moreattentiontoEnglishidiomsandphrases.A.was;shallpay B.am;willpayC.wouldbe;wouldpay D.were;wouldpayWemighthavefailedifyou usahelpinghand.A.havenotgiven B.wouldnotgiveC.hadnotgiven D.didnotgiveThelawrequiresthateveryone hiscarcheckedatleastonceayear.A.has B.hadC.have D.willhave29.Itisstrangethathe so.A.wouldsay B.wouldspeakC.shouldsay D.willspeakHadIknownhername, A.ordoessheknowmine? B.andwheredoesshelive?C.shewouldbebeautiful. D.Iwouldhaveinvitedhertolunch.Hehasjustarrived,buthetalksasifhe allaboutthat.A.know B.knowsC.known D.knew32.IfI themoney,Iwouldhaveboughtamuchbiggercar.A.possessed B.ownedC.had D.hadhadHewasverybusyyesterday;otherwise,he tothemeeting.A.wouldcome B.cameC.wouldhavecome D.willcomeThelibrarianinsiststhatJohn nomorebooksfromthelibrarybeforehereturnsallthebookshehasborrowed.A.willtake B.tookC.take D.takesleftveryearlylastnight,butIwishI soearly.A.didn'tleave B.hadn'tleftC.haven'tleft D.couldn'tleavedonothaveajob.IwouldfindonebutI notime.A.had B.didn'thaveC.hadhad D.havewishthatyou suchabadheadachebecauseI'msurethatyouwouldhaveenjoyedtheconcert.A.hadn't B.didn'thavehadC.hadn'thad D.hadn'thaveHeinsistedthatweall inhisofficeatoneo'clock.A.be B.tobeC.wouldbe D.shallbeHelencouldn'tgotoFranceafterall.That'stoobad.I'msureshewouldhaveenjoyeditif .A.she'sgone B.she'llgoC.she'dgone D.she'dgo專項練習(xí)2:.Hisdoctorsuggestedthathe ashortleaveofabsenee.A.willtakeB.wouldtakeC.takeD.took.Thejobwouldrequirethat at7o'clockeverymorning.A.hewillbeatthefactoryB.hebeatthefactoryC.hewasatthefactory D.hehasbeenatthefactory.Youradvicethatshe tillnextweekisreasonable.A.willwaitB.isgoingtowaitC.waitsD.wait.Thehousemasterwasstrict.Herequestedthatwe televisiononweeknights.A.notwatch B.mustnottowatchC.notbewatching D.havenotwatched.Itisnecessarythat aworker hisworkontime.A.accomplishes B .canaccomplishC.accomplish D .hasaccomplished.Itisimportantthathe hisdecisionbeforeFriday.A.willmakeB.makesC.makeD.mustmake.Youlooksotired.It'stimeyou .A.gotosleep B.wenttosleepC.gotobed D.wenttobed.I'dratheryou anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.A.doB.didn'tdo C.don'tD.didn't.Butforwater,it impossibletoliveinthedesert.A.isB.wasC.wereD.wouldn'tbe. it foryourhelp,Icouldn'thavemadeanyprogress.A.Had;notbeen B.Should;notbeenC.Did;notbeen D.Not;beLong theParty!A.livesB.live C.willliveD.shouldlive.MaryinsistedthatTom hertheringback.A.givesB.giveC.given D.havegiven.Mysuggestionwasthatthemeeting offtillnextweek.A.toput B.beputC.shouldput D.beputting.MothersuggestedthatI myhomeworkfirstbeforewatchingTV.A.did B.do C.shalldoD.havedone.Heinsistedthatnothing tillhearrived.A.mustbestarted B.oughttobestartedC.couldbestarted D.shouldbestarted.TomsuggeststhatAnn thehouse.A.cansellB.sells C.sellD.sold.It'sbetterthathe itfromyou.A.'llhearB.hearsC.shouldhearD.heard.Itwasnecessarythathe aboutwhathadhappened.A.betoldB.wastoldC.shouldtellD.tell.It'sastonishingthatshe sadatnewsthatithasnothingtodowithher.A.feltB.shouldfeelC.'llfeelD.wouldfeel.Itwasstrangethatwe shortofwaterinthecountrywhereitwasalwaysraining.A.areB.be C.shouldbeD.bothBandC.Itisstrangethatshe marrysuchanuglyman.A.wouldB.should C.shallD.must.It'snotrightthatthemeeting offtilltomorrow.A.mustbeputB.mustputC.willbeputD.beput.Itwasimpossiblethathe thetrain,forhehadstartedoutveryearly.A.couldhavemissed B.musthavemissedC.shouldhavemissed D.shouldmiss.It'sapitythathe suchagoodchanee.A.shouldmissB.shouldhavemissedC.hasmissedD.alltheabove.Hetriedtofindsomeexcuseforthedebt,butIinsistedthathe itoffatonce.A.mustpayB.oughttopayC.paidD.pay.Mr.Fordinsistedthathe right,thoughtheothersdidn'tthinkso.A.shoulddoB.shouldhavedoneC.haddoneD.did.Hispalefacesuggestedthathe thesadnews.A.shouldbetold B.shouldhavebeentoldC.wastold D.hadbeentold.Hesuggestedthatwe hereatonce.A.shouldleaveB.mustleave C.leftD.oughttoleave.Myorderisthateveryone theirownworkintime.A.mustcompleteB.completed C.completesD.complete.We'vemadethedecisionthatwe attheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning.A.willgather B.areabouttogatherC.wouldgather D.shouldgather.----rilbewaitingforyouathome.---- Iwerebusyandcouldn'tcome?A.WhatifB.WhatwhenC.HowifD.Howwhen.Afterhewaspraisedforwhathehaddone,hesaid,"I evenbetterunderharderconditions.”A.woulddoB.wouldhavedoneC.didD.haddone.Ithasbeenrainingforaday,buteventhoughit ,we therebytomorrow.A.hadn'trained,couldn'tget B.hadn'trained,can'tgetC.didn'train,couldn'tget D.didn'train,can'tget.Wecouldnothavesucceeded yourhelp.A.butfor B.withoutC.ifithadnotbeenfor D.alltheabove.Idaresayheisnotyourtruefriend,becauseatruefriend differentlywhenyouwereintrouble.A.acted B.hadactedC.wouldactD.wouldhaveacted專項練習(xí)1:1—5BBDAD 6—10DDCAD 11—15CDCAA16—20ACAAD21—25DBCCC 26—30DCCCD 31—35DDCCB36—39DCAC解析：wish后面用虛擬語氣，表示與過去事實相反用過去完成時。條件句表示與過去事實相反，主句用過去將來完成時，從句用過去完成時。asif后面如果表示真實情況就不用虛擬。4.ltisimportantthat是主語從句的虛擬語氣，從句用sb.shoulddo的形式。5.asif后面是真實情況，不虛擬。6.lain是lie的過去分詞，表示“躺”。7.couldhavedone表示“本來可以”。8?與將來相反的虛擬語氣，主句用過去將來時。asif表示不可能發(fā)生的事情時用虛擬語氣。butfor表示“要不是 的話”，通常與虛擬語氣搭配使用。11.inadvanee表示“事先”，表示與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣。wish的賓語從句表示發(fā)生在將來的愿望用過去將來時。but的并列句表示真實情況，不用虛擬語氣。forfearthat后面的狀語從句用sb.shoulddo的形式。表示與過去事實相反，主句用過去將來完成時，從句用過去完成時。suggest后面的賓語從句用sb.shoulddo的形式。suggest后面的從句用sb.shoulddo的形式，should可以省略。表示與過去事實相反，從句用過去完成時。wouldrather的賓語從句用sb.did的形式。20.ltistime后面的定語從句用sb.did的形式。第一個had是過去完成時，第二個had表示“有”。wouldhavedone是過去將來完成時，表示與過去相反的虛擬語氣。23?這是虛擬語氣的倒裝形式，把if去掉，助動詞提前。suggest后面的從句用sb.shoulddo的形式，should可以省略。表示與過去事實相反，主句用過去將來完成時。在虛擬語氣中，不管什么人稱，be動詞都要用were的形式。表示與過去事實相反，從句用過去完成時。require后面的從句用sb.shoulddo的形式，should可以省略。29.ltisstrangethat是主語從句的虛擬語氣，從句用sb.shoulddo的形式。hadIknown是與過去相反的虛擬語氣的倒裝形式。asif表示不可能發(fā)生的事情時用虛擬語氣。第一個had是過去完成時，第二個had表示“有”。33.otherwise經(jīng)?？梢源钆涮摂M語氣，表示與過去事實相反。34.當(dāng)insist表示“堅持認(rèn)為”時不用虛擬形式。wish后面用虛擬語氣，表示與過去事實相反用過去完成時。but的并列句表示真實情況，不用虛擬語氣。wish后面用虛擬語氣，表示與過去事實相反用過去完成時。當(dāng)insist表示“堅持要求”時從句用虛擬形式。表示與過去事實相反，從句用過去完成時。專項練習(xí)2:參考答案：1.C2.B3.D4.A5.C.B12.B13.B14.B.Dinsist作“要求別人做某事"解，其賓語從句用should型虛擬語氣。.C這種should型虛擬語氣，有時可將should省略，因此，C項的sell不能有人稱變化。.C本句話有"要求”的意思，故選Co.AC、D為主動，在此不妥。.B選B表示了說話人帶有一種十分驚訝的感情，選A項與she的人稱不相一致，是錯的。參見本章語法說明。.D.Bshould帶有感情色彩。.D本句帶有要求之意，故從句謂語用should型虛擬語氣。D項中的should被省略。.C本句帶有驚訝之意丄從句須用should型虛擬語氣。但由于是過去的事情所產(chǎn)生的驚訝，所以用should+不定式完成式。.D如選A,這表達(dá)了說話人對將來的事所發(fā)出的感嘆，選B則是對已經(jīng)過去的事情的感嘆。選C則是一個直陳語氣，即說話人對此并不一定感到十分惋惜，而是對此事的陳述。.Dinsist在作"堅持要求別人做某事"時，需要用should型虛擬語氣，should也可以省略。.Cinsist在作“堅持自己的觀點、看法等”解時，不需要用虛擬語氣，所以A、B兩項用在此處不當(dāng)。D項時態(tài)不準(zhǔn)確，故也應(yīng)排除。.Dsuggest作建議解時，后接了should型虛擬語氣，但在本句中作'表明”解，這時不用虛擬語氣，A、B兩項都應(yīng)排除，C項時態(tài)不當(dāng)。.A在本句中suggest作"建議"解，故選A。.D“建議”、“命令”、“要求”等動詞的名詞形式做主語時，其表語從句也須用should型虛擬語氣，本句中的should被省略。.D“建議”、“命令”、“要求”等動詞的名詞形式做主語時，后接同位語從句時也須should型虛擬語氣。.AWhatif…？常用于省略疑問句，既可以用于虛擬語氣，也可用于直陳語氣。本句不省略的形式為Whatwouldyoudoif。.B本句的under引出一個非真實的條件，當(dāng)然也可以是真實條件。根據(jù)上下文，應(yīng)理解為與過去事實相反，故其謂語動詞用wouldhavedone。.Beventhough=evenif意為"即使”。它同if—樣可以引出一個真實的讓步從句，也可以引出一個非真實的讓步從句。根據(jù)上文,eventhough是一個非真實的與過去事實相反的讓步從句。而主句wecan'tgetthere卻是一個真實的情況。.D.D從全句的意思分析，atruefriend-differently實際上是指一種假設(shè)，而when引導(dǎo)的從句又告訴我們，這是一個與過去事實相反的假設(shè)，故用wouldhaveactedo特殊用法1、 虛擬語氣用在wish后的賓語從句a、 表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的愿望，謂語動詞用過去式eg.IwishIhadyourbrains.我希望我有你那樣的頭腦。（事實：我根本比不上你）b、 表示與過去事實相反的愿望，謂語動詞：had+done（動詞過去分詞）eg:.lwishIhadknownthetruthofthematter. 我希望我原來知道這件事的真相。（事實：原來不知道）c、 表示將來難以實現(xiàn)的愿望謂語動詞：should/would+動詞原形eg.IwishIshouldhaveachanceagain. 我希望我還能有一次這樣的機(jī)會。（事實：很難再有這樣的機(jī)會了）（注：ifonly和asif/asthough也有相同用法）2、 虛擬語氣用在目的狀語從句中1.在forfearthat,incase,lest引導(dǎo)的，若用虛擬語氣時，從句謂語為should+動詞原形。并且should不能省略Sheexaminedthedooragainforfearthatathiefshouldcomein.她又把門檢查了一遍，以防盜賊的進(jìn)入。Hestartedoutearlierlestheshouldbelate.他很早就出發(fā)了以防遲到。

2、在sothat,inorderthat所引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，從句中的謂語為：can/may/could/might/will/would/should+ 動詞原形。Hegoesclosertothespeakersothathecanhearhimclearer.他走近說話的人以便能聽得更清楚。Hereadthelettercarefullyinorderthatheshouldnotmissaword.他把信讀得很仔細(xì)以便不漏掉一個單詞。3、虛擬語氣的其他用法1、一想要(desire)二寧愿(prefer)三命令(order.command)四建議(advice.suggest.propose)五要求(demand.require.request.desire.insist)中，無論主句謂語動詞為何種時態(tài)，從句的謂語動詞都用：“should+動詞原形”或只用“動詞原形”。女口Hesuggestedthatwe(should)taketheteacher'sadvice.Heinsistedthatwe(should)taketheteacher ' sadvice.Hedemandthatwe(should)taketheteacher ' sadvice.Heorderedthatwe(should)taketheteacher ' sadvice.注：insist如果翻譯成堅持某種動作才用虛擬語氣翻譯成堅持某種觀點就不用虛擬語氣。如：Heinsistheisastudent. 他堅持說他是個學(xué)生。這個語句表示的是事實，因此在這個語句中不能使用虛擬語氣。suggest意為“建議”才用虛擬語氣，意為“暗示”則不用虛擬語氣。

如：Hisfacesuggeststhathelooksworried.他的表情暗含著他很擔(dān)心。這個句子本身是事實，因此它就沒有用到虛擬語氣。表情緒.觀點的形容詞或名詞也要用虛擬語氣.如:necessary.important.impossible.natural.strange.surprising.funny,right.wrong,better.apity等。句型：Itis.……that結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語叢句，從句的謂語動詞都要用should+原型或只用動詞原型。虛擬語氣在方式狀語從句的應(yīng)用。