英國政治制度-The-Political-System

Lecture2ThePoliticalSystem

ReviewQuestions

WhatisthefullnameoftheBritishstate?Wheredomostpeoplelive?WhichisthelargestethnicgroupintheUK?WhatarethemajorethnicminoritiesintheUK?WhyaretheresomanydifferentethnicminoritygroupsintheUK?IsBritainEnglish?InwhatwayisScotlandsospecial?WhatcausedthetroubleinNorthernIreland?Whataretheimportantcitiesandareasofthecountry?WhatarethetouristattractionsinLondon?HowimportantisLondontotheUKandtheworld?WhatdoyouknowaboutBritishnationalcharacteristics?WhatisyourperceptionoftheimagesofBritain?Pleasecorrect:TheUnitedKindomofGreatBritainandNorthenIsland;大不列顛和北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國Walse,WelshHeritagesites:BigBen,WinsorCastle,BritishMuseum…LondonBridgeBritishbreakfast,BritishteaTheIrelandRepublicArmyKeystolastweek’squizTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandEngland,Scotland,Wales,NorthernIreland大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國Anglo-SaxonsTheLakeDistrictTheStonehenge,TheTowerofLondon,TheWestminsterAbbey杜莎夫人蠟像館Protestants,CatholicsSinnFein,TheIrishRepublicanArmyFocuspointsfortodayHistoryofconstitutionalmonarchyBritishconstitutionthestructureofBritishcentralgovernmentconstitutionalmonarchy:theroleofthesovereigntherolesofthePrimeMinisterandCabinetcollectiveCabinetresponsibilitytherolesofParliamentandthereformoftheHouseofLordsthethreemainpoliticalpartiesintheUKtoday;thepartyinpower;themainoppositionpartythemainbeliefsofparties:theLabourandtheConservativegeneralelection(first-past-the-post)KeyFeaturesof

BritishPoliticalSystemRepresentativedemocracy(peopledonotrulethemselvesdirectlybutelectrepresentativestoruleforthem)TheseparationofpowersParliamentarydemocracyParliamentarysovereignty議會主權(quán)Constitutionalmonarchy君主立憲制Historyof

ConstitutionalMonarchyThedivinerightofkings;hereditarykingsorqueensOliverCromwell:Oustingthemonarch,CharlesI,in1642,andrulingforjust18yearsMagnaCarta(1215)英國大憲章(p.37para.4)TheGreatCouncil大議會(p.37para.5)TheBillofRights(1689)《權(quán)利法案》(p.38para.3)1688,theGloriousRevolution:thedecisiveshiftinpowerfromMonarchytoParliamentBritishConstitutionDefinition:asetofrulesandconventionsthatlaysdownthepowersandfunctionsofstateinstitutionsandtheirrelationshipwitheachotherUnwritten;uncodified:insteadofhavingoneparticulardocumentwhichlistsoutthebasicprinciplesofhowacountryshouldbegoverned,…(非成文憲法)BritishConstitutionStatuteLaw:LawspassedbyparliamentCommonLaw:LawasdeterminedbythedecisionsofcourtsConventions:Rulesandpracticeswhichdonotexistlegally,butareregardedasvitaltotheworkingsofgovernment.EuropeanUnionlaws(p.39bottom)RoleoftheMonarch

(theMonarchy)Officialheadofstate,headofthelegislature,executiveandjudiciary,thecommander-in-chiefofallarmedforces,headoftheChurchofEnglandPresidesovertheStateOpeningofParliament主持國會開幕大典（一年一次）givestheRoyalAssenttoanynewlawthatispassedbyparliament(p.40para.5)aweeklymeetingwiththePMinBuckinghamPalaceceremonialvisitsInconclusion:RepresentingUKathomeandbroadLessimportantrolesgiveshonoursandawardsinvitestheleaderofawinningpartytoformagovernmentdeclareswar,makepeaceappointsofficialsroyalpardonDissolves解散

parliamentOpeningofParliamentWalterBagehot(1861-1877),editorofEconomist

‘Therighttobeconsulted,therighttoencourage,therighttowarn’--TheEnglishConstitution‘TheQueenreignsbutdoesnotrule.’AdvantagesandDisadvantageSeehandoutReasonsfortheexistenceRepresentingcontinuityandadaptability,impartiality,nationalunityHistoricallegacyTouristattractionModernization改革oftheMonarchy1992WinsorCastlefire(p.41para.3)ledto:payingtax;openingtheBuckinghamPalacetovisitorsinsummermonths;publicizingroyalaccounts;PrincessDiana’sdeath(charitywork):mediaandpublic:nationaloutpouringofgrief(over-reaction?);Labour’snegotiationTheQueen’scompromise:alivetelevisionspeech;astatefuneral;nationalflagloweredtohalf-mast降半旗(neverbefore);moreopenandclosetothepublic(watchvideoTheQueen)Cabinet,ShadowCabinet;

frontbencher,backbencher(handout)PMTonyBlair

(1997-2007)PMGordonBrown

(2007-2010)ThecurrentPrimeMinister

DavidCameron(2010-)CollectiveCabinetResponsibilitySeeHandout部長負(fù)責(zé)制內(nèi)閣集體負(fù)責(zé)制Parliament:thelegislature

TheStranger’sGalleryTelevisioncoveragesince1985PublicgalleryoftheHouseofCommons

Visitingtime:Monday:2.30pm–10.30pm

Tuesday:2.30pm–10.30pm

Wed:11.30am–7.30pm

Thursday:10.30am–6.30pm

SittingFriday:9.30am–3pm

Thespeaker下院議長andclerksinHouseofCommonsTheRoleofHouseofCommonspp.42-43TheParliament:

HouseofLords(貴族)ParliamentarydevelopmentsSeeHandoutLabour’sreformof

HouseofLordsLordsSpiritual:26bishopsNotonlyChurchofEnglandbishopsLordsTemporal:750hereditarypeersorpeeressesOnly92foratransitionperiodleadingtofinaldisappearanceLifepeersRemainintheHouseSeep.43foraboveNewmembers:electedorappointedTheRoleofParliamentSeepp.42-43Parliamentarysovereignty(p.40)BritishGeneralElectionHistory:seehandoutTheelectionofMembersofParliament(HouseofCommons)onceeveryfiveyears(thePMcancallanelectionsoonerthan5years)Voters(p.50)Constituency選區(qū):650Thepartywiththemostsupporters(MPseat)intheCommonsformsthegovernment,andtheleaderofthatpartybecomesPrimeMinisterExplain:first-past-the-post簡單多數(shù)制(單選區(qū)出線制)

unproportionalrepresentation;favorabletobigparties(seehandout)“Voteofnoconfidence”(p.50)Electioncampaign:media,TVtimeVOTESSEATS200520011997200520011997Labour35.2%40.7%43.2%35555.1%41262.5%41863.4%Conservative32.3%31.7%30.7%19830.5%16625.2%16525.0%LiberalDemocrats22.0%18.3%16.8%629.6%527.8%467.0%Others10.5%9.3%9.3%314.8%294.5%304.6%2010GeneralElectionHungparliament:所謂懸浮議會，又稱懸峙議會，就是無任何黨派贏得下議院650個席位中的大多數(shù)席位。2010年英國大選，工黨、保守黨、自由民主黨實力不分上下。2010年5月7日，英國官方宣布，2010年英國政黨大選出現(xiàn)“懸浮議會”。PoliticalPartiesHistory:seehandoutTheConservativePartyTheLabourPartyTheSocialandLiberalDemocraticParty(LiberalDemocrats)(pp.52-53)

Partyemblems

TheConservativePartyTheLabourPartyTheConservativeBeliefsthemajorright-wingparty,supportsfreeenterprise,opposenationalizationandtheextendingofsocialservices,standsforthemaintenanceoforderandauthorityathomeandtheprotectionofnationalinterestsinforeignrelations,protectindividualright.Itisapartydrawnpredominantlyfromtheupperandupper-middleandmiddleclassesortheestablishmentcircles,southEngland,suburbsandruralareas.18yearsofConservativerulepoliticalconsensus政治趨同TheLabourBeliefsGovernment:“redistributive”agentclaimstorepresenttheinterestsoftheworkingclass,believesinthepursuitofgreatersocialandeconomicequality,infavorofnationalization國有化

ofkeyindustries,moresympathetictotheunderprivileged;believeinstateeducationandtheNationalHealthService;itssupportmainlycomesfromhighlyurbanandindustrializedareas,particularlyintheMidlandsandtheNorthofEnglandandasignificantnumberofmiddleclasspeople,esp.intellectuals.Labourpriorities:reduceunemployment,only‘containing’inflation,hightaxationforwelfareexpenditure

NewLabour新工黨LabourrevisingClause4(ofitsPartyConstitution黨綱),concerningcommonownershipofthemeansofproduction(the‘commonownershipofthemeansofproduction,distributionandexchange’)TheThirdWay第三條道路Modernizedintoa“catch-all”partyLabour’swinningthe1997election(1997-2010)Peoplefedupwith18yearsConservativeruleNewLabour;NewPolicies(equality+efficiency)ConservativesplitovertheEU/EuroissueLabour’sachievementsConstitutionalreforms(devolution,HouseofLords,etc)Socialpolicies:minimumwagesys