實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告-非線性元件伏安特性的測(cè)量

大學(xué)物理實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告上海交通大學(xué)12/12上海交通大學(xué)1/12實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告姓 名： 班 級(jí)： 學(xué) 號(hào)：實(shí)驗(yàn)成績(jī)：同組姓名： 實(shí)驗(yàn)日期：2008/03/17 指導(dǎo)老師： 批閱日期：非線性元件伏安特性的測(cè)量【實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康摹?、學(xué)習(xí)測(cè)量非線性元件的伏安特性，針對(duì)所給各種非線性元件的特點(diǎn)，選擇一定的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法，選用配套的實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器，測(cè)繪出它們的伏安特性曲線。2、學(xué)習(xí)從實(shí)驗(yàn)曲線獲取有關(guān)信息的方法。【實(shí)驗(yàn)原理】1．檢波和整流二極管

檢波二極管和整流二極管都具有單向?qū)щ娮饔?，他們的差別在于允許通過(guò)電流的大小和使用頻率范圍的高低．

2．穩(wěn)壓二極管

穩(wěn)壓二極管的特點(diǎn)是反向擊穿具有可逆性，反向擊穿后，穩(wěn)壓二極管兩端的電壓保持恒定，這個(gè)電壓叫穩(wěn)壓二極管的工作電壓．

3．發(fā)光二極管發(fā)光二極管是由半導(dǎo)體發(fā)光材料制成的，與材料的禁帶寬度所對(duì)應(yīng)的電壓叫發(fā)光二極管的開(kāi)啟電壓．當(dāng)加在發(fā)光二極管兩端的電壓小于開(kāi)啟電壓時(shí)，發(fā)光二極管不會(huì)發(fā)光，其中也沒(méi)有電流流過(guò)．電壓一旦超過(guò)開(kāi)啟電壓，電流急劇上升，二極管處于導(dǎo)通狀態(tài)并發(fā)光，此時(shí)電流與電壓呈線性關(guān)系，直線與電壓坐標(biāo)的交點(diǎn)可以認(rèn)為是開(kāi)啟電壓．

4．光電二極管

光電二極管除了具有一般二極管的特性外，它的PN結(jié)裝在管子的頂部，可以直接接收光照．無(wú)光照時(shí)，光電二極管的伏安特性與普通二極管相似．在光照下，構(gòu)成光電二極管的PN結(jié)能產(chǎn)生電動(dòng)勢(shì)，稱為光生伏特效應(yīng)．與普通二極管不同，光電二極管通常工作在反向偏置電壓狀態(tài)或無(wú)偏壓狀態(tài)．它的伏安特性可用下式表示

圖2光電二極管伏安特性曲線【實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)記錄、結(jié)果計(jì)算】數(shù)據(jù)記錄檢波(正向)穩(wěn)壓(反向)U/VI/mAU/VI/mA0.1040.013.640.020.1110.013.710.030.1340.033.760.040.1410.043.880.050.1480.053.90.060.1560.064.080.10.1580.074.380.230.1640.084.430.270.1720.14.490.320.1790.114.620.480.1860.134.720.710.2010.184.750.780.2090.214.760.80.2090.214.790.930.2160.254.811.020.2190.264.871.30.2240.284.921.70.2410.314.941.860.2460.394.962.140.2690.544.972.320.2810.634.992.550.3230.995.0130.3591.365.023.180.3941.775.033.450.4282.225.054.030.4682.825.064.390.5263.785.075.080.5654.55.095.960.6165.515.16.560.6556.325.1180.6857.015.128.440.7418.315.139.930.8019.835.1411.050.84511.035.1511.360.90612.735.1614.621.02116.275.1716.131.104195.1818.871.16721.45.1819.86綠色紅色紫色黃色藍(lán)色U/VI/mAU/VI/mAU/VI/mAU/VI/mAU/VI/mA1.970.021.580.022.670.021.70.022.450.032.060.061.640.082.770.11.730.042.60.351.820.452.640.522.170.281.680.22.830.251.850.852.6990.262.860.41.871.32.711.222.342.880.521.881.452.731.522.352.211.720.522.90.731.91.932.762.022.382.671.750.992.920.941.922.52.792.672.413.391.761.222.941.221.932.692.823.422.444.11.771.452.961.641.953.272.843.992.55.651.791.972.982.111.973.982.864.742.546.911.82.4532.831.984.32.885.732.568.091.812.743.023.431.994.852.916.923.13.044.112.025.952.938.232.6411.081.833.673.065.12.046.052.959.252.6510.651.844.163.086.052.067.952.9610.112.6812.031.854.698.922.9911.542.713.31.875.943.128.462.119.883.0113.452.7314.151.897.763.1610.962.1311.023.0214.182.7616.0812.492.1612.233.0516.472.8118.451.9210.533.1913.412.2114.573.0618.052.8319.631.9412.813.2215.082.2315.613.0819.371.9516.13.2417.032.2717.731.9616.933.2517.722.2818.141.9819.763.2618.892.319.593.2719.67數(shù)據(jù)處理1、檢波二極管的伏安特性曲線（正向）[2008/3/1723:12"/Graph1"(2454542)]LinearRegressionforData1_B:Y=A+B*XParameter Value ErrorA -19.53986 1.60978B 35.02114 1.46482R SD N P0.99913 0.1517 3 0.02661開(kāi)啟電壓：U=19.53986/35.02114=0.558V2、穩(wěn)壓二極管的伏安特性曲線（反向）[2008/3/1723:09"/Graph3"(2454542)]LinearRegressionforData1_B:Y=A+B*XParameter Value ErrorA 1127.0725 122.57803B 221.25 23.74R SD N P0.97774 0.86686 6 7.3777E-4工作電壓U=1127.0725/221.25=5.094V3、發(fā)光二極管的伏安特性曲線極其擬合曲線綠色[2008-3-1721:12"/Graph1"(2454542)]LinearRegressionforData1_B:Y=A+B*XParameter Value ErrorA -105.82528 4.65707B 44.14722 1.7239R SD N P0.99471 0.46257 9 <0.0001紅色[2008-3-1721:21"/Graph1"(2454542)]LinearRegressionforData1_B:Y=A+B*XParameter Value ErrorA -229.86866 19.50646B 125.68702 10.12248R SD N P0.98727 0.94597 6 2.41873E-4紫色[2008-3-1721:26"/Graph1"(2454542)]LinearRegressionforData1_B:Y=A+B*XParameter Value ErrorA -225.5661 6.77909B 74.89806 2.11163R SD N P0.99723 0.30308 9 <0.0001黃色[2008/3/1721:57"/Graph2"(2454542)]LinearRegressionforData1_B:Y=A+B*XParameter Value ErrorA -94.7897 2.40693B 49.58098 1.08799R SD N P0.99856 0.20611 8 <0.0001藍(lán)色[2008/3/1721:16"/Graph2"(2454542)]LinearRegressionforData1_B:Y=A+B*XParameter Value ErrorA -221.97893 10.00901B 78.28571 3.31939R SD N P0.99465 0.41192 8 <0.0001結(jié)果分析標(biāo)準(zhǔn)波長(zhǎng)范圍：0.770～0.622微米，紅色；0.622～0.577微米，黃橙色；0.577～0.492微米，綠色；0.492～0.455微米，藍(lán)靛色；0.455～0.39微米，紫色。（來(lái)源：）以下是實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)量值：U綠=105.82528/44.14722=2.397V因此，λ綠=hce該波長(zhǎng)處于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)波長(zhǎng)范圍內(nèi)，合理U紅=229.86866/125.68702=1.829V因此，λ紅=hce該波長(zhǎng)處于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)波長(zhǎng)范圍內(nèi)，合理U紫=225.5661/74.89806=3.012V因此，λ紫=hce該波長(zhǎng)處于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)波長(zhǎng)范圍內(nèi)，合理U黃=94.7897/49.58098=1.912V因此，λ黃=hce該波長(zhǎng)稍許偏離了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)波長(zhǎng)范圍，估計(jì)是誤差所導(dǎo)致。將誤差加權(quán)后，有U黃=94.7897+2.40693/49.58098-1.08799=2.006Vλ黃=hceU黃落在了黃色光的波長(zhǎng)范圍內(nèi)，故該誤差是因?yàn)閷?dǎo)通區(qū)去點(diǎn)不夠或是擬合曲線加權(quán)的點(diǎn)數(shù)過(guò)多所導(dǎo)致，并沒(méi)有測(cè)量方法上的錯(cuò)誤。U藍(lán)=221.97893/78.28571=2.835V因此，λ藍(lán)=hceU藍(lán)該波長(zhǎng)稍許偏離了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)波長(zhǎng)范圍，但因色光波長(zhǎng)范圍劃定并不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，故該偏離值屬于正常的誤差范圍內(nèi)，故結(jié)果合理?！締?wèn)題思考與討論】試總結(jié)各非線性元件的伏安特性檢波二極管：可以工作在一，三