高一定語從句、時(shí)態(tài)語法

Unit1在復(fù)合句中，修飾名詞或代詞的從句，叫定語從句。被定語從句修飾的詞，叫先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞，叫關(guān)系詞。定語從句位于先行詞的后面。Grammarrevision關(guān)系詞有兩個(gè)作用：一是引導(dǎo)定語從句；二是代替先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。1.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句whowhomwhichthatwhose人主語人賓語物主語、賓語人、物主語、賓語人、物定語關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。（1.）當(dāng)先行詞是物，只能用that的情況：

1.當(dāng)先行詞是不定代

all,something,anything,everything等.2.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞及theonly,thevery,thelast等修飾時(shí).3.當(dāng)先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí).4.當(dāng)主句是which或who開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí).

(2.)that的兩個(gè)不能（可以用which)：

1.不能放在介詞后面.2.不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句.(3.)當(dāng)先行詞是人，只能用who的情況：先行詞是one,ones,anyone,those等指人時(shí).(4.)定語從句中的主謂一致原則：

1.2.oneof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式作先行詞，定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用_________；theonlyoneof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式作先行詞,定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用__________.從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要與先行詞保持一致.復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)

(5.)幾種特殊情況：

(1.)theway作先行詞時(shí)，定語從句用_________/___________或_______。

(2.)

非限制性定語從句中，要表示先行詞的一部分時(shí)，可用“______________________________”的結(jié)構(gòu)。

(3.)

Whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句可轉(zhuǎn)換為“__________________________”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。即______________=_________________________.thatinwhich不填不定代詞/數(shù)詞+of+which/whomthe+n.+of+which/whomwhose+nthe+n.+of+which/whom2.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句wherewhenwhy地點(diǎn)名詞時(shí)間名詞thereason介+which介+whichfor+which注：此時(shí)的關(guān)系代詞不可省略。(1.)介詞的選用原則：

(1)

(2)看介詞與先行詞之間的關(guān)系。看介詞與定語從句中動(dòng)詞或形容詞的關(guān)系Thisistheplace(that/which)Ioncevisited.I’llneverforgetthedays(that/which)Ispentwithhim.3.Thisisthereason(that/which)hegaveforbeinglate.(2.)幾個(gè)特殊句子：

3.as也能引導(dǎo)定語從句常與________或__________連用。eg:IhaveneverseensuchabeautifulmovieHero_____isdirectedbyZhangYimou.A.asB.whichC.thatD.it

Asuchthesame4.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別(1.)形式不同：限制性定語從句與主句之間不用逗號(hào)隔開；非限制性定語從句與主句必須用逗號(hào)隔開。(2.)翻譯不同：一般把限制性定語從句翻譯在先行詞之前；而翻譯非限制性定語從句時(shí)，常和主句分開。eg:&.Thefilm

thatwesawyesterdaywasveryinteresting.

&.Beijing,whichisthecapitalofChina,isaverybecautifulcity.我們昨天看的電影非常有趣。北京是一座非常美麗的城市，它是中國(guó)的首都。

5.as和which引導(dǎo)的非限

制性定語從句的區(qū)別

(1)Sheisverypatient,asisshowninherwork.

Thechildhadafevereverynight,

whichworriedhisparentsverymuch.她很有耐心，正如她工作中所表現(xiàn)出來的那樣。這孩子每晚發(fā)燒，這件事令他父母非常焦急。(2)Therewasanetbararoundhere,asI

remember.

Youpretendednottoknowme,whichI

didn’tunderstand.

我記得這兒附近有一家網(wǎng)吧。你假裝不認(rèn)識(shí)我，我真無法理解。(3)AbigearthquakeoccurredinXinjinaglastnight,aswasreportedonTV.

Hepassedtheexam,whichmadehisparentsveryhappy.

據(jù)電視報(bào)道，昨天晚上新疆發(fā)生了大地震。他通過了考試，這使得他父母很高興。(4)____isknown,theearthgoesaroundthesun.

Theearthgoesaroundthesun,______isknown.

Theearth,____isknown,goesaroundthesun.

A.AsB.asC.whichAB/CB

(1)as翻譯成“正如，像...一樣”,表示說話人的看法、態(tài)度；which常譯為“這一點(diǎn)，這件事”，指前面整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容，對(duì)主句所敘述的事情進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。

(2)as常用作一些實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的賓語；當(dāng)從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是否定形式用which.(3)as在從句中作主語，后面常跟行為動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式；which在從句中作主語，后面常跟行為動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式。

(4)as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可放在主句之前，之后或插在主句之中；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。

as多用于下列習(xí)慣用語中：asanybodycanseeasiswellknown=asisknowntoallaswehadexpectedasoftenhappensashasbeensaidbeforeasismentionedabove.正如人人都能看到的那樣眾所周知正如我們所預(yù)料的那樣正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣如上所述正如上面提到的moreorless大體上，或多或少get/behurt受傷knockinto撞在...上Helaughsbestwholaughslast.

誰笑到最后，誰笑得最好。歸納拓展定語從句練習(xí)

1.Lookatthegirl________issingingsobeautifully.2.Doyouknowthewomanto______ourteacheristalking?3.Jimistheboy______hatisred.4.Hegavemeapen___________heboughtlastweek.5.Maryhasreadallthebooks_________Ilenther.who/thatwhomwhosethat/whichthat/whichI.GrammarRevisionFillintheblankswithproperrelativepronounsoradverbs.6.Isitthereason_____youwerelate?7.October1stisthedate_____ChinacelebratesitsNationalDay.8.Wewalkedinagarden_____manytreesandflowershadbeenplanted.9.Thisistheisland_____Ilivedfortwoyears.10.2001-2005aretheyears_____Istudiedintheuniversity.whywhenwherewherewhenReadthepassageagainandunderlineallthesentenceswithattributiveclausesandthewordsorsentencestheymodify.1.Thisgiftwas

theAmberRoom,

whichwasgiven

thisnamebecauseseveraltonsofamberwereused

tomakeit.2.Theamber

whichwasselected

hadabeautifulyellow-browncolourlikehoney.2.Doing3.Itwasalsoatreasuredecoratedwithgoldandjewels,whichtookthecountry’sbestartistsabouttenyears

tomake.4.However,thenextKingofPrussia,Frederick

WilliamI,towhomtheAmberRoombelonged,decidednottokeepit.5.Later,CatherineIIhadtheAmberRoommovedtoapalaceoutsideStPetersburg,whereshespenthersummers.6.

In1770theroomwascompleted

theway

she

wanted.7.Thiswasatime

whenthetwocountrieswere

atwar.8.Thereisnodoubtthattheboxeswerethenputonatrainfor,whichwasatthat

timeaGermancityontheBalticSea.9.In2003itwasreadyforthepeopleofStPetersburgwhentheycelebratedthe300th

birthdayoftheircity.Restrictive:2,6,7,9Non-restrictive:1,3,4,5,81.Hegavemeapen

heboughtyesterday.2.Hegavemeapen,whichheboughtyesterday.關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省略。關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語從句中作賓語不可以省略。LookatthefollowingsentencesandtellthedifferencesoftheAttributiveClauses.DoingChoosethebestanswer.1. Doyourememberthedeerfarm

wevisitedtwomonthsago? A.whyB.whenC.thatD.how2. Anyway,thatevening,______I’lltellyoumoreaboutlater,wasreallyterrible. A.whenB.whereC.thatD.whichCD3.Practising3. Johnsaidhe’dbeenworkinginthelabforanhour,______wastrue. A.that B.which C.who D.what4. Annealwaysspokehighlyofhercolleaguesinthemovie,______,ofcourse,madetheothersveryhappy. A.who B.which C.that D.what5. Chongqingisthecity______shelivedwhenshewasyoung. A.where B.which C.when D.how6. Doyouknowthereasons______hecameback? A.how B.which C.that D.why

BDBAChoosethebestanswer.1.Thedoctorwasveryimpolitetothepatient,______ofcourse,madethingsevenworse.A.who B.whom C.which D.what2.He’sgothimselfintoadangeroussituation______hewaslikelytolosecontrolovertheplane.A.whereB.which C.while D.why3.Idon’tlikecars______ownersparktooclosetome.A.whichB.who C.whose D.ofwhich

4.Self-testing4.______isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.A.WhichB.ThatC.AsD.Such5.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,______wasmorethanweexpected.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.this6.CharlieChaplin,______childhoodwashard,beganactingattheageoffive.A.whoB.whomC.whoseD.his7.Wearetalkingaboutasubject______theimportancehasn’tbeenrealized.A.whichB.thatC.ofwhichD.whose8.Thescienceofmedicine,______progresshasbeenveryrapid,isperhapsthemostimportantofallthesciences.A.whichB.thatC.inwhichD.withwhichUnit2一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)譯：倫敦要舉辦2012年奧運(yùn)會(huì)。

Londonwillhostthe2012OlympicGames.疑問句:

WillLondonhost.....................................?否定句：

Londonwillnot(won’t)host...................。反義疑問句：Londonwillhostthe2012OlympicGames,won’tit?被動(dòng)語態(tài)：The2012OlympicGameswillbehosted.Step1Lead-in一般將來時(shí)的構(gòu)成：shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形疑問句：把will/shall提到主語之前。

否定句：在will/shall后加not.反義疑問句：前肯，用won’t/shan’t+主語。前否，用will/shall+主語。一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：will/shall+be/get/become+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞Step2初中語法復(fù)習(xí)及高中語法學(xué)習(xí)一般將來時(shí)的其他幾種被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式：

begoingtobedone(2)betobedone(3)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞(4)有些說明主語的性質(zhì)，屬性的動(dòng)詞不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

Step3拓展鞏固練習(xí)：&.Wearetorepairthemachinetomorrow.&.I’llgettheworkdone.&.Hecandotheworkwell.&.這種水果很容易銷售。&.Themachineistoberepaired(byus)tomorrow.&.Theworkwillgetdonebyme.&.Theworkcanbedonewellbyhim.&.Thefruitsellseasily.特殊句式：

if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句和when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句要遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”原則。Unit3現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：

have/hasbeendone(第三人稱單數(shù)用has,第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)及其余人稱用have)

疑問句：把have/has提到主語之前。

否定句：在have/has后加not(haven’t/hasn’t)

反意疑問句：附加問句借助have/has.

Step1語法學(xué)習(xí)2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)及被動(dòng)語態(tài)的標(biāo)志：

sofarupto/tillnowbynowsince+從句

sincethenfor+一段時(shí)間

inthepasttwoyearsrecently/latelyalreadyyetHowlong...?

到目前為止+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)自從...以來到現(xiàn)在直到現(xiàn)在從那時(shí)起在過去的兩年里最近，近來已經(jīng)仍然多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間1.putoff推遲2.不定代詞(all,something,anything,everything,someone.....)作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Step2歸納Unit4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：

be(am/is/are)+being+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞

否定形式：在be(am/is/are)后加not,即：be(am/is/are)+not+being+過去分詞

疑問形式：把be(am/is/are)移到句首并大寫，句末加問號(hào)，即：be(am/is/are)+主語+being+過去分詞

特殊疑問句形式：

(1)疑問詞(作主語)+isbeing+過去分詞+其他？

(2)疑問詞(作定語)+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+arebeing+過去分詞+其他？

(3)疑問詞+is(are)+主語+being+過去分詞+其他?

Step1語法學(xué)習(xí)2.注意事項(xiàng)：

(1)當(dāng)sell表示暢銷時(shí)，不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

(2)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)不與時(shí)間段或表次數(shù)的狀語連用。

(3)under/in+名詞，也表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

(4)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來。Thedictionaryisbeingsoldwell.(改錯(cuò)）2.Theclockisbeingrepairedtwice.(改錯(cuò)）3.Thequestionisunderdiscussion.(句型轉(zhuǎn)換）Step2練習(xí)Thedictionarysellswell.Theclockhasbeenrepairedtwice.Thequestionisbeingdiscussed.introduce介紹，引進(jìn)alongwith/with/togetherwith/aswellas連接兩個(gè)名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與前一個(gè)名詞保持一致。eg:Healongwithhisstudents____thefilm.

Hisstudentsalongwithhe_____thefilm.A.likeB.likesBAStep3拓展被動(dòng)語態(tài)練習(xí)題1.Howmanylanguageshavethebook______?A.translatedB.beentranslatedC.translatedintoD.beentranslatedinto2.Thechild_____byGrandmaWangalltheseyears.A.hastakencareofB.hastakencareC.hasbeentakencareofD.hasbeentakencare3.----Whatishappeninginthenewarea?----Newhouses_____recentlyoverthere.arebuiltB.builtC.havebuiltD.havebeenbuilt4.Allthepreparationsforthetask_____,andwe’rereadytostart.A.completedB.completeC.hadbeencompletedD.havebeencompleted5.Whenandwheretogofortheon-salaryholiday____yet..arenotdecidedB.havenotbeendecidedC.isnotbeingdecidedD.hasnotbeendecided6.----Howlong_____atthisjob?----since1990.A.wereyouemployedB.haveyoubeenemployedC.hadyoubeenemployedD.willyoubeemployed7.----_____thesportsmeetwillbeputoff.---Yes,italldependsontheweather.A.I’vebeentoldB.I’vetoldC.I’mtoldD.Itold8.Anewcinema_____here.Theyhopetofinishitnextmonth.willbebuiltB.isbuiltC.hasbeenbuiltD.isbeingbuilt9.IknowMr.Brown;we____toeachotherataninternationalconference.A.areintroducedB.havebeenintroducedC.wereintroducedD.hadbeenintroduced10.Rainforests______andburnedatsuchaspeedthattheywilldisappear.cutB.arecutC.arebeingcutD.hadbeencut11.Thearticle_____ChinesebycomradeLi.A.isgoingtotranslateintoB.isgoingtobetranslatedintoC.wasgoingtobetranslatedwithD.willtranslateinto12.hundredsofjobs_____ifthefactorycloses.A.loseB.willbelostC.arelostD.willlose13.Ifcitynoises_____fromincreasing,people____shouttobeheardevenatthedinnertable20yearsfromnow.A.arenotkept;will