英美文學(xué)選讀第七章

[識(shí)記]Howis“TheRealisticPeriod”definedintime?答案：Theperiodrangingfrom1865to1914hasbeenreferredtoastheAgeofRealism.RealismwasareactionagainstRomanticismoramoveawayfromthebiastowardsromanceandself-creatingfictions,andpavedthewaytoModernism.單詞注釋：AgeofRealism：現(xiàn)實(shí)主義時(shí)代歷年試題：0904-29.Realismwasareactionagainst______oramoveawayfromthebiastowardsromanceandself-creatingfictions,andpavedthewaytoModernism.C7-471答案：AA.Romanticism B.Rationalism C.Post-Modernism D.Cynicism0704-33．RealismwasareactionagainstRomanticismoramoveawayfromthebiastowardsromanceandself—creatingfictions,andpavedthewayto______________.C7-471答案：BA．Cynicism B．Modernism C．Transcendentalism D．Neo—Classicalism0804-39．RealismwasareactionagainstRomanticismandpavedthewayto______.C7-471答案：AA．Modernism B．Scientism C．Post-Modernism D．Feminism解析：pavedthewaytoModernismagainstRomanticismTheRealisticPeriod(1865-1914)historicalandculturalbackgroundoftheRealisticPeriodculturalCivilWaraffectedboththesocialandthevaluesysteminterestintherealitiesoflifeAmericannaturalismtechnologicaldevelopedurbanization[識(shí)記]WhatisthehistoricalandculturalbackgroundofTheRealisticPeriodinAmericanLiterature?答案：1)TheAmericansocietyaftertheCivilWarprovidedrichsoilfortheriseanddevelopmentofRealism.Firstofall,theCivilWar

affectedboththesocialandthevaluesystemofthecountry.AmericahadtransformeditselffromaJeffersonianagrariancommunityintoanindustrializedandcommercializedsociety.A)Ithadstimulatedthetechnologicaldevelopment,andnewmethodsoforganizationandmanagementweretestedtoadapttoindustrialModernizationonalargescale.B)urbanizationwereaccompaniedC)polarizationstartedtoshowup,withthepoorpoorerandtherichricher.D)Asfarastheideologywasconcerned,peoplewereonashakingground.TheybecamedubiousaboutthehumannatureandthebenevolenceofGod,whichtheTranscendentalistscaredmost.Gonewasthefrontierandthespiritofthefrontiersman,whichisthespiritoffreedomandhumanconnection,andgonewasaplacetoescapefortheAmericanDream.InplaceofallthisiswhatMarkTwainreferredtoas"TheGildedAge."2)TheliterarysceneaftertheCivilWarprovedtobequitedifferentapicture.A)TheharshrealitiesoflifeaswellasthedisillusionofheroismresultingfromthedarkmemoriesoftheCivilWarhadsetthenationagainsttheromance.TheAmericansbegantobetiredofthesentimentalfeelingsofRomanticism.Thus,startedanewperiodintheAmericanliterarywritingsknownastheAgeofRealism,characterizedbyagreatinterestintherealitiesoflife.WilliamDeanHowellsasthechampionoftheAmericanrealisticwritings.B)TheimpactofDarwin'sevolutionarytheoryontheAmericanthoughtandtheinfluenceofthe19thcenturyFrenchliteratureontheAmericanmenoflettersgaverisetoyetanotherschoolofrealism:Americannaturalism.TheAmericannaturalistsacceptedthemorenegativeimplicationsofthistheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereconceivedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitsconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.單詞注釋：Jeffersonianagrariancommunity：杰斐遜時(shí)期的農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)urbanization：都市化polarization

：兩極分化TheGildedAge：鍍金時(shí)代歷年試題：0804-32．AftertheAmericanCivilWar,theliteraryinterestintheso-called“reality”oflifestartedanewperiodintheAmericanliterarywritingsknowantheAgeof______.C7-473答案：AA．Realism B．ReasonandRevolution C．Romanticism D．Realisticism解析：polarizationideologywasshaking[領(lǐng)會(huì)]WhatisthecharacteristicofAmericanliteratureinRealisticPeriod?答案：1)RealismA)adheredtothetruthfultreatmentoflifeB)introducedindustrialworkersandfarmers,ambitiousbusinessmenandvagrants,prostitutesandunheroicsoldiersasmajorcharactersinfiction.C)broughttofulfillmentnativetrendsintherealisticportrayalofthelandscapeandsocialsurfaces,broughttoperfectionthevernacular

style,andexploredandexploitedtheliterarypossibilitiesoftheinteriorlife.D)TheyestablishedtheliteraryidentityofdistinctivelyAmericanprotagonists,specificallythevernacularheroandthe"AmericanGirl".2)naturalismA)TheAmericannaturalistsacceptedthemorenegativeimplicationsofthistheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworks.B)complexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitsconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.3)LocalcolorismA)concernedwiththelifeofasmall,well-definedregionorprovince.Thecharacteristicsettingistheisolatedsmalltown.B)nostalgichistoriansofavanishingwayoflife,recordersofapresentthatfadedbeforetheireyes.C)accuratedescriptionsofthelifeoftheirregions.Theyworkedfrompersonalexperience;theyrecordedthefactsofauniqueEnvironmentandsuggestedthatthenativelifewasshapedbythecuriousconditionsofthelocale.Theirmaterialswerenecessarilylimitedandtopicsdisparate,yettheyhadcertaincommonartisticconcerns.單詞注釋：inherited：遺傳Localcolorism：地方色彩主義解析：characteristicofAmericanliteratureRealismrealisticportrayaldistinctivelyAmericanprotagoniststruthfultreatmentoflifefictioncharactersareworkersandsoonnaturalismnegativeimplicationscomplexcombinationsLocalcolorismaccuratedescriptionsoftheirregionsdistinctivelyAmericanprotagonistscharacteristicsettingisthesmalltownnostalgiclifeandrecorderofapresent[領(lǐng)會(huì)]TheinfluenceofDarwinismandFrenchnaturalistwritersonAmericanliteratureinitsRealisticPeriod?答案：TheimpactofDarwin'sevolutionarytheoryontheAmericanthoughtandtheinfluenceofthel9thcenturyFrenchliteratureontheAmericanmenoflettersgaverisetoyetanotherschoolofrealism:Americannaturalism.Darwin,inhisTheOriginofSpecies(l859)andDescentOfMan(l87l),expoundedhistheoryofnaturalselection.TheAmericannaturalistsacceptedthemorenegativeimplicationsofthistheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereconceivedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitsconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.AndconsciouslyorunconsciouslytheAmericannaturalistsfollowedtheFrenchnovelistandtheoristEmileZola'scallthattheliteraryartist“mustoperatewithcharacters,passions,humanandsocialdataasthechemistandthephysicistworkoninertbodies,asthephysiologistworksonlivingbodies.”Theychosetheirsubjectsfromthelowerranksofsocietyandportrayedthepeoplewhoweredemonstrablyvictimsofsocietyandnature.AndoneofthemostfamiliarthemesinAmericanNaturalismisthethemeofhuman“bestiality”,especiallyasanexplanationofsexualdesire.Forexample,FrankNorris,inhisMcTeague(l899),describedtherelationsofacrudedentistwithasuperficiallyrefinedGerman-Americangirl,who,awakenedbyhisdesires,isdrawnintoananimalisticaffection.單詞注釋：Darwinism：達(dá)爾文主義theoryofnaturalselection：自然選擇學(xué)說Zola：左拉，法國(guó)小說家bestiality：獸性歷年試題：1004-47.WhatarethefactorsthatgaverisetoAmericannaturalism?C6-475答案請(qǐng)參考上題解析：gaverisetoanotherschoolofrealismAmericannaturalismTheinfluenceofDarwinismandFrenchnaturalistwritersonAmericanliteratureinitsRealisticPeriodvictimsofsociety&naturehuman“bestiality”explainedthebehaviorsubjects:lowerrankstheoryofnaturalselection[領(lǐng)會(huì)]ThedistinctionbetweenRealismandNaturalism.答案：Naturalismisevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor'stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoredetached,ironicandmorepessimistic.Itisnomorethanadifferentphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.Thedistinctionlies,firstofall,inthefactthatRealismisconcerneddirectlywithwhatisabsorbedbythesenses;Naturalism,atermmoreproperlyappliedtoliterature,attemptstoapplyscientifictheoriestoart.Second,NaturalismdiffersfromRealisminaddinganamoralattitudetotheobjectivepresentationoflife.Naturalisticwriters,adoptingDarwin’sbiologicaldeterminismandMarx’seconomicdeterminism,regardhumanbehaviorascontrolledbyinstinct,emotion,orsocialandeconomicconditions,andrejectfreewill.Third,NaturalismhadanoutlookoftenbleakerthanthatofRealism,anditaddedadimensionofpredeterminedfatethatrenderedhumanwillultimatelypowerless.單詞注釋：biologicaldeterminism：生物決定論economicdeterminism：經(jīng)濟(jì)決定論解析：distinctionbetweenRealism&Naturalismseriousandsympathetic

directlywithwhatisabsorbedbythesensesamoralattituderealisticdetached,ironicandpessimisticRealismapplyscientifictheoriestoartadoptingbiologicalandeconomicdeterminism

bleakerNaturalism[應(yīng)用]WhatisRealism?答案：Inartandliterature,Realismreferstoanattempttodescribehumanbehaviorandsurroundingsortorepresentfiguresexactlyastheyactorappearinlife.RealismemergedasaliterarymovementinEuropeinthel850s.InreactiontoRomanticism,realisticwritersshouldsetdowntheirobservationsimpartiallyandobjectively.Theyinsistedonaccuratedocumentation,sociologicalinsight,andavoidanceofpoeticdictionandidealization.Thesubjectsweretobetakenfromeverydaylife,preferablyfromlower-classlife.RealismenteredAmericanliteratureaftertheCivilWar.WilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJameswerethepioneersofrealismintheU.S.單詞注釋：Realism:現(xiàn)實(shí)主義歷年試題：0904-47.WhoarethethreedominantfiguresoftheAmericanAgeofRealismandwhatarethedifferencesintheirunderstandingofthe“truth”?P473答案：ThethreedominantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.Thoughthethreeprominentwriterswrotemoreorlessatthesametime,theydifferedintheirunderstandingofthe"truth."WhileMarkTwainandHowellsseemedtohavepaidmoreattentiontothe"life"oftheAmericans,HenryJameshadapparentlylaidagreateremphasisonthe"innerworld"ofman.Hecametobelievethattheliteraryartistshouldnotsimplyholdamirrortothesurfaceofsociallifeinparticulartimesandplaces.解析：enteredAmericanliteratureaftertheCivilWarrepresentfiguresexactlyRealismavoidanceofpoeticdictionavoidedidealizationaccuratedocumentationsociologicalinsightfromlower-classlife[應(yīng)用]WhatisDarwinism?

答案：Darwinismisabeliefthatsocietiesandindividualhumanbeingscompeteinastrugglefor

existenceinwhichnaturalselectionresultsin“struggleofthefittest.”SocialDarwinistsbasetheirbeliefsontheoriesofevolutiondevelopedbyBritishnaturalistCharlesDarwin.SocialDarwiniststypicallydenythattheyadvocatea“l(fā)awofjungle.”Butmostproposeargumentsthatjustifyimbalancesofpowerbetweenindividuals,races,andnationsbecausetheyconsidersomemorefittosurvivethanothers.ThetheoryhadproducedabigimpactonNaturalism.單詞注釋:Darwinism：達(dá)爾文主義struggleofthefittest：適者生存解析：abeliefDarwinismsocietiesandindividualhumanbeingsstruggleforexistencestruggleofthefittestresultsin[應(yīng)用]whatisNaturalism?答案：

Inliterature,thetermreferstothetheorythatliterarycompositionshouldaimatadetached,scientific

objectivityinthetreatmentofnaturalman.Themovementisanoutgrowthofl9th–centurythought,followingingeneralthebiologicaldeterminismofDarwin’stheory,ortheeconomicdeterminismofKarlMarx.AmericanNaturalismisamoreadvancedstageofrealismtowardthecloseofthel9thcentury.TheAmericannaturalistsacceptedthemorenegativeimplicationsofDarwin’stheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereconceivedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitsconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.AndconsciouslyorunconsciouslytheAmericannaturalistsfollowedtheFrenchnovelistandtheoristEmileZola'scallthattheliteraryartist“mustoperatewithcharacters,passions,humanandsocialdataasthechemistandthephysicistworkoninertbodies,asthephysiologistworksonlivingbodies.”Theychosetheirsubjectsfromthelowerranksofsocietyandportrayedthepeoplewhoweredemonstrablyvictimsofsocietyandnature.AndoneofthemostfamiliarthemesinAmericanNaturalismisthethemeofhuman“bestiality”,especiallyasanexplanationofsexualdesire.

Artistically,naturalisticwritingsareusuallyunpolishedinlanguage,lackinginacademicskillsandunwieldlyinstructure.Philosophically,thenaturalistsbelievethattherealandtrueisalwayspartiallyhiddenfromtheeyesoftheindividual,orbeyondhiscontrol.Devoidofrationalityandcaughtinaprocessinwhichheisbutapart,mancannotfullyunderstand,letalonecontrol,theworldhelivesin;hence,heisleftwithnofreedomofchoice.Inaword,naturalismisevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor'stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoredetached,ironicandmorepessimistic.Itisnomorethanadifferentphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.NotablewritersofnaturalisticfictionwereFrankNorris,SherwoodAnderson,andTheodoreDreiser.單詞注釋：Naturalism

：自然主義歷年試題：0804-48．Whyarenaturalistsinevitablypessimisticintheirview?C7-475答案請(qǐng)參考上面解析：Darwin’stheory,economicdeterminismofKarlMarxAmericanNaturalismcombinedwithDarwin’stheoryandZola’scallNaturalismArtistically,unpolishednaturalisticwritingsPhilosophically,therealtrueishidden[應(yīng)用]whatisLocalcolorism?答案：Post-CivilWarAmericawaslargeanddiverseenoughtosenseitsownlocaldifferences.Regionalvoiceshademerged.“Localcolorism”isauniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.Generally,theworksbylocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmall,well--definedregionorprovince.Thiskindoffictiondepictsthecharactersfromaspecificsettingorofanera,whicharemarkedbyitscustoms,dialects,costumes,landscape,orotherpeculiaritiesthathaveescapedstandardizingculturalinfluence.Yetforalltheirsentimentality,theydedicatedthemselvestominutelyaccuratedescriptionsofthelifeoftheirregions.Theyworkedfrompersonalexperience;theyrecordedthefactsofauniqueenvironmentandsuggestedthatthenativelifewasshapedbythecuriousconditionsofthelocale.Theirmaterialswerenecessarilylimitedandtopicsdisparate,yettheyhadcertaincommonartisticconcerns.WriterswhoseworksarecharacterizedwithlocalcolorsareMarkTwain,SarahOrneJewett,JosephKirklandandHamlinGarland.單詞注釋：Localcolorism：地方色彩主義解析：LocalcolorismaccuratedescriptionsoftheregionuniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealismspecificsettingisdifferentfromstandardculturalMarkTwain,SarahOrneJewett,JosephKirklandandHamlinGarlandwritersTheRealisticPeriod(1865-1914)MarkTwainHenryJamesEmilyDickinsonTheodoreDreisernovel《AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn》FamousWritersnovella《DaisyMiller》herpoem《Thisismylettertotheworld》andsoon

story《SisterCarrie》RepresentativeWork[識(shí)記]WhoarefamouswritersinTheRealisticPeriod?AndwhataretheirRepresentativeWork?答案：MarkTwain&hisnovel《AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn》HenryJames&hisnovella《DaisyMiller》EmilyDickinson&herpoem《Thisismylettertotheworld》(441)《IheardaFlybuzz-whenIdied-》(465)《IliketoseeitlaptheMiles-》(585)《BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath-》(712)TheodoreDreiser&hisstory《SisterCarrie》單詞注釋：

《AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn》：《哈克貝里·費(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記》《DaisyMiller》

：《黛西·米勒》《Thisismylettertotheworld》：《這就是我給世人的書信》《IheardaFlybuzz-whenIdied-》：《我死時(shí)-聽見一只蒼蠅嗡鳴》《IliketoseeitlaptheMiles-》：《我喜歡看它舔食著一路向前》《BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath-》：《因?yàn)槲也荒転樗郎裢Ｏ隆贰禨isterCarrie》：《嘉莉妹妹》解析：[識(shí)記]WhatistheliteraturelifeofMarkTwain?Pleaseenumeratehismajorworksandtheircontents?答案：MarkTwain(1835-1910)isagreatliterarygiantofAmerica,whomH.L.Menckenconsidered"thetruefatherofournationalliterature.“1)In1865,hepublishedhisfrontiertale"TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty,"whichbroughthimrecognitionfromawiderpublic.2)Hisfullliterarycareerbegantoblossomin1869withatravelbook

InnocentsAbroad,anaccountofAmericantouristsinEuropewhichpokesfunatthepretentious,decadentandundemocraticOldWorldinasatiricaltone.3)MarkTwain'sbestworkswereproducedwhenhewasintheprimeofhislife.Allthesemasterworksdrewuponthescenesandemotionsofhisboyhoodandyouth.ThefirstamongthesebooksisRoughingIt(1872),inwhichTwaindescribesajourneythatworksitswayfartherandfartherwestthroughNavada

toSanFranciscoandthentoHawaii.LifeontheMississippitellsastoryofhisboyhoodambitiontobecomeariverboatpilot,thistimeupanddowntheMississippi.TwoofthebestbooksduringthisperiodareTheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)andAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.Theformerisusuallyregardedasaclassicbookwrittenforboysabouttheirparticularhorrorsandjoys,whilethelatter,beingaboy'sbookspeciallywrittenfortheadults,isTwain'smostrepresentativework.4)TheGildedAge(1873),exploredthescrupulousindividualisminaworldoffantasticspeculationandunstablevalues,andgaveitsnametotheget-rich-quickyearsofthepost-CivilWarera,Twain'sdarkviewofthesocietybecamemoreself-evidentintheworkspublishedlaterinhislife.InAConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur'sCourt(1889),aparableofcolonialization,Twainfollowsthejourneyofarepresentativeofmoderntechnologyandideasintoahistoricallybackward,feudalsociety.TheTragedyofPudd'nheadWilson(1894),TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburg(1900)andTheMysteriousStranger(1916),thechangeinMarkTwainfromanoptimisttoanalmostdespairingpessimist.單詞注釋：《TheAdventuresofTomSawyer》：《湯姆·索亞歷險(xiǎn)記》《AConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur‘sCourt》：《亞瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美國(guó)人》歷年試題：0804-33．H．L．Menckenconsidered______“thetruefatherofournationalliterature”.C7-477答案：BA．BretHarte B．MarkTwain C．WashingtonIrving D．WaltWhitman1004-38.H.L.Mencken,afamousAmericancritic,considered______“thetruefatherofournationalliterature.”C7-477答案：CA.HamlinGarland B.JosephKirkland C.MarkTwain D.HenryJames解析：EarlyworksMarkTwainAllthesemasterworksdrewuponthescenesandemotionsofhisboyhoodandyouth.《AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn》《LifeontheMississippi》《TheAdventuresofTomSawyer》MainthemenovelLaterworksdarkviewofthesocietybecamemoreself-evidentintheworkspublishedlaterinhislife.《TheTragedyofPudd'nheadWilson》《TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburg》《TheGildedAge》《AConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur'sCourt》Maintheme《TheMysteriousStranger》《RoughingIt》[領(lǐng)會(huì)]WhatisthecharacteristicofMarkTwain?

答案：1)TwainasalocalcoloristTwainisalsoknownasalocalcolorist,whopreferredtopresentsociallifethroughportraitsofthelocalcharactersofhisregions,includingpeoplelivinginthatarea,thelandscape,andotherpeculiaritieslikethecustoms,dialects,costumesandsoon.Consequently,therichmaterialofhisboyhoodexperienceontheMississippibecametheendlessresourcesforhisfiction,andtheMississippivalleyandtheWestbecamehismajortheme.UnlikeJamesandHowells,MarkTwainwroteaboutthelower-classpeople,becausetheywerethepeopleheknewsowellandtheirlifewastheonehehimselfhadlived.Moreoverhesuccessfullyusedlocalcolorandhistoricalsettingstoillustrateandshedlightonthecontemporarysociety.2)HishumorMarkTwain'shumorisremarkable,too.ItisfuntoreadTwaintobeginwith,formostofhisworkstendtobefunny,containingsomepracticaljokes,comicdetails,wittyremarks,etc.,andsomeofthemareactuallytalltales.Byconsideringhisexperienceasanewspaperman,MarkTwainsharedthepopularimageoftheAmericanfunnymanwhosepunning,facetious,irreverentarticlesfilledthenewspapers,andagreatdealofhishumorischaracterizedbypuns,straight-facedexaggeration,repetition,andanti-climax,letalonetricksoftravestyandinvective.However,hishumorisnotonlyofwittyremarksmockingatsmallthingsoroffarcicalelementsmakingpeoplelaugh,butakindofartisticstyleusedtocriticizethesocialinjusticeandsatirizethedecayedromanticism.3)HisuseofvernacularAnotherfactthatmadeTwainuniqueishismagicpowerwithlanguage,hisuseofvernacular.Hiswordsarecolloquial,concreteanddirectineffect,andhissentencestructuresaresimple,evenungrammatical,whichistypicalofthespokenlanguage.AndTwainskillfullyusedthecolloquialismtocasthisprotagonistsintheireverydaylife.What'smore,hischaracters,confinedtoaparticularregionandtoaparticularhistoricalmoment,speakwithastrongaccent,whichistrueofhislocalcolorism.Besides,differentcharactersfromdifferentliteraryorculturalbackgroundstalkdifferently,asisthecasewithHuck,Tom,andJim.Indeed,withhisgreatmasteryandeffectiveuseofvernacular,Twainhasmadecolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediumintheliteraryhistoryofthecountry.Hisstyleoflanguagewaslatertakenupbyhisdescendants,SherwoodAndersonandErnestHemingway,andinfluencedgenerationsofletters.單詞注釋：practicaljokes：惡作劇pun：雙關(guān)語(yǔ)歷年試題：0804-40．MarkTwainemployedanunpretentiousstyleof______inhisnovelswhichisbestdescribedas“vernacular”.C7-479答案：CA．standardEnglish B．Afro-AmericanEnglish C．colloquialism D．urbanism1004-48.BrieflystateMarkTwain’smagicpowerwithlanguageinhisnovels.C7-481答案請(qǐng)參考“Hisuseofvernacular”答案：解析：characteristicofMarkTwainlocalcoloristhumoruseofvernacular[領(lǐng)會(huì)]Pleaseanalyzethestructure,character’sportrayal,languagecharacteristicandsocialsignificanceofMarkTwain‘sAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.

答案：1)Thestory:ThisnovelbeginswithHuckunderthemotherlyprotectionoftheWidowDouglasandhersister,MissWatson.Whenhisfathercomestodemandtheboy’sfortune,HuckpretendsthathehastransferredthemoneytoJudgeThather,sohisfathercatcheshimandputshimintoalonelycabin.Onenight,whenhisfatherisdrunken,HuckescapestoJackson’sislandandmeetsMissWatson’srunawayslave,Jim.Theystartdowntheriveronaraft.Afterseveraladventures,theraftishitbyasteamboatandthetwoareseparated.HuckswimsashoreandissavedbytheGrangerfordfamily,whosefeudwiththeSheperdsonscausesbloodshed.Later,HuckdiscoversJimandtheysetdownagain,givingrefugetoagangoffrauds:the“Duke"and“King,”whosedramaticperformancesculminateinthefraudulentexhibitionofthe“RoyalNonesuch.”HuckalsowitnessesthelynchingandmurderofaharmlessdrunkardbyanArkansasaristocratontheshore.WhenhefindsthatsomeroguesintendtoclaimlegaciesasPeterWalks'brother,Huckinterferesonbehalfofthethreedaughters,andtheschemeisfailedbythearrivaloftherealbrothers.Thenhediscoversthatthe“King”hassoldJimtoMrs.Phelps,TomSawyer’sAuntSally.AtthePhelpsfarm,HuckandTomtrytorescueJim.Intherescue,TomisaccidentallyshotandJimisrecaptured.Later,Tomrevealsthattherescueisnecessaryonlybecausehe“wantedtheadventuresofit.”ItisalsodisclosedattheendofthenovelthatHuck’sfatherhasdied,soHuck’sfortuneissafe.2)Thenovel’stheme,characterizationof“Huck”andthenovel’ssocialsignificance:Theme:ThenovelisavindicationofwhatMarkTwaincalled“thedamnedhumanrace.”Thatisthethemeofman’sinhumanitytoman---ofhumancruelty,hypocrisies,dishonesties,andmoralcorruptions.MarkTwain’sthematiccontrastsbetweeninnocenceandexperience,natureandculture,wildernessandcivilization.AdventuresofHuckleberryFinnisbestknownforMarkTwain’swonderfulcharacterizationof“Huck,”atypicalAmericanboywhomitscreatordescribedasaboywith“asoundheartandadeformedconscience,”andremarkablefortheraft’sjourneydowntheMississippiriver,whichTwainusedbothrealisticallyandsymbolicallytoshapehisbookintoanorganicwhole.ThroughtheeyesofHuck,theinnocentandreluctantrebel,weseethepre-CivilWarAmericansocietyfullyexposedandatthesametimewearedeeplyimpressedbyMarkTwain’sthematiccontrastsbetweeninnocenceandexperience,natureandculture,wildernessandcivilization.3)Theselectedchapter:HuckandJimarewiththefrauds.TheydecidetoleavethemintheirraftwhenHucklearnsthatJimissoldbythe“King”toMrs.Phelps.ThereisaveryimportantdescriptionhereofHuck’sinnerconflictaboutwhetherornotheshouldwritealettertotellMissWatsonwhereJimis.Huck’sinternalconflictbetweenhissoundheartanddeformedconscienceisobvious:Ononehand,hefeelsthatheoughttohelpreturnJimtohisowner,MissWatson.Ontheotherhand,hisfriendshipforJimmakessuchacourseofactiondifficultforhim.Huckinstinctivelyknowstherightthingtodo.ButhisconsciencedictatestheconventionalmoralityoftheSouth.ThewholeepisodeisasubtleyetpowerfulcondemnationofthesocietythatmakesHuckfeelthathewillgotohellfordoingwhathisveryinstinctknowstobetherightthingtodo.Huck’smoraldilemmaisbroughtaboutbyacorruptsocietythathasinstitutionalizedslavery.單詞注釋：culminate：登峰造極deformedconscience

：畸型良知?dú)v年試題：