芬蘭綠氫經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)略

Clean

hydrogen

economy

strategyfor

Finland27

June

2023Table

of

contents1.Forward

............................................................................................................................52.Executive

summary...........................................................................................................63.What

is

the

scale

of

Finland’s

opportunity

to

benefit

from

the

hydrogeneconomy?.............................................................................................................................83.1

Global

trends

for

hydrogen3.2

Hydrogen

demand

in

Europe3.3

Hydrogen

opportunity

for

Finland8994.

Why

is

Finland

well

placed

to

be

the

European

leader

in

the

hydrogen

economy?

..........104.1

Clean

electricity

and

grid

capabilities4.2

Finnish

natural

resources1112134.3

Existing

capabilities

and

economic

environment5.What

areas

of

the

hydrogen

economy

should

Finland

focus

on

toyield

the

mostbenefits?............................................................................................................................155.1

Expand

cleanhydrogen

production1518225.2

Accelerate

the

ramp

up

of

domestic

cleanindustries5.3

Grow

exports

of

hydrogen-related

technologies

and

services6.What

does

Finland

need

to

do

to

become

the

leading

hydrogen

economy

inEurope?..............................................................................................................................266.1

Recommendations

to

reach

Finnish

clean

hydrogen

goals6.2

Roadmap

for

strategy

execution26302List

of

abbreviationsCCS

–

carbon

capture

and

storageCO

–

carbon

dioxide2EU

–

European

UnionH

–

hydrogen2ICT

–

informationand

communication

technologyMt

–

milliontonsR&D

–

research

and

developmentSMR

–

steam

methane

reformingTWh/y

–

terawatt-hour

per

year3GlossaryClean

hydrogen

–

“Clean”

is

used

to

depict

hydrogen

produced

from

low-carbon

or

carbon-neutral.

“Clean”

hydrogen

in

Finland

will

most

likely

be

produced

via

electrolysis

fromrenewable

and

nuclear

energy.Synthetic

fuels

–

is

used

to

refer

to

synthetic

methane,

synthetic

kerosene,

and

syntheticmethanol

produced

using

clean

hydrogen.

They

are

the

three

fuels

that

fall

under

thiscategory

for

the

purposes

of

this

document.41.

ForwardOur

ambition

is

for

Finland

to

be

the

leading

high-value

hydrogen

economy

in

Europe

by2035.

We

believethat

by

building

a

high-value

hydrogen

economy,

Finland

can

unlocksignificant

economic

value

that

creates

wellbeing

for

Finnish

society

and

expands

the

Finnishclimatehandprint

globally.To

rise

and

meet

this

ambition,

wewill

need

to

harness

our

collective

strengths,

leverage

ournatural

advantages,

and

work

together.

Across

Finland

today,

there

are

numeroustrailblazing

hydrogen

projects

underway

and

even

more

taking

shape.

These

projects

aredecarbonizing

our

existing

industries,

attracting

new

investments,

generating

new

exportopportunities,

and

creating

new

jobs.The

newly

published

Government

Program,

“A

Strong

and

Committed

Finland”,

setsa

visionfor

Finland

to

becomea

key

playerin

the

hydrogen

economy

and

an

attractive

location

forhydrogen

refining

projects.

It

alsoaffirms

Finland’s

aim

to

account

for

10

percent

of

theEU’sclean

hydrogen

production

and

for

at

least

the

same

percentage

of

hydrogen

use.

TheFinnish

Hydrogen

Clusteris

pleased

with

the

direction

chosen

by

the

new

Government,

whichlargelyaligns

with

the

vision

outlined

in

this

document.

Next,it

is

crucial

to

turn

this

visioninto

reality

by

taking

ambitious

actions

that

will

propel

Finland

rapidlytowards

thesegoals.We

have

developed

this

Clean

Hydrogen

Economy

Strategy

for

Finland

to

chart

a

coursetowards

achievingthe

ambition

to

become

Europe’s

leadinghydrogen

economy

ecosystemacross

the

entire

value

chain,

including

technologies

and

services.

This

Strategy

presentstactical

actions

needed

to

realize

the

opportunities

thehydrogen

economy

in

Finland

offers

toFinns,

partners

in

Europe,

and

stakeholders

aroundthe

globe.

Achieving

theseambitions,however,

cannot

bedone

by

the

Hydrogen

Cluster

Finland

alone.This

strategy

is

a

call

for

action.

Work

in

concert

withus.

You

and

your

organization

play

animportant

role

in

makingthis

strategya

reality

in

your

sphere

of

impact.

In

this

document,Hydrogen

Cluster

Finland

has

recommendeda

few

stakeholders

to

taketheseactionsforward,

but

thereare

more

who

can

contribute.

Actions

are

needed

at

all

levels—local

toglobal.

Throughout

thestrategy,

Finland

may

often

mean

you

in

your

role.Finally,

we

hope

this

strategy

can

be

a

starting

point.

We

wish

to

further

plan

these

actionstogether

through

sessions

in

the

second

half

of

2023.

We

also

welcome

collaboration

withour

international

stakeholders

and

partners

to

progress

and

realize

theseopportunities.52.

Executive

summaryClean

hydrogen

will

be

an

integral

component

of

economy-wide

decarbonization

and

is

set

tobecome

one

of

the

world’s

largest

markets

as

the

energy

transition

ramps

up

across

theglobe.

In

2050,

thecleanhydrogen

marketis

expected

to

have

annual

revenues

of

€3

trillionbecause

of

its

potential

to

decarbonizethe

world’s

most

difficult-to-abate

industries.

Thescale-up

of

this

global

market

for

hydrogen

creates

an

opportunityof

€16-34

billion

per

yearfor

the

Finnish

economy

in

2035

and

the

potential

for

over

60,000

new

jobs.1The

2035opportunity

equates

to

13%of

Finland’s

2022

GDP

(€267billion).2Finland

is

well-positioned

tocapture

thisopportunity

dueto

its

multiple

competitiveadvantages:a

robust

andclean

electricity

system,cost-competitiverenewableFigure

1:

Potential

hydrogen

economyeconomy

benefits

for

Finland1generation

potential,abundant

natural

resourcesin

forestry,

biogenic

CO

,

metals,

and

water,a

stable

business2environment,

supportive

government,a

high-tech

society,

and

existing

expertise

inindustries

expected

to

be

large

suppliers

of

technologies

and

services

to

the

hydrogeneconomy,

as

well

as

users

of

hydrogen.This

strategy

outlines

three

areas

thatFinland

shouldfocus

on

to

capitalize

onthis

up

to

€34

billion

opportunity

andbecome

the

leading

high-value

hydrogeneconomy

in

Europe

by

2035:1.

Expand

domestic

clean

hydrogenproduction2.

Accelerate

the

ramp-up

ofdomestic

cleanindustries3.

Grow

exports

of

hydrogen-relatedtechnologies

and

servicesFigure

2:

Focus

areas

for

Finland6Finland

must

act

nowto

capturethis

huge

opportunity.

While

efforts

to

build

a

robusthydrogen

economy

in

Finlandarewell

underway,

time

is

of

the

essence.

Speed

to

marketand

rapid

scalingwill

be

critical

to

maximizing

benefits

for

the

Finnish

companies

andeconomy.

Finland

must

swiftly

execute

on

four

recommended

actions

and

twenty

relatedpractical

measures

to

address

existing

barriers

and

accelerate

the

scale-up

of

the

hydrogeneconomy:1)

Build

Europe’s

leadinghydrogen

ecosystem

-

Rapidly

create

favorable

marketconditions

and

regulation

to

acceleratethe

development

ofa

hydrogen

economy

asoutlined

in

the

Government

Resolution.32)

Drive

progress

through

hydrogen

valleys

and

cross-collaboration

-

Establishhydrogen

valleys

to

expediteprojects

based

on

regional

strengths

and

ensurecollaborationand

sharing

of

best

practices

between

thesevalleys.3)

Accelerate

and

align

decision-making

-

Establishwell-led

public

and

privatesector

bodies

to

coordinate

and

drive

hydrogen

strategy

implementation.

Ensurethese

bodies

have

clear

mandates

and

the

ability

to

make

timely,

cross-sectoral,strategic

decisions.4)

Position

Finland

asa

leader

on

the

global

hydrogen

map

-

Influencehydrogendevelopment

within

the

EU,

attract

investments

to

Finland,

and

promote

Finnishtechnology

and

services

worldwide.

Continuously

communicate

Finland’s

strengths,build

strategic

partnerships,

and

foster

relationships

with

key

countries.Figure

3:

Recommended

actions

and

practical

measures

to

accelerate

Finland’s

hydrogeneconomy

development73.

Whatis

the

scale

of

Finland’s

opportunity

to

benefitfromthe

hydrogen

economy?3.1

Global

trends

for

hydrogenClean

hydrogen

is

set

to

become

one

the

world’s

largest

markets

as

the

energy

transitionramps

up

across

the

globe.

Over

1,000

hydrogen

projects

have

been

proposedglobally,requiring

€300

billion

in

investments

through

2030.4The

hydrogen

market

value

is

expectedto

reach

over

€250

billion

in

2030

with

a

combined

annual

growth

rate

of

7.3%

forecastedfrom

2022

to

2030.5By

2050,

the

clean

hydrogen

marketis

expected

to

reach

annual

revenueof

€3

trillionbecause

of

its

valuein

decarbonizing

the

world’slargest

and

most

difficult-to-abate

industries.

6Theseindustries

include

fertilizer,steel,

maritimeand

aviation.Hydrogen

can

be

produced

andutilized

in

many

ways

and

offersa

unique

value

proposition

fortheclean

energy

transition.Currently,

hydrogen

isprimarily

produced

from6Figure

4:

Revenue

of

global

hydrogen

marketfossil

fuels

resulting

in

high

emissions,

but

clean

hydrogen

can

be

produced

via

electrolysispowered

with

cleanelectricity

as

well

as

other

production

routes.

Shifting

hydrogen

productionto

methods

with

low

or

no

carbon

emissions

will

be

vital

for

hydrogen’s

role

in

thecleanenergy

transition.Clean

hydrogen

will

be

key

to

decarbonizing

difficult-to-abate

industrial

sectors.

These

sectorshave

industrial

processes

that

make

direct

electrification

difficult

due

tohot

temperatures

orcurrent

use

of

grey

hydrogen

asa

feedstock.

For

example,

hydrogen

can

be

used

todecarbonize

steel

making

by

replacing

coal

as

the

reducing

agent

in

themanufacturingprocess.

Simply

electrifying

the

process

is

not

possiblebecausea

reducing

agentis

needed

toprocess

the

raw

material,

ironore.

The

conventional

reducing

agent,

coking

coal,

hasa

highemissions

rate

that

clean

hydrogen

eliminates.Hydrogen

will

also

play

a

vital

role

in

grid

balancing.

In

the

future

energy

system,

there

will

bea

high

share

of

intermittent

renewable

energy

generation

in

the

grid

mix.

At

times

whenelectricity

generation

outstrips

domestic

electricity

demand,

hydrogen

can

beproduced

asa8means

to

balancethe

grid.

In

addition,

when

domestic

electricity

demand

outstrips

electricitygeneration,

storedhydrogen

can

continueto

serveits

demand

users

while

also

being

used

asa

fuel

for

power

generation

to

secure

electricity

supply.3.2

Hydrogen

demand

in

EuropeEurope

is

anticipated

to

havehigh

demand

for

clean

hydrogen,

making

it

an

attractive

marketfor

clean

hydrogen

development.

ProjectionsH

compared

to

electricity

demandshow

that

clean

hydrogen

demand

will

be

490TWh/y

(15

Mt/y)in

2030,

grow

to

1,640

TWh/y(50

Mt/y)

in

2040,

and

reach

2,300

TWh/y

(70Mt/y)

in

2050.7,8

This

represents

demand

growthof

over

235%

from

2030

to

2040

and

over

46%from

2040

to

2050.2The

2050

hydrogen

demandis

onlyslightly

lower

than

net

electricitygeneration

for

the

entiretyof

Europe

in2022

at

2,641

TWh/y.1The

ambitious

climategoals

of

the

European

Union

(EU)

drive

momentum

for

a

continent-widehydrogen

economy.

The

proposed

“Fit

for

55”

package

legally

obligates

member

states

toreduce

emissions

by

55%

by

2030,

and

clean

hydrogen

will

be

a

critical

component

in

meetingthese

ambitions.

This

is

emphasized

in

the

REPowerEU

plan,

which

defines

targetsto

helpdrive

growth

of

the

European

renewable

hydrogen

market

and

support

European

security

ofsupply.

It

setsa

domestic

production

target

of

10

milliontons

annually

(330

TWh/y)

and

animport

target

of

an

additional

10

million

tons

per

year

by2030.Finland

could

potentially

meet

over

14%

of

the

domestic

RePowerEU

target

(10

million

tons/y)by

2030with

its

clean

hydrogen

production.1Regional

networks

will

develop

around

industrialclusters

to

support

new

clean

manufacturing

and

industry

across

the

region.

Excess

cleanhydrogen

and

hydrogen

derivates

could

also

be

exported

from

Finland

toother

demandcenters,

especially

in

Central

Europe.3.3

Hydrogen

opportunity

for

FinlandThe

development

ofa

hydrogen

economy

could

unlock

€16

to

34

billion

in

revenue

per

yearin2035

and

€41

to

69billion

per

yearin

2045

for

the

Finnish

economy.1The

2035

opportunitytranslates

to

up

to

13%

of

Finland’s

2022

GDP

(€267

billion).2While

hydrogen

has

not

playeda

significant

role

in

Finnish

industry

or

economic

landscape

to

date,

Finland

has

distinctadvantages

that

strongly

position

it

to

become

the

leaderin

the

European

clean

hydrogeneconomy.9Figure

5:

Potential

hydrogen

economy

benefits

for

Finland1The

clean

hydrogen

market

creates

huge

opportunities

for

Finland

in

new

and

existingindustries,

technologies,

and

services.

Finland

can

also

reap

further

socio-economic

benefits

ofparticipating

in

the

cleanhydrogen

economy.

Currently,

Finland

does

not

have

any

domesticnatural

gas

or

crude

oil

production

and

currently

imports

around

40%

of

all

energy

used.9,10Clean

hydrogen

can

be

used

in

place

of

fossil

fuels

to

decarbonize

various

processes.

Beingable

to

produce

clean

hydrogen

via

electrolysis

provides

Finland

with

increased

security

ofsupply

andself-sufficiency

by

reducingimport

dependence.

The

development

of

the

cleanhydrogen

economywill

bringbenefits

for

the

entire

country.

Given

how

clean

energy

potentialis

distributed

across

Finland,it

is

anticipatedthat

hydrogen

production

and

investments

will

bedeployed

across

both

the

north

and

south

of

Finland.114.

Why

is

Finland

well

placed

to

be

the

European

leaderinthe

hydrogen

economy?Finland

is

a

trailblazerin

the

clean

energy

transition

with

an

ambitious

goal

of

reaching

carbonneutrality

by

2035.

Committing

to

this

rapid

decarbonization

encourages

fuel

switching

toclean

energy

sources,

such

as

clean

hydrogen,

and

provides

investor

confidence

in

Finland’sambition

and

backing

for

cleanenergy.

This

commitment

to

carbon

neutrality

gives

Finlandmomentum

to

be

the

leaderin

the

hydrogen

economy

as

it

encourages

investmentin

cleantechnologies.Finland

is

uniquely

positioned

to

take

on

the

leadership

role

in

the

European

hydrogeneconomy.

Finland’s

competitive

advantages

come

from

its

resource

availability,

expertise

andcooperation

in

relevant

industries,

as

well

as

political

will

to

enact

favorable

policies.10Finlandenjoys

an

abundance

of

renewable

energy

potential,

biogenic

CO

,

and

natural2resourcereserveslike

base

metals

(copper,

zinc,

nickel,

aluminum),

ferrous

metals

(iron),precious

metals

(gold,

platinum),

and

rare

metals

(cobalt,

lithium).12

Manufacturing

hydrogenderivatives

(e.g.,

synthetic

fuels,

clean

steel)

as

well

as

technology

needed

across

thehydrogen

value

chain

requires

inputs

of

thesenatural

resources

and

having

domestic

reservesgives

Finland

a

competitive

advantage.Finland

has

leading

technology,

solution,

and

service

providers

relevantin

clean

hydrogen

andderivatives

production.

Finlandalsohas

deep

expertiseand

an

existing

workforce

in

the

forest,metal,

maritime,

chemical,

and

refining

industries

and

strong

collaborationwith

research

anddevelopment

(R&D)

and

academia.

This

existing

expertise

gives

Finland

a

head

start

indeveloping

hydrogen-related

technology

and

service

sectors.Finally,

Finland’s

governmentis

committed

to

becominga

leaderin

clean

hydrogen,

whichhelps

provideinvestor

certainty

and

an

attractive

economic

environment.

In

February

2023,the

Finnish

government

adopteda

resolution

to

support

and

grow

clean

hydrogen

and

itsassociated

products.34.1

Clean

electricityand

grid

capabilitiesThe

key

to

unlocking

the

cleanhydrogen

economy

isaccess

to

low-cost,

reliable

clean

energy.

Finland’s

shareof

renewables

in

final

energy

consumption

was

44.6%

in2020,

more

than

twice

Europe’s

average

consumptionover

the

same

period

(22.1%

in

2020).13,14

Hydro,

solar,and

nuclear

make

up

the

largest

portion

of

this

energymix,

and

these

clean

energy

sources

arelow-cost.Figure

6:

Finland’scurrentDuring

the

first

half

of

2023,

the

cost

of

electricitygrid

carbon

intensity

16fell

below

€0

on

several

occasions

because

of

theoverabundance

of

clean

energy.15

The

shareof

carbon

neutral

electricity

is

already

89%

in

Finland,

and

the

grid

emission

are

only

64gCO2/kWh.16

This

createsa

strong

starting

point

for

Finland

in

meeting

green

certification

andadditionality

rules

for

hydrogen

as

outlined

in

the

REDIII

directive.17Whileelectricity

demand

in

Finland

is

expected

to

grow,

the

renewable

energy

potential

farexceeds

this

demand.A

generous

portion

of

this

renewable

potential

comes

from

wind.

Finlandoffers

one

of

the

most

cost-competitive

environments

for

wind

energy

development.

As

of

May2023,

wind-power

projects

in

various

stages

of

development

amount

to

over

120

GW

ofadditional

capacity.18

As

a

benchmark,

Finland’s

domestic

power

generation

capacity

available11(including

all

forms

of

generation)

was

around

13

GW

in

2023.19

The

growth

projection

isthereforevery

strong.

The

excess

clean

electricity

can

be

allocated

to

hydrogen

productionleadingto

a

forecasted12

to

98

TWh/y

by

2035

and

80

to

212

TWh/y

by

2045.1Thisabundance

of

clean

energy

could

position

Finland

as

a

major

playerin

thehydrogen

economy.Additionally,

waste

heat

from

electrolyzers

can

be

used

in

district

heating

networks,

providinga

clear

benefit

for

Finland

as

opposed

to

countries

in

warmer

climates.

However,

cleanelectricity

supply

and

new

demand

sectors

must

develop

in

parallel.

Missing

either

side

of

thedevelopment

can

hinder

growth

of

the

other

considerably.Finlandboasts

a

robust

and

modern

electricity

grid,

which

makesit

easier,

faster,

and

lesscostly

to

integrate

Finland’s

vast

cleangeneration

potential

into

the

current

energy

grid.

It

isalso

importantin

measuring

emission

rates

of

hydrogen

production

and

powering

electrolysis.These

digital

capabilities

can

measure

renewability

and

emission

rates

of

electricitytransmitted

thus

proving

the

production

of

clean

hydrogen.

Commercial

scaleelectrolysisrequires

large

amounts

of

electricity,

so

a

modern,

smart

grid

with

exceptional

frequencycontainment

provides

additional

advantages

to

Finland

in

developingcleanhydrogenproduction

and

its

larger

role

in

the

hydrogen

ecosystem.4.2

Finnish

natural

resourcesFinland’s

abundance

of

natural

resourcesin

forestry,

metals,

and

water

also

position

it

well.Finland’s

leading

forestry

sector

provides

a

strong

foundation

to

produce

synthetic

fuels

andbio-related

products

for

domestic

and

export

use.

Biogenic

CO

refers

to

carbon

that

was2removed

from

the

atmosphere

by

photosynthesis

and

wouldnaturally

cycle

back

to

areplanted

tree

through

the

atmosphere.

Finland

has

the

secondlargest

forest

coverin

Europewith

22

millionhectares.

This

translates

to

almost

14%

of

European

forest

cover

beingfoundin

Finland.20

Therefore,

Finland

hasa

strong

supply

of

biogenic

CO

since

60%

of

its

emissions2are

from

biogenic

sources

(24.3

Mtin

2020).21

Finland

has

the

third

largest

biogenic

CO2availability

in

Europe

which

will

be

vital

to

scaling

up

production

of

synthetic

fuels

andchemicals.22High

value

products

along

the

valuechain

and

hydrogen

production

itself

rely

on

access

tovarious

natural

resources.

Finland

has

a

well-developed

mineral

industry,

solid

geologicalknowledge

base,

ore

potential,

and

existing

infrastructure.

Finland

has

ferrous

and

preciousmetal

reserves,

particularly

cobalt

and

lithium,

which

will

see

huge

global

demand

growthfrom

battery

manufacturing.

Finland

is

the

only

European

country

that

possesses

all

theminerals

necessary

for

batteryproduction.

Europe

currently

does

not

have

a

mine

supply

ofrare

earth

elements

but

does

have

several

areas

with

suitable

geology

with

these

resources,12including

Sokli

in

Finland.23

Ferrous

metal

reserves

are

importantin

steel

manufacturing,

andclean

steelis

a

rapidlygrowingindustry.Clean

hydrogen

is

produced

via

electrolysis

whichrequires

large

quantities

of

freshwater.Finland

is

the

water

richest

country

in

the

world,

thus

removing

the

need

for

energy-intensivedesalination,

and

has

market-leading

expertise

in

the

water

industry

(e.g.,

wastewater

usage,hydrogeology,

etc.).

This

expertise

provides

hydrogen

producers

confidence

in

thecountry’sability

to

develop

the

infrastructure

needed

to

meet

electrolyzer

water

demands.4.3

Existing

capabilities

and

economic

environmentFinland

has

expertise

in

energy

intensive

industries

such

as

steel

and

chemicals

whichareforecastedto

be

large

adopters

of

hydrogen.

In

Finland,

these

industries

have

already

beenworking

towards

developing

their

processes

and

products

to

significantly

reduce

their

carbonfootprint

whileincreasing

their

handprint.

They

arewell

positioned

to

take

advantage

of

theramp

up

of

the

clean

hydrogen

economy

in

Finlandbecause

they

are

already

workingtowardssustainability.

Adopting

hydrogen

into

their

processes

can

help

to

acceleratetheir

cleantransitions.Additionally,

Finland

provides

a

stable

business

and

economic

environment

because

of

itsreliable

and

committed

government,

increasing

investor

confidence.

According

to

theWorldGovernance

Indicators

from

theWorld

Bank,

Finland

is

among

the

top

three

countries

inEurope

for

government

effectiveness.

In

2021,

Finland

scored

98.6%

in

the

indicator

thatmeasures

credibility

of

government

commitment.24

Finlandranks

fifth

globally

in

foreigndirectinvestment

per

capitaand

ranks

secondlowestin

theglobal

corruption

perception

index.25,26This

environment

will

be

particularly

beneficialin

attracting

new

supply

chains

with

capitalintensive

infra