畢生發(fā)展心理學(xué)課件

Myers’PSYCHOLOGY

Chapter4

DevelopingThroughtheLifeSpan.Myers’PSYCHOLOGY

Chapte1PrenatalDevelopmentandtheNewbornDevelopmentalPsychology

abranchofpsychologythatstudiesphysical,cognitiveandsocialchangethroughoutthelifespan.PrenatalDevelopmentandtheN2PrenatalDevelopmentandtheNewbornLifeissexuallytransmitted.PrenatalDevelopmentandtheN3PrenatalDevelopmentandtheNewbornZygotethefertilizedeggentersa2weekperiodofrapidcelldivisiondevelopsintoanembryoEmbryothedevelopinghumanorganismfrom2weeksthrough2ndmonthFetusthedevelopinghumanorganismfrom9weeksafterconceptiontobirth.PrenatalDevelopmentandtheN4PrenatalDevelopmentandtheNewborn40days45days2months4months.PrenatalDevelopmentandtheN5PrenatalDevelopmentandtheNewbornTeratogensagents,suchaschemicalsandviruses,thatcanreachtheembryoorfetusduringprenataldevelopmentandcauseharmFetalAlcoholSyndrome(FAS)physicalandcognitiveabnormalitiesinchildrencausedbyapregnantwoman’sheavydrinkingsymptomsincludemisproportionedhead.PrenatalDevelopmentandtheN6PrenatalDevelopmentandtheNewbornRootingReflextendencytoopenmouth,andsearchfornipplewhentouchedonthecheekPreferenceshumanvoicesand facesfacelikeimages-->smellandsoundof mother preferred

.PrenatalDevelopmentandtheN7PrenatalDevelopmentandtheNewbornHabituationdecreasingresponsivenesswithrepeatedstimulation.PrenatalDevelopmentandtheN8PrenatalDevelopmentandtheNewbornHavinghabituatedtotheoldstimulus,newbornspreferredgazingatanewone.PrenatalDevelopmentandtheN9InfancyandChildhood:PhysicalDevelopmentMaturationbiologicalgrowthprocessesthatenableorderlychangesinbehaviorrelativelyuninfluencedbyexperienceAtbirth3months15monthsCorticalNeurons.InfancyandChildhood:Physica10InfancyandChildhood:PhysicalDevelopmentBabiesonly3monthsoldcanlearnthatkickingmovesamobile--andcanretainthatlearningforamonth(Rovee-Collier,1989,1997)..InfancyandChildhood:Physica11InfancyandChildhood:CognitiveDevelopmentSchemaaconceptorframeworkthatorganizesandinterpretsinformationAssimilationinterpretingone’snewexperienceintermsofone’sexistingschemas.InfancyandChildhood:Cogniti12InfancyandChildhood:CognitiveDevelopmentAccommodationadaptingone’scurrentunderstandings(schemas)toincorporatenewinformationCognition

Allthementalactivitiesassociatedwiththinking,knowing,remembering,andcommunicating.InfancyandChildhood:Cogniti13TypicalAgeRangeDescriptionofStageDevelopmentalPhenomenaBirthtonearly2yearsSensorimotorExperiencingtheworldthroughsensesandactions(looking,touching,mouthing)ObjectpermanenceStrangeranxietyAbout2to6yearsAbout7to11yearsAbout12throughadulthoodPreoperationalRepresentingthingswithwordsandimagesbutlackinglogicalreasoningPretendplayEgocentrismLanguagedevelopmentConcreteoperationalThinkinglogicallyaboutconcreteevents;graspingconcreteanalogiesandperformingarithmeticaloperationsConservationMathematicaltransformationsFormaloperationalAbstractreasoningAbstractlogicPotentialformoralreasoningPiaget’sStagesofCognitiveDevelopment.TypicalAgeDescriptionDevelo14InfancyandChildhood:CognitiveDevelopmentObjectPermanencetheawarenessthatthingscontinuetoexistevenwhennotperceived.InfancyandChildhood:Cogniti15InfancyandChildhood:CognitiveDevelopmentBabyMathematicsShownanumericallyimpossibleoutcome,infantsstarelonger(Wynn,1992)1.Objectsplacedincase.2.Screencomesup.3.Objectisremoved.4.Impossibleoutcome:Screendrops,revealingtwoobjects.4.Possibleoutcome:Screendrops,revealingoneobject..InfancyandChildhood:Cogniti16InfancyandChildhood:CognitiveDevelopmentConservationtheprinciplethatpropertiessuchasmass,volume,andnumberremainthesamedespitechangesintheformsofobjects.InfancyandChildhood:Cogniti17InfancyandChildhood:CognitiveDevelopmentEgocentrismtheinabilityofthepreoperationalchildtotakeanother’spointofviewTheoryofMindpeople’sideasabouttheirownandothers’mentalstates-abouttheirfeelings,perceptions,andthoughtsandthebehaviorthesemightpredictAutismadisorderthatappearsinchildhoodMarkedbydeficientcommunication,socialinteractionandunderstandingofothers’statesofmind.InfancyandChildhood:Cogniti18SocialDevelopmentStrangerAnxietyfearofstrangersthatinfantscommonlydisplaybeginningbyabout8monthsofageAttachmentanemotionaltiewithanotherpersonshowninyoungchildrenbytheirseekingclosenesstothecaregiveranddisplayingdistressonseparation.SocialDevelopmentStrangerAnx19SocialDevelopmentHarlow’sSurrogateMotherExperimentsMonkeyspreferredcontactwiththecomfortableclothmother,evenwhilefeedingfromthenourishingwiremother.SocialDevelopmentHarlow’sSur20SocialDevelopmentCriticalPeriodanoptimalperiodshortlyafterbirthwhenanorganism’sexposuretocertainstimuliorexperiencesproducesproperdevelopmentImprintingtheprocessbywhichcertainanimalsformattachmentsduringacriticalperiodveryearlyinlife.SocialDevelopmentCriticalPer21SocialDevelopmentMonkeysraisedbyartificialmotherswereterror-strickenwhenplacedinstrangesituationswithouttheirsurrogatemothers..SocialDevelopmentMonkeysrais22SocialDevelopmentGroupsofinfantsleftbytheirmothersinaunfamiliarroom(fromKagan,1976).0204060801003.55.57.59.511.513.52029PercentageofinfantswhocriedwhentheirmothersleftAgeinmonthsDaycareHome.SocialDevelopmentGroupsofin23SocialDevelopmentBasicTrust(ErikErikson)asensethattheworldispredictableandtrustworthysaidtobeformedduringinfancybyappropriateexperienceswithresponsivecaregiversSelf-Conceptasenseofone’sidentityandpersonalworth.SocialDevelopmentBasicTrust24SocialDevelopment:Child-RearingPracticesAuthoritarian

parentsimposerulesandexpectobedience“Don’tinterrupt.”“Why?BecauseIsaidso.”Permissivesubmittochildren’sdesires,makefewdemands,uselittlepunishmentAuthoritativebothdemandingandresponsivesetrules,butexplainreasonsandencourageopendiscussion.SocialDevelopment:Child-Rear25SocialDevelopment:

Child-RearingPractices.SocialDevelopment:

Child-Rea26AdolescenceAdolescencethetransitionperiodfromchildhoodtoadulthoodextendingfrompubertytoindependencePubertytheperiodofsexualmaturationwhenapersonbecomescapableofreproduction.AdolescenceAdolescence.27AdolescencePrimarySexCharacteristicsbodystructuresthatmakesexualreproductionpossibleovaries--femaletestes--maleexternalgenitaliaSecondarySexCharacteristicsnonreproductivesexualcharacteristicsfemale--breastandhipsmale--voicequalityandbodyhairMenarche

(meh-NAR-key)firstmenstrualperiod.AdolescencePrimarySexCharact28AdolescenceInthe1890’stheaverageintervalbetweenawoman’smenarcheandmarriagewasabout7years;nowitisover12years10207.2YearInterval102012.5YearIntervalAgeAge1890,Women1995,Women.AdolescenceInthe1890’sthea29AdolescenceThroughoutchildhood,boysandgirlsaresimilarinheight.Atpuberty,girlssurgeaheadbriefly,butthenboysovertakethemataboutage14.Heightincentimeters190170150130110907050024681012141618AgeinyearsBoysGirls.AdolescenceThroughoutchildhoo30BodyChangesatPuberty.BodyChangesatPuberty.31Kohlberg’sMoralLadderAsmoraldevelopmentprogresses,thefocusofconcernmovesfromtheselftothewidersocialworld.Moralityofabstractprinciples:toaffirmagreed-uponrightsandpersonalethicalprinciplesMoralityoflawandsocialrules:togainapprovaloravoiddisapprovalMoralityofself-interest:toavoidpunishmentorgainconcreterewardsPostconventionallevelConventionallevelPreconventionallevel.Kohlberg’sMoralLadderAsmora32Erikson’sStagesofPsychosocialDevelopmentApproximateage Stage DescriptionofTaskInfancy Trustvs.mistrustIfneedsaredependablymet,infants(1styear) developasenseofbasictrust.

Toddler Autonomyvs.shameToddlerslearntoexercisewilland(2ndyear) anddoubt dothingsforthemselves,orthey doubttheirabilities.Preschooler Initiativevs.guiltPreschoolerslearntoinitiatetasks(3-5years) andcarryoutplans,ortheyfeel guiltyabouteffortstobeindependent.Elementary Competencevs. Childrenlearnthepleasureofapplying(6years- inferiority themselvestotasks,ortheyfeelpuberty) inferior. .Erikson’sStagesofPsychosoci33Erikson’sStagesofPsychosocialDevelopmentApproximateage Stage DescriptionofTaskAdolescenceIdentityvs.role Teenagersworkatrefiningasenseofselfby(teensintoconfusion testingrolesandthenintegratingthemto20’s) formasingleidentity,ortheybecome confusedaboutwhotheyare.

YoungAdultIntimacyvs. Youngadultsstruggletoformcloserelation-(20’stoearlyisolation shipsandtogainthecapacityforintimate40’s) love,ortheyfeelsociallyisolated.MiddleAdultGenerativityvs. Themiddle-ageddiscoverasenseofcontri-(40’sto60’s)stagnation butingtotheworld,usuallythroughfamily andwork,ortheymayfeelalackofpurpose.LateAdultIntegrityvs. Whenreflectingonhisorherlife,theolder(late60’sanddespair adultmayfeelasenseofsatisfactionorup) failure. .Erikson’sStagesofPsychosoci34Adolescence:SocialDevelopmentIdentityone’ssenseofselftheadolescent’staskistosolidifyasenseofselfbytestingandintegratingvariousrolesIntimacytheabilitytoformclose,lovingrelationshipsaprimarydevelopmentaltaskinlateadolescenceandearly

adulthood.Adolescence:SocialDevelopmen35Adolescence:SocialDevelopmentThechangingparent-childrelationship100%8060402002to45to89to11AgesofchildinyearsPercentwithpositive,warminteractionwithparents.Adolescence:SocialDevelopmen36Adulthood:PhysicalDevelopmentMenopausethetimeofnaturalcessationofmenstruationalsoreferstothebiologicalchangesawomanexperiencesasherabilitytoreproducedeclinesAlzheimer’sDiseaseaprogressiveandirreversiblebraindisordercharacterizedbyagradualdeteriorationofmemory,reasoning,language,andfinally,physicalfunctioning.Adulthood:PhysicalDevelopmen37Adulthood:PhysicalDevelopmentTheAgingSenses103050709000.250.500.751.00Proportionofnormal(20/20)visionwhenidentifyinglettersonaneyechartAgeinyears.Adulthood:PhysicalDevelopmen38Adulthood:PhysicalDevelopmentTheAgingSenses1030507090507090PercentcorrectwhenIdentifyingsmellsAgeinyears.Adulthood:PhysicalDevelopmen39Adulthood:PhysicalDevelopmentTheAgingSenses1030507090507090PercentcorrectwhenidentifyingspokenwordsAgeinyears.Adulthood:PhysicalDevelopmen40Adulthood:PhysicalDevelopmentSlowingreactionscontributetoincreasedaccidentrisksamongthose75andolder.12108642016202530354045505560657075andoverFatalaccidentrateAgeFatalaccidentsper10,000driversFatalaccidentsper100millionmiles.Adulthood:PhysicalDevelopmen41Adulthood:PhysicalDevelopmentIncidenceofDementiabyAgeRiskofdementiaincreasesinlateryears60-64 70-74 80-8490-9565-6975-7985-89 AgeGroup40%3020100Percentagewithdementia.Adulthood:PhysicalDevelopmen42Adulthood:CognitiveDevelopmentRecallingnewnamesintroducedonce,twice,orthreetimesiseasierforyoungeradultsthanforolderones(Crook&West,1990).1840506070AgegroupPercentofnamesrecalled0102030405060708090100AfteroneintroductionsAftertwointroductionsOlderagegroupshavepoorerperformanceAfterthreeintroductions.Adulthood:CognitiveDevelopme43Adulthood:CognitiveDevelopmentInastudybySchonfield&Robertson(1966),theabilitytorecallnewinformationdeclinedduringearlyandmiddleadulthood,buttheabilitytorecognizenewinformationdidnot.NumberOfwordsremembered20304050607004812162024AgeinyearsNumberofwordsrecalleddeclineswithageNumberofwordsrecognizedisstablewithage.Adulthood:CognitiveDevelopme44Adulthood:CognitiveDevelopmentCross-SectionalStudyastudyinwhichpeopleofdifferentagesarecomparedwithoneanotherLongitudinalStudyastudyinwhichthesamepeoplearerestudiedandretestedoveralongperiod253239465360746781354045505560AgeinyearsReasoningabilityscoreCross-sectionalmethodLongitudinalmethodCross-s