公研 Unit 7 - A Comparison of Passive Sentences 英漢對(duì)比與翻譯 研究生 教學(xué)課件

Unit

7

Translation

ofPassive

SentencesFeatures

of

the

EnglishPassiveFeatures

of

the

ChinesePassivesTranslation

of

English

Passiveinto

Chinese

Passive1.

Features

of

the

English

PassiveFrequent

Use

of

the

Passive

The

passive

abounds

in

English.Generallyspeaking,when

the

agent(施動(dòng)者)is

unknown

or

need

not

be

mentioned,or

theobject

of

the

action

is

to

be

emphasized,thepassive

may

be

employed.In

the

vastmajority

of

cases,the

passive

is

chosen

forthe

following

reasons:The

logical

subject

(agent)

is

known

andneed

not

be

mentioned.Visitors

are

requested

to

wait.來賓請(qǐng)等候。(2)

The

logical

subject

is

unknownor

cannotbe

readily

stated.

New

factories

are

being

built

all

over

thecountry.全國(guó)到處都在建新廠。(3)

The

logical

subject

is

self-evident

from

thecontext.Your

suggestion

has

been

duly

noted.你的建議已經(jīng)引起應(yīng)有的關(guān)注。(4)

The

logical

subject

is

not

mentioned

forsome

reasons.

Somethings

have

beensaid

here

tonightthat

ought

not

to

have

been

spoken.今晚有人在此講了些不該講的話。(5)

The

logical

subject

is

less

importantthan

the

object.

A

child

was

run

over

and

killed

by

abus.一個(gè)小孩被公交車軋死了。(6)

The

logical

subject

is

avoided

forcoherence.

John

actually

loved

her

and

was

lovedin

return.約翰真的愛她，她也愛約翰。1.2

More

Varieties

of

the

Passive

The

passive

in

English

can

be

expressed

invarious

ways.Passive

forms

ofthefinite

verbs

in

6

tensesand

aspects:

is

done,

was

done,

was

beingdone,

has

been

done,

had

been

done.Passive

forms

of

the

non-finite

verbs

andtheir

perfective

aspect:

(to)

be

done,

(to)have

been

done,

being

done,

having

beendone.A.

Passive

form

of

theinfinitive:I

want

the

letter

(to

be)

typed

at

once.我要這封信馬上給打出來。B.

Passive

form

of

the

participle:

Having

beentoldabout

the

news,

she

wasvery

excited.有人告訴她這個(gè)消息后，她非常激動(dòng)。她得知這個(gè)消息后非常激動(dòng)。C.

Passive

form

of

the

gerund:I

have

the

honorof

being

elected.我榮幸地當(dāng)選了。(3)

Passive

formof

the

sentence

led

bypreparatory

“it”:

It

is

considered

disgraceful

to

cheat

inexams.人們認(rèn)為考試作弊是可恥的。(4)

Passive

formof

the

verb

with

doubleobjects:He

was

given

a

prize.他得了獎(jiǎng)。(5)

Passive

formof

the

verb

with

a

complexobject:They

needn’t

be

kept

waiting.不必讓他們?cè)俚攘恕?6)

Double-passive

form:The

date

is

expected

to

be

announced

soon.估計(jì)日期很快就會(huì)宣布。(7)

Passive

sense

in

active

form

(pseudo-activity

of

the

subject)These

new

products

sell

like

hot

cakes.這種新產(chǎn)品十分暢銷。2.

Features

of

the

Chinese

PassivesInfrequent

Use

of

the

Passive

Form(被動(dòng)式使用頻率低)

Unlike

English,

the

Chinese

passive

form

israrely

used

except

for

thefollowing

cases.Denote

something

undesirableorunpleasant．被：被捕

be

arrested，被殺

be

killed，被俘

becaptured，

被破壞，被記過，被警告，被雙規(guī)，被雙開，被槍斃，被強(qiáng)奸，被侮辱，被戲弄……

被潛規(guī)則，被戀愛，被游戲，被代表，被就業(yè)，被消失，被自殺，被小康，被繁榮……

“被就業(yè)”，即學(xué)校要求沒就業(yè)的畢業(yè)生自己隨便找個(gè)章蓋在協(xié)議書上證明自己就業(yè)

“被××”實(shí)質(zhì)上描述的是一種“受人擺布”的不自由狀態(tài)，一種弱勢(shì)權(quán)利受強(qiáng)勢(shì)權(quán)力任意玩弄的被動(dòng)狀態(tài)。

“被”字詞紅極一時(shí)，表現(xiàn)出的是公眾對(duì)個(gè)體權(quán)利的無(wú)奈訴求。這是一種微妙的訴求轉(zhuǎn)變，而公權(quán)力卻未能明察，一如既往地“在突發(fā)事件和敏感問題上缺席、失語(yǔ)、妄語(yǔ)、誑語(yǔ)”，只有等到媒體曝光了或者“網(wǎng)友曝”了，才忙不迭地出來澄清、公開或者叫停。“被繁榮”“被和諧”的完美社會(huì)？

為什么有的學(xué)校明明是強(qiáng)迫家長(zhǎng)交“慰問金”還非要說是“自愿”呢？為什么有的單位明明是把員工逼走的還非要說是“辭職”呢？這或者是為了推卸責(zé)任，或者是為了撈取成績(jī)，或者是為了粉飾政績(jī)，總而言之，是為了讓世界

“看起來很美”。

為了完成各種形式的“指標(biāo)”，大大小小的官員都在“制造繁榮”、“制造和諧”。我們似乎已經(jīng)生活在一個(gè)“被繁榮”、“被和諧”的完美社會(huì)中。

“被××”是“受人擺布”的不自由狀態(tài)：被捐款、被失蹤、被自愿、被就業(yè)、被自殺、被開心、被小康……此種語(yǔ)法看似荒謬，卻也恰恰以此嘲

弄了“被”時(shí)代的荒謬。說“被時(shí)代”確乎有些

夸張，但“被××”確實(shí)成了一種現(xiàn)象，透著弱

者的委屈與無(wú)奈。

亂收費(fèi)的最高境界是“被自愿”——我不僅收了你的錢，還要讓你感恩戴德、親口承認(rèn)是“自愿”的?？蓱z天下父母心，為了孩子，家長(zhǎng)只好打掉

牙往肚子里咽，要錢就給錢、讓“自愿”就“自

愿”吧。但不管換上什么馬甲，亂收費(fèi)還是亂收

費(fèi)。所謂的“自愿”，也不過是亂收費(fèi)者給自己

準(zhǔn)備的一塊遮羞布而已。A

modern

tendency

in

theChinese

passive

to

denotesomething

desirable

or

neutral

insome

expressions受：受歡迎be

welcome;受表?yè)P(yáng)be

praised;受尊敬be

respected被：被評(píng)為先進(jìn)工作者be

made

an

advanced

worker2.2 Active

in

form,

but

passive

in

sense困難克服了，工作完成了，問題也解決了。

The

difficulties

have

been

overcome，thework

has

been

finished

and

the

problemsolved.(2)尼克松訪華以后，中美兩國(guó)建立了外交關(guān)系。

Diplomatic

relations

were

establishedbetween

China

and

the

United

States

afterthe

Nixon’s

visit

to

China.(3)通過兩國(guó)政府的共同努力，這個(gè)障礙已經(jīng)掃除了。

This

obstacle

has

beencleared

away

by

thejoint

efforts

of

the

two

governments.2.3

主賓顛倒一匹馬騎兩個(gè)人。不說：“一匹馬被兩個(gè)人騎”。Two

persons

rode

one

horse.這鍋飯能吃十個(gè)人。不說：“這鍋飯能被十個(gè)人吃”。A

potof

rice

like

this

can

feed

10

people.昨晚我蓋了兩條被子。不說：“昨晚我被兩條被子蓋著”。Last

nightl

was

covered

up

with

two

quilts.(4)爸爸，你想死我們了!(瓊瑤：《啞妻》)?==“爸爸，我們想死你了”!Daddy，we

miss

youvery

much!3.

Translation

of

English

Passiveinto

Chinese

Passive3.1譯為帶“由”字的漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：Colds

are

caused

by

viruses

in

the

body.感冒是由體內(nèi)病毒引起的。(2)

Public

schools

are

financed

primarily

bylocal

and

state

taxes.公立學(xué)校經(jīng)費(fèi)主要由地方和州財(cái)稅資助。公立學(xué)校經(jīng)費(fèi)主要來源于地方財(cái)稅和州財(cái)稅。(3)

The

person

must

be

taken

care

of

by

hisson.這個(gè)人一定要由他兒子照顧。3.2譯為帶“受”字的漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：(1)

Xinhua

News

Agency

isauthorized

to

issuethe

followingstatement.新華社受權(quán)發(fā)表以下聲明。A

person’s

courage

is

put

tothe

proof

in

any

kind

ofdangerous

or

urgent

situation.

人的勇氣在任何危機(jī)情況下都會(huì)受到考驗(yàn)。3.3譯為帶“遭到”字眼的漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu):The

village

had

been

attacked

byAmerican

warplanes.村莊遭到了美軍戰(zhàn)機(jī)的空襲。(2)

Many

more

temporary

workers

canbe

released

if

time

turns

bad.一旦經(jīng)濟(jì)惡化，更多臨時(shí)工會(huì)遭到解聘。(3)

This

factory

was

seriously

damagedduring

the

earthquake.這家工廠在地震中遭到嚴(yán)重破壞。3.4譯為帶“要”字的漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：It

is

necessary

that

your

ID

card

bechecked

when

deposing

orwithdrawing

money

from

the

bank.到銀行存款取款要查身份證。(2)

It

is

revised

every

year,

but

theproblems

are

enormous.每年都要進(jìn)行修訂，但問題堆積如山。3.5

譯為帶“是…的”字眼的漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu):The

book

was

written

for

children.這本書是為兒童而寫的。(2)

Rome

was

not

built

in

one

day.羅馬不是一天建成的。3.6譯為帶“為……所”字眼的漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：(1)

The

plan

prepared

by

the

U.N.has

beenaccepted

by

the

two

countries.聯(lián)合國(guó)制定的這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃已為兩國(guó)所接受。(2)

Food

is

needed

by

every

living

thing.

食物為所有動(dòng)物所必需。（所有動(dòng)物都需要食物）3.7譯為帶“得到”字眼的漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：All

these

problems

will

have

been

solvedby

the

year

2005．到2005年這些問題將會(huì)得到解決。(2)

Those

that

do

so

will

be

rewarded．誰(shuí)這樣做都將得到回報(bào)。3.8譯為帶“可以”字眼的漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：Employees’

records

can

be

kept

on

filefor

one

year

after

they

have

leftthecompany.員工離開公司后，個(gè)人檔案可以保留一年。(2)

If

thereportsare

tobebelieved,this

mayultimately

be

the

only

solution.如果報(bào)告可信，這或許最終是唯一的解決方法。3.9

Change

wording

while

retaining

theoriginal

subject(保留原句主語(yǔ)，改換說法)Theyare

paidfor

this. 他們拿錢就是干這個(gè)的。The

culture

ofantiquitywas

rediscovered.古代文化重見天日。3.10譯為漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主語(yǔ)句。例如：The

interests

of

developing

countriesshould

be

considered．應(yīng)該考慮到發(fā)展中國(guó)家的利益。(2)

Backwardness

must

be

perceived

before

itcan

be

changed.認(rèn)識(shí)落后，才能改變落后。3.11

譯為漢語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)很泛的主動(dòng)式：It

is

said

that

becoming

President

of

theUnited

States

is

the

dreamof

every

patrioticAmerican

youngster.

據(jù)說，成為美國(guó)總統(tǒng)是美國(guó)每一位愛國(guó)青年的夢(mèng)想。(2)

It’s

being

put

that

she

was

secretlymarried

to

a

millionaire.據(jù)傳，她已與一位百萬(wàn)富翁秘密結(jié)婚。(3)

The

real

intentions

of

the

U.

S.governmentare

suspected.有人懷疑美國(guó)政府的真實(shí)動(dòng)機(jī)。Voiceswere

heard

calling

for

help.有人聽見呼救的聲音。It

is

now

understood

that

atoms

can

befurther

dividedintosmallerparticles.

現(xiàn)在人們懂得，原子還可以進(jìn)一步分成更小的粒子。(6)

I

was

startled

when

the

menu

was

brought,for

the

prices

werea

great

deal

higher

thanI

had

expected.

侍者送來了菜單，一看價(jià)錢，比我預(yù)想的高得多，我不禁嚇了一跳。More

examples:I

was

told

that

…我聽說／有人告訴我……It

is

said

that...據(jù)說／有人說／據(jù)云……It

must

be

admitted

that...必須承認(rèn)……It

is

well-known

that...大家知道／眾所周知……It

will

be

seen

from

this

that...由此可見……It

has

been

objected

that...有人反對(duì)說……It

is

sometimes

asked

that...

,人們有時(shí)會(huì)問……It

is

established

that...可以認(rèn)定……It

is

hypothesized…假設(shè)……(10)

It

is

recommended…有人推薦……Translation

WorkshopLast

year,

when

asked

to

helpcommemorate

Israel’s

50th

anniversary,

hedeclined.The

town

hall’s

foundation

stone

was

laidin

1863.Special

zones

for

developing

high

and

newadvanced

technology

have

been

opened

upin

places

where

conditions

permit.At

the

moment

the

food

is

being

stored

inwarehouses

near

the

airport.Much

has

been

said

about

the

necessity

ofintroducing

foreign

funds

into

Chineseenterprises.Several

high-ranking

officials

are

nowinvolved

in

negotiations

with

the

terrorists.The

plan

prepared

by

the

U.

N.

has

beenaccepted

by

the

two

countries.Valuable

ancient

buildings

should

beprotested

by

the

government.Those

that

do

so

will

be

rewarded.The

interest

of

developing

countriesshould

be

considered.Table

tennis

is

played

all

over

China.Everything

possible

was

donetoconcealour

movements

from

the

enemy

and

tomislead

them.Translation

WorkshopLast

year,

when

asked

to

helpcommemorate

Israel’s

50th

anniversary,

hedeclined.A：去年，當(dāng)被邀請(qǐng)參加以色列建國(guó)50周年慶典時(shí)，他拒絕了。B：去年，當(dāng)有人邀請(qǐng)他參加以色列建國(guó)50周年慶典時(shí)，他拒絕了。The

town

hall’s

foundation

stone

was

laidin

1863.市政廳奠基于1863年。(3)

Special

zones

for

dev