句子成分知識清單-高中英語初高中銜接

句子成分和句子種類句子成分一個完整的英語句子，至少由兩部分組成(祈使句除外)——主語和謂語。除了主語和謂語，句子有時還需要其他的成分，如用在及物動詞后面表示行為對象或結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語，系動詞之后的表語，修飾或限定名詞或代詞的定語，修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語或全句的狀語，對一個名詞或代詞作進一步解釋的同位語以及補語等。主語同位語謂語定語賓賓補地點狀語時間狀語Myfriend,Tomfoundhismoneymissingonthewayhomeyesterday.昨天，我的朋友Tom在回家的路上發(fā)現(xiàn)他的錢不見了。主語是句子敘述的主體，表明這句話描述的是什么，相當于句子的話題。通常是由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動名詞或從句等擔任。Theappleisred.名詞Nobodycanhelpyouexceptyourself.代詞Fourandfivemakesnine.數(shù)詞Thesickandtheoldneedourhelp.名詞化的形容詞Tobecomeanurseismywish.不定式Swimmingisgoodforourhealth.動名詞Thatheforgottellmethetimeforthemeetingcausedlotsoftrouble.從句謂語謂語表示主語的動作或狀態(tài)。謂語由動詞擔任，有簡單謂語和復合謂語之分。簡單謂語：動詞或動詞詞組Heoftenreadsnewspapers.Theplanetakesoffat8o'clock.復合謂語：情態(tài)動詞或助動詞+動詞HecanspeakEnglishverywell.Theworkwillbedonebeforethreeo'clock.表語表語說明主語的特征、類屬、狀態(tài)或身份。通常由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞或從句等擔任。Pollutionfromcarshasbecomeamajorproblem.名詞Seventy-four?Youdon'tlookit.代詞Angelawasthefirsttoleave.數(shù)詞Pleasefeelfreetosaywhatyoureallythink.形容詞Timeispressing.現(xiàn)在分詞Thefirewasstillonwhenwearrived.副詞CometoseemetomorrowwhenIamatwork.介詞短語Thisiswherewedisagreewitheachother.從句注意：作表語的副詞是表示狀態(tài)或位置的副詞，如：on,in,out,up,off,away等eg:Fatherisout.Iamoffnow.賓語賓語表示及物動詞和及物動詞短語的對象或內(nèi)容，或用于介詞后構(gòu)成介詞短語；通常由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動詞不定式、動名詞或從句等擔任。

We

love

our

motherland.名詞

I

wish

to

call

on

you.動詞不定式

Where

did

you

buy

that?代詞

If

you

put

5

and

7

together,

you'll

get

12.數(shù)詞

We

should

help

the

poor.名詞化的形容詞I

would

advise

waiting

until

tomorrow.動名詞

Do

you

understand

what

I

mean?從句(2)賓語的種類直接賓語表示動作的承受者或結(jié)果(通常指sth.)

My

aunt

gave

me

a

toy

car.(me為間接賓語，a

toy

car為直接賓語)

間接賓語表示動作是對誰的或為誰做的(通常指sb.)

He

played

us

some

light

music.(us為間接賓語,some

light

music

為直接賓語)同源賓語:少數(shù)不及物動詞后可接同源名詞，我們稱之為“同源賓語”

live

a

happy

life過幸福的生活

laugh

a

good

laugh大笑

die

a

glorious

death光榮死去

smile

a

gentle

smile微微一笑

dream

a

terrible

dream做了一個噩夢

介詞賓語英語中除了動詞有賓語外，介詞也有賓語，介詞的賓語簡稱“介賓”

I'm

interested

in

computer

studies.溫馨提示

①為了強調(diào)，可以把直接賓語提前，而把間接賓語放在介詞to或for之后。to和for的選擇詳見第1節(jié)詞法。Give

the

book

to

me.I've

bought

the

book

for

you.②當直接賓語是代詞時，則必須把直接賓語提前。Tell

it

to

me.(比較：Tell

me

the

story.)

直接賓語

直接賓語賓語補足語有些及物動詞的賓語后需要添加部分內(nèi)容對賓語進行補充說明，這一部分內(nèi)容稱為賓語補足語。賓語和賓語補足語一起構(gòu)成復合賓語。

I

found

the

book

very

interesting.形容詞

He

made

himself

known

to

them

first.分詞短語Sheasked

me

to

lend

her

a

hand.不定式短語We

must

keep

it

a

secret.名詞

Please

make

yourself

at

home.介詞短語Please

keen

the

dogout.副詞

注意：

主動語態(tài)變成被動語態(tài)后,賓語補足語就變成了提示主語補足語。

He

was

last

seen

playing

near

the

river.

He

was

considered

to

have

stolen

the

money.

定語修飾或限定名詞或代詞的成分叫定語；定語通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞或名詞所有格、副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式(短語)、動名詞(短語)、分詞(短語)或從句等擔任。

It's

a

fine

day

today.形容詞

The

buildings

around

were

badly

damaged.副詞

The

books

on

the

top

shelf

were

just

bought.介詞短語

Open

your

mouth

and

put

out

your

tongue.代詞

She

cut

the

cake

into

two

pieces.數(shù)詞This

is

a

stone

table.名詞

Put

the

child

in

the

sleeping

bag.動名詞Let's

try

another

way

to

do

this.不定式短語

This

is

a

moving

film.現(xiàn)在分詞

Please

bring

me

some

boiled

water.過去分詞

I

know

the

boy

who

left

just

now.從句注意：①形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、動名詞、分詞等作定語時,通常放在被修飾詞的前面，叫前置定語；而介詞短語、不定式短語、分詞短語、副詞、從句作定語時，通常放在被修飾詞的后面，叫后置定語。

②如果被修飾的詞為含some-，any-，every-，no-等的復合不定代詞(如someone，anything等)時，則定語要放在這些詞的后面。

There

is

nothing

interesting

in

the

book.

We

have

something

interesting

to

show

you.狀語狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句等。它可以表示時間、地點、方式、比較、程度、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件和讓步等。充當狀語的有副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、分詞短語、形容詞和從句等。

Tom

speaks

English

very

fast.副詞

We

work

to

live

not

live

to

work.不定式Arriving

there,call

me

up.分詞短語

The

meeting

is

going

to

be

held

in

Room

321tomorrow

morning.介詞短語

He

returned

home,safe

and

sound.形容詞

We'll

go

where

the

people

need

us.從句

Time

permitting,

we'll

have

a

break.獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

注意：若時間狀語和地點狀語同時出現(xiàn)在一個句子中時，通常先說地點狀語，再說時間狀語；但是如果對這兩個狀語同時提問時，則用when

and

where。

They

held

a

meeting

in

the

hall

yesterday

afternoon.

When

and

where

did

they

hold

a

meeting?

②如果出現(xiàn)在同一個句子中的時間狀語或地點狀語不止一個，則一般按照“由小到大”的順序排列。

He

arrived

here

at

about

ten

o'clock

yesterday

morning.

She

lived

in

a

small

village

in

the

north.同位語對句子中某一名詞(詞組)做進一步解釋、說明，與前面的名詞(詞組)在語法上處于同等地位的句子成分叫同位語。同位語常常置于被說明的詞之后?？梢宰魍徽Z的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞和從句等。

We

have

two

foreign

teachers,

a

Canadian

and

an

American.名詞They

each

can

get

a

chance

to

travel

by

air.代詞

We

two

will

go

to

see

you.數(shù)詞

The

news

that

he

will

come

is

true.從句獨立成分感嘆句感嘆詞多置于句首。常見的有：oh，hello，感嘆詞

aha等。

Oh,no.I

never

thought

it

would

be

so

bad.啊,

(2)稱呼語可