高考閱讀理解-英語閱讀理解主旨大意題解題技巧

高考英語閱讀理解主旨大意題解題技巧《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2017年版）》提出學(xué)生對語篇整體理解的要求。具體的語言技能內(nèi)容要求為：從語篇中提取主要信息和觀點，理解語篇要義。區(qū)分、分析和概括語篇中的主要觀點和事實。此項考查要求學(xué)生通過閱讀文章，抓住文章的主旨大意所在，在理解文章內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上，找到文章大意或段落大意，主要考查學(xué)生歸納概括信息的能力。主旨大意題是高考閱讀理解中?？嫉念}型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。通常以選擇文章最佳標(biāo)題（title/topic）,概括文章中心大意（mainidea）、文章段落大意（topic）等形式出現(xiàn)。主旨大意題是閱讀理解題中的高難度題型，屬于能力型題目。研究近幾年課標(biāo)地區(qū)的高考閱讀理解題可以發(fā)現(xiàn),主旨大意題幾乎年年都有,而且在大部分地區(qū)的閱讀理解題中會有1~3道此類題。其考查形式主要有以下幾種：1標(biāo)題概括類做此類試題時,要注意標(biāo)題的三個特性,即醒目性、概括性和針對性。解題時要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句,要注意貫穿文章始終的詞語。常見設(shè)問形式有：Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?Thebesttitleofthepassageis.Thesuitableheadlineofthepassagemaybe.2文章大意類每篇文章都有中心思想,可以通過找主題句來獲取文章中心思想。主題句通常在首段或結(jié)尾段,但有時也會出現(xiàn)在文章的中間段落。因此,在閱讀時要倍加關(guān)注文章的首段和結(jié)尾段及各個段落的主題句。常見設(shè)問形式有：Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethepassage?Whatisthemessageconveyedinthestory?Whatdoesthepassagemainlypresent?Whatisthemainthemeofthestory?Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?Thepassageismainlyabout.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto.Thepassageismainlywrittento.3段落大意類每個段落通常都有一個中心思想,通常會在本段首句體現(xiàn)出來,即常說的段落主題句。一般來說,采用歸納法的段落,細節(jié)表述在前,歸納概括在后。若主題句出現(xiàn)在段首,則文章多為說明文和議論文。主題句也可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間。有時作者沒有寫出明顯的主題句,考生要學(xué)會根據(jù)段落的內(nèi)容概括出主題句。常見設(shè)問形式有：Whatisthemainideaofparagraph1/thelastparagraph?Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?Whatisthelastparagraphchieflyconcernedwith?Whatdoesthewritertrytoexpressinparagraph3?Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizeparagraph1?Whatisthemainideadiscussedinparagraph2?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphisprobablythat.應(yīng)對策略1標(biāo)題概括類（1）快速瀏覽全文,了解文章梗概；（2）找到文章主旨句或關(guān)鍵句,去掉修飾成分,保留中心詞；（3）結(jié)合選項與中心詞,選出能夠全面概括文章內(nèi)容的標(biāo)題。解答此類題目時,注意所選文章題目必須能概括全文的中心內(nèi)容,即標(biāo)題涵蓋性強,能覆蓋全文；標(biāo)題要體現(xiàn)主題，既不能“太大”，也不能過于片面，即標(biāo)題所指的范圍要恰當(dāng)；標(biāo)題表意準(zhǔn)確，與文章的感情色彩相同。避免以下四種錯誤：以偏概全（多表現(xiàn)為部分代替整體）；概括過度（多表現(xiàn)為擴大范圍）；以具體代抽象（多表現(xiàn)為以事實或細節(jié)代替抽象概念的大意）；偷換概念（多表現(xiàn)為混淆事件的對象）。Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms（微生物）fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It'sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon'sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey'reclosetoasolution（解決方案）.“Wedon'tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,"saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.“Therearenotests,"Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?'Basically,it's‘I'vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendoftheyear,presentittoNASA.'Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and...it'snotaverynicethingattimes.It'sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct."GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact（影響）oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon'tteach."Andthatannoyingbacteria?GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.（2019全國II卷閱讀D）Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?NASA:TheHomeofAstronautsSpace:TheFinalHomeworkFrontierNature:AnOutdoorClassroomHUNCH:ACollegeAdmissionReform【分析】本文講述了NASA的宇航員受到細菌問題的困擾，他們把該問題交給了NASA“HowisHUNCH的高中生們，其目的是將科技與學(xué)校教育結(jié)合起來。根據(jù)第一段的“HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It'sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids."、GoodMorningBritain'sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole—showingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder￡5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe'sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe'slearntintopracticeinherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,ll.“WeloveMexicanchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexicantakeawayrestaurant,"sheexplains.“Ipay￡5foraportion（份），butMattmakesthemfor26paportion,becausetheyareflour,water,sugarandoil.Everybodycanbuytakeawayfood,butsometimeswe'renotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves."Theeight-partseries（系列節(jié)目），SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefootstepsofITV'sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouseholdexpense,SusannaandMattspendtimewithadifferentfamilyeachweek.Intonight'sEasterspecialtheycometotheaidofafamilyinneedofsomedeliciousinspirationonabudget.Theteamtransformsthefamily'slongweekendofcelebrationwithlessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.（2018全國I卷閱讀B）Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?KeepingFitbyEatingSmartBalancingOurDailyDietMakingYourselfaPerfectChefCookingWellforLess第三段的“Thereisnogradedhomework...attheendoftheyear,presentittoNASA.'"以及最后一段的“Gordonsayshisstudents.readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace."可知，本題的最佳答案為B項。A項信息文章未提及；C、D兩項均是文章中部分段落的主題，不能全面概括文章的主旨。【分析】根據(jù)文章第一段中的“preparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget",第二段中的“howtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder￡5perfamilyaday",第三段中的“howcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves"以及最后一段中的“l(fā)essexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes"等信息可知，文章主要講述如何用較少的錢做出好吃又營養(yǎng)的食物，所以“CookingWellforLess”是最佳標(biāo)題。故選D項。A項和C項只概括了文章中的部分細節(jié),不全面。B項是針對文中“deliciousandnutritiousmeals"的主觀臆造。2文章大意類（1）通讀全文，抓住每段或每個層次的主要含義；（2）將每段的主題和主旨句綜合起來，歸納出文章的中心。解答此類題目時，應(yīng)特別注意把握文章的“三主”，即文章的主題思想、結(jié)構(gòu)主線和關(guān)鍵句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。此外，甄別選項時，注意排除兩類干擾項：一是以細節(jié)代替主旨；二是以表面意思代替深層含義。MarianBeehtelsitsatWestPalmBeach'sBarLouiecounterbyherself,quietlyreadinghere-bookasshewaitsforhersalad.Whatisshereading?Noneofyourbusiness!LunchisBechtel's“me”time.AndlikemoreAmericans,she'snotalone.Anewreportfound46percentofmealsareeatenaloneinAmerica.Morethanhalf（53percent）havebreakfastaloneandnearlyhalf（46percent）havelunchbythemselves.Onlyatdinnertimeareweeatingtogetheranymore,74percent,accordingtostatisticsfromthereport.“Iprefertogooutandbeout.Alone,buttogether,youknow?"Bechtelsaid,lookingupfromherbook.Bechtel,whoworksindowntownWestPalmBeach,haslunchwithco-workerssometimes,butlikemanyofus,toooftenworksthroughlunchatherdesk.Alunchtimeescapeallowshertokeepabossfromtappingherontheshoulder.Shereturnstoworkfeelingenergized.“Today,Ijustwantedsometimetomyself/'shesaid.Justtwoseatsover,AndrewMazoleny,alocalvideographer,isfinishinghislunchatthebar.Helikesthathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwithwhomhe'sonafirst-namebasisifhewantstohavealittleinteraction（交流）.“Ireflectonhowmyday'sgoneandthinkabouttherestoftheweek,"hesaid.“It'sachanceforself-reflection.Youreturntoworkrechargedandwithaplan."Thatfreedomtochooseisonereasonmorepeopleliketoeatalone.Therewasatimewhenpeoplemayhavefeltawkwardaboutaskingforatableforone,butthosedaysareover.Now,wehaveoursmartphonestokeepuscompanyatthetable.“Itdoesn'tfeelasaloneasitmayhavebeforealltheadvancesintechnology,"saidLaurieDemeritt,whosecompanyprovidedthestatisticsforthereport.（2019全國I卷閱讀C）Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Thetrendofhavingmealsalone.Theimportanceofself-reflection.Thestressfromworkingovertime.Theadvantageofwirelesstechnology.【分析】本文通過一份調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，越來越多的人選擇獨自用餐，原因很多，比如逃離工作環(huán)境，或者獨自思考、享受獨處時光。再結(jié)合文章最后一段前兩句“Thatfreedomtochooseis...butthosedaysareover."可以看出，以前獨自用餐感覺尷尬的時代已經(jīng)結(jié)束了，也就是說獨自用餐正慢慢成為一種趨勢，故選代已經(jīng)結(jié)束了，也就是說獨自用餐正慢慢成為一種趨勢，故選A項。B、C、D三項為文章中的細節(jié)信息，不能概括文章的主旨。BenjaminWest,thefatherofAmericanpainting,showedhistalentforartwhenhewasonlysixyearsofage.Buthedidnotknowaboutbrushesbeforeavisitortoldhimheneededone.Inthosedays,abrushwasmadefromcamel'shair.Therewerenocamelsnearby.Benjamindecidedthatcathairwouldworkinstead.Hecutsomefurfromthefamilycattomakeabrush.Thebrushdidnotlastlong.SoonBenjaminneededmorefur.Beforelong,thecatbegantolookragged（蓬舌L）.Hisfathersaidthatthecatmustbesick.Benjaminwasforcedtoadmitwhathehadbeendoing.Thecat'slotwasabouttoimprove.Thatyear,oneofBenjamin'scousins,Mr.Pennington,cametovisit.HewasimpressedwithBenjamin'sdrawings.Whenhewenthome,hesentBenjaminaboxofpaintandsomebrushes.Healsosentsixengravings（版畫）byanartist.ThesewerethefirstpicturesandfirstrealpaintandbrushesBenjaminhadeverseen.In1747,whenBenjaminwasnineyearsold,Mr.Penningtonreturnedforanothervisit.HewasamazedatwhatBenjaminhaddonewithhisgift.HeaskedBenjamin'sparentsifhemighttaketheboybacktoPhiladelphiaforavisit.Inthecity,Mr.PenningtongaveBenjaminmaterialsforcreatingoilpaintings.Theboybeganalandscape（風(fēng)景）painting.Williams,awell-knownpainter,cametoseehimwork.WilliamswasimpressedwithBenjaminandgavehimtwoclassicbooksonpaintingtotakehome.Thebookswerelonganddull.Benjamincouldreadonlyalittle,havingbeenapoorstudent.Buthelatersaid,“Thosetwobooksweremycompanionsbyday,andundermypillowatnight."Whileitislikelythatheunderstoodverylittleofthebooks,theywerehisintroductiontoclassicalpaintings.Thenine-year-oldboydecidedthenthathewouldbeanartist.（2017浙江卷閱讀A）Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Benjamin'svisittoPhiladelphia.Williams'influenceonBenjamin.ThebeginningofBenjamin'slifeasanartist.ThefriendshipbetweenBenjaminandPennington.【分析】本文講述了美國畫家BenjaminWest小時候的畫畫經(jīng)歷及他是如何立志成為一名畫家的，故選C項。A、B、D三項是主旨下的具體支撐信息，而非主旨。3段落大意類（1）快速瀏覽設(shè)問所指段落，畫出主題句，如果沒有主題句，畫出高頻關(guān)鍵詞；（2）對比主題句或高頻關(guān)鍵詞，結(jié)合選項，找出能夠概括段落大意的選項。一般來說，主題句通常以三種形式出現(xiàn)：①開門見山：提出主一細節(jié)支撐一一闡明主題；②段末點睛：細節(jié)描述一一歸納要點一一概括主題；③段中點旨：細節(jié)描一一歸納主題一—進一步解釋。在閱讀非故事性文章如科普說明文或議論文時，主題句尤其明顯。但有些文章的主題句并不明顯，而是隱含在段落之中，考生要注意辨別。Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending一“bad"tables,crowding,highprices一don'tnecessarily.Dinersatbadtables一nexttothekitchendoor,say一spentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot“beoverlyconcernedabout‘bad'tables",giventhatthey'reprofitable.Asforcrowds,aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurant'sreputation,suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffet'spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.（2018江蘇卷閱讀B）Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?A.Tipstoattractmorecustomers.B.Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.C.Waystoimproverestaur