高考語法填空解題技巧及專項訓(xùn)練

高考語法填空解題技巧及專項訓(xùn)練語法填空是近年來高考英語科新推出的一種題型。這種題型能全面檢測學(xué)生在英語詞匯、語法，甚至是句法上的運用能力，能更科學(xué)地反映學(xué)生的英語綜合水平。本題型分兩種情況：一種為已給單詞提示，一種為不給單詞提示。本人就這兩種情況進行了深入的研究，總結(jié)出十三條語法填空的解題技巧。語篇型語法填空題的形式為：在一篇200詞左右的語篇（短文或?qū)υ挘┲辛舫?0處空白，部分空白的后面給出單詞的基本形式，要求考生根據(jù)上下文填寫空白處所需的內(nèi)容或所提供單詞的正確形式，所填寫詞語不得多于3個單詞?？忌氺`活運用語法知識，如單詞詞性、單詞時態(tài)、名詞單復(fù)數(shù)、連接詞、代詞、冠詞等判斷各空白處應(yīng)填寫的內(nèi)容。一、給出動詞基本形態(tài)，填寫詞性詞形轉(zhuǎn)化(轉(zhuǎn)為名詞、形容詞)，或填寫謂語部分，可能需要填寫兩個或三個詞，或是填寫非謂語動詞；二、給出形容詞，需要填寫比較級、最高級，或詞性詞形轉(zhuǎn)化，轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞，或是填寫反義詞(前綴)；三、給出副詞，填寫比較級、最高級，或是填寫反義詞；四、不給提示詞，主要填寫介詞、連詞、冠詞和代詞。有提示詞：考查謂語動詞非謂語動詞形容詞副詞無提示詞：考查冠詞介詞連詞代詞一、已給單詞提示題型的技巧此類題可以考查學(xué)生對單詞形式變化的掌握程度。單詞形式變化主要有兩種，一是詞的形、數(shù)、式的變化，一是詞的派生變化。在判斷出詞的變化之后還應(yīng)該進一步審題，看是否需要使用復(fù)合的變化形式，這一點是很重要的。技巧一：名詞形式變化。名詞的形式變化主要有單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)、所有格的變化。例1：Therearemanystudentslivingatschool，the(child)housesareallfarfromschoo1．由students-詞可以判斷出橫線處應(yīng)填復(fù)數(shù)，且作為houses的定語，所以應(yīng)用其所有格形式，故答案為child的復(fù)合變化形式——復(fù)數(shù)的所有格children’s。技巧二：動詞形式變化。動詞的形式變化比較多，有謂語的變化(時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣)，有非謂語的變化(不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞)。例2：Atalk——(give)tomorrowiswrittenbyProfessorZhang．句中的is是整句的謂語，所以橫線所在的動詞應(yīng)當(dāng)用作非謂語。從tomorrow可以看出，報告是“將來”作的，故用不定式；且報告是give動作的承受者，故可以判斷出橫線所在處用give的不定式被動式——tnbegiven。技巧三：代詞形式變化。代詞形式變化通常是與人稱變化有關(guān)的三大類五小類，即人稱代詞(主格和賓格)、物主代詞(形容詞性和名詞性)、反身代詞。另外還有幾個不定代詞的形式變化，如noone／none、other／another等。例3：Thekingdecidedtoseethepainterby——(he)．由介詞bv可以看出，橫線處應(yīng)填反身代詞himself。技巧四：形容詞、副詞比較級變化。英語中大部分形容詞和表方式的副詞都有原級、比較級和最高級的變化。構(gòu)成比較級和最高級的方式，或通過加后綴一er和．est，或在詞前Imore／less和most／least，且形容詞的絕對最高級還要冠以the。例4：Iam——(tall)thanLiuWen．Heisthetalleststudentsinmyclass．此題后句交代了LiuWen是班上最高的學(xué)生，那“我”肯定比他矮，所以不能用taller，只能用表示程度不如的“l(fā)esstall”。技巧五：數(shù)詞形式變化。數(shù)詞的形式變化包括基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞，或加后綴一teen、．ty的變化，甚至還有作分母用的序數(shù)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式，以及one／two的特殊變化形式。例5：TomythreesonsIleavemyseventeenhorses．Myeldestsonshalltakeahalf,mysecondsonshalltakea(three)．．．從上下文連續(xù)起來理解，這是一個分馬的計劃，大兒子分得ahalf，也就是“一半”或“二分之一”，那么二兒子應(yīng)該得“三分之一”，所以要填入作分母的序數(shù)詞“third”才能命中目標(biāo)。技巧六：詞的派生。詞的派生現(xiàn)象在英語單詞中是很常見的，派生現(xiàn)象主要發(fā)生在名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞四種詞中。這種題型還有可能檢測學(xué)生對詞根、前后綴、派生詞的掌握。例6：Liouslosthiswalletyesterday，SOhewasvery____(happiness)．在這道題中，學(xué)生很容易判斷出該用形容詞，由此可知將happinessJ~．成詞根h印py；錢包丟了，人應(yīng)該是不開心的，所以要再加個前綴Hn．，就成了unhappy。二、未給單詞提示題型的技巧此類題難度較大，但也是有方法對付的。技巧七：固定短語結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)句中橫線前后及整句來判斷橫線前后是否構(gòu)成一個固定短語，但有時要對橫線前或后的幾個單詞“視而不見”才能命中答案。例7：Thechildrenwereplayingontheground，enjoying____，dirtybuthappy．從句中的happy可以猜出孩子們是開心的，所以應(yīng)用enj0yoneself短語，故其答案為themselves。例8：Hisbosswas____angryastofirehim．如果“跳過”橫線后面的angry，就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這里用到一個關(guān)聯(lián)短語SO?asto，所以，so是正解。技巧八：從句引導(dǎo)詞。從句是此題型最為常見的一個方向，主要檢測學(xué)生對引導(dǎo)詞的掌握程度。例9：Hedidnotdone_____hisfatherhadaskedhimtodo．審題可知，橫線所在為賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，此引導(dǎo)詞在從旬中充當(dāng)賓語，且指物，所以是what。例10：Those_____wanttogotothevillagemustsignhere．經(jīng)過觀察可以判斷橫線所在為定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，進一步觀察可知先行詞為those，且指人，所以只能填入who。技巧九：短語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)。短語動詞是以動詞為中心的兩個或多個詞構(gòu)成的短語，此類短語中往往是動詞與介詞或副詞連用的多些。例11：Theusconsists____fiftystates．根據(jù)常識可知，美國由50個州組成，故橫線處與前一詞組合，表示“由??組成”，所以答案是of。例12：MrsBakerwasill，soherdaughterhadtoaskforleavetotake_____ofher．生病需要人照顧，所以答案是care，與前后詞構(gòu)成takecareof。技巧十：短語介詞結(jié)構(gòu)。短語介詞即多個詞的組合起介詞作用的短語，如：exceptfor，dueto等。例13：MrSmithtookaplanetoLondon____oftakingatrain．此題中說到兩種交通工具，所以可以理解此句有“坐……而不是坐……”的意思，故答案為instead，以構(gòu)成介詞短語insteadof。Inordertoknowaforeignlanguagethoroughly,fourthingsareneccessary.Firstly,wemustunderstandthelanguagewhenwehear______31________spoken..Secondly,wemustbeabletospeakitcorrectlywithconfidenceandwithouthesitation._____32_______,wemustbeabletoreadthelanguage,andfourthly,wemustbeabletowriteit.Wemustbeabletomakesentencesthataregrammaticallycorrect.Thereisnoeasywaytosuccess_____33_______languagelearning._____34________goodmemoryisofgreathelp,butitisnotenoughonly_____35________(memorize)rulesfromagrammarbook.Itisnotmuchuselearningbyheartlonglistofwordsand______36_________meaning,studyingthedictionaryandsoon.Wemustlearnbyusingthelanguage._______37_______wearesatisfiedwithonlyafewruleswehavememorized,wearenotreallylearningthelanguang.“Learnthroughuse”isagoodpieceof_____38______(advise)forthose______39______arestudyinganewlanguage.Practiceisimportant.Wemustpractisespeakingand____40____(write)thelanguagewheneverwecan.Keys:31.it32.Thirdly33.in34.A35.tomemorize36.their37.If38.advice39.who40.writing(5)Atonepointalonganopenhighway,Icametoacrossroadswithatrafficlight.Iwasaloneontheroadbynow,but31Idroveuptothelight,itturnedred,andIbrakedtoahalt.Ilookleft,right,andbehindme.Nothing.32acar,nosuggestionofheadlights,butthereIsat,33(wait)thelighttochange,theonlyhumanbeingforatleastamileinanydirection.Istartedwondering34Irefusedtorunthelight.Iwasnotafraidof35(catch)bythepolice,becausetherewasobviouslynocopanywherearoundand36certainlywouldhavebeennodangeringoing37it.Muchlaterthatnight,the38questionofwhyI’dstoppedforthatlightcame39tome.IthinkIstoppedbecauseit’spartofacontract(合同)weallhavewitheachother.It’snotonlythelaw,butit’sanagreementwehave,andwetrusteachothertohonor40:wedon’tgothroughredlights.Likemostofus,I’mmorereadytobestoppedfromdoingsomethingbadbythesocialagreementthatdisapprovesofitthanbyanylawagainstit.Keys:31.as/when32.Not33.waiting34.why35.beingcaught36.there37.through38.same39.back40.it(6)Nowadays,millions31lonelysinglesarenowgoingonlineinstead.32WorldWideWebisquicklybecomingtheworld’smostpopularmatchmaker(媒人).Singlesareflocking(涌向)totheInternet33(main)becausetheirbusylifestylesleavethemlittletimetolookforasignificantother.Usingdatingsites(約會網(wǎng)址)isquickandconvenient.Manysinglessaytheregulardatingscene34(justlead)themfromonebadexperienceto35andarereadytotrysomethingelse.Datingsitesalsomake36easytoavoidsomeone37youarenotinterestedin.Intherealworld,38,ignoringsomeoneyoudon’tlikecanbedifficult.Despitealltheadvantages,onlinedatingalsopresentsitsownsetofproblems.Peoplearen’talwaysthosewhotheydeclaretobeintheironline39(describe).Safetyisanotherconcern.Youarejust40(like)tofindacriminalonlineasyouareMr.OrMissRight.Keys;31.of32.The33.mainly34.hasjustled35.another36.it37.who/whom38.however39.description40.likely(7)Polarbearsaresufferingina31(warm)worldthaneverbefore.Polarbearsliveinenvironmentstoocoldformostanimals.32muchoftheyear,theyliveandhuntonthefrozenArcticseaice.Naturehasprepared33forthecoldconditions.Butnothinghaspreparedthebearsforthedangerthat34(threat)theonlyhometheyknow.Thepolarbears’worldismelting.Studiesshowthatthepolaricehasreducedby9.8%every10years351978.Nowabout20,000to25,000polarbearsliveintheArctic.Polarbearsdependontheseaicefortheir36(survive).“Theseaiceismorethanjustthisplatformthatthebearswalkover,”saysAndrewDerocher,37scientistwhostudiesNorthAmericanpolarbearpopulations.“38it,theycan’texist.”Somemeltingandrefreezingofthepolariceisnatural.39inawarmerworld,thesecyclesspeedup,andbearshavelesstimetohunt.Normally,theyhavethreemonthsinthespringwhentheygainmoreweight.Theextrafatisusedlater,40thebearsarenotactivelyhunting.Keys;31.warmer32.For/During33.them34.threatens35.since36.survival37.a38.Without39.But40.when(8)31ispossiblethatwesimplydonotstayinoneplaceforatruefriendshiptodevelop.However,therecanbenodisagreementontheneedforeachofus32(think)carefullyaboutthekindoffriendshipswewant.Tomostofus,friendshipsareconsidered33(importance),butneedtohaveclearinourownminds34kindsoffriendshipswewant.Aretheytobecloseor35(keep)atarm’slength?Dowewanttoshareourselvesordowewanttowalkonthesurface?Forsomepeople,manyfriendshipsonthesurfacearequiteenough—andthat’sallright.Butatsomepointweneedtomakesurethatourexpectationsarethesameasour36(friend)expectations.Ifonewantsmorefromthefriendshipthantheother,37ifthisisnottalkedabout,oneislikelyatlasttofellthathe’sholdingtheshortendofthestick.Thesharingofpersonalexperience38(include)ourtearsaswellasourdarkdreams39(be)thesurestwaytodeepenfriendships.Butitmustbeundertakenslowlyandcarriedononlyiftheresignsofinterestandaction40return.Keys:31.It32.tothink33.important34.the35.kept36.friends’37.and38.including39.is40.in(9)Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.31_____alongreadingassignmentisgiven,instructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwith32_____(inform)inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.Theidealstudentisconsideredtobeonewhoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeoflearning,nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned33_____briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiven,thestudentis34_________(responsibility)forlearningthematerialassigned.Whenresearch35______(assign),theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwithminimumguidance.Itisthestudent'sresponsibilitytofindbooks,magazines,andarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain36_____auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents,37______(special)graduatestudents,tobeabletoexhaustthereferenceoriginsinthelibrary.Professorswillhelpstudentswhoneedit,butpreferthattheirstudentsshouldnotbetoodependentonthem.IntheUnitedStates,professorshavemanyotherduties38______teaching,suchasadministrativeorresearchwork.Therefore,thetime39______aprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclass40______(limit).Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomwork,thestudentshouldeitherapproachaprofessorduringofficehoursormakeanappointment.Keys:31.If/When32.information33.with34.responsible35.isassigned36.how37.particularly/especially38.besides39.which/that40.islimited(10)ThisisatruestorywhichhappenedintheStates.Amancameoutofhishometoadmirehisnewtruck.Tohis31(puzzle),histhree-year-oldsonwas32(happy)hammeringdents(凹痕)intotheshinypaintofthetruck.Themanrantohisson,knockedhimaway,hammeredthelittleboy'shandsintopulp(果漿汁)as33(punish).Whenthefathercalmeddown,herushedhissontothehospital.34thedoctortrieddesperatelytosavethecrushedbones,hefinallyhadtocutthefingersfromboththeboy'shands.Whentheboy35(wake)upfromtheoperationandsawhisbandagedstubs,heinnocentlysaid,“Daddy,I'msorryaboutyourtruck.”Thenheasked,“36whenaremyfingersgoingtogrowback?”Thefatherwenthomeandcommittedsuicide.Thinkaboutthisstory37nexttimesomeonestepsonyourfeetoryouwishtotakerevenge.Thinkfirst38youloseyourpatiencewithsomeoneyoulove.Truckscan39(repair).Brokenbonesandhurtfeelingsoftencan't.Toooftenwefailtorecognizethedifferencebetweenthepersonandtheperformance.Weforgetthatforgivenessis40(great)thanrevenge.Peoplemakemistakes.Weareallowedtomakemistakes.Buttheactionswetakewhileinaragewillimpressusforever.Keys:31.puzzlement32.happily33.punishment34.Although/Though35.woke36.but37.the38.before39.berepaired40.greater(11)AsIthinkbackIrealizehowharditistoviewtheworld____31____theeyesofmychildhood.____32____child’smindisstillfilledwiththeideathatanythingandeverythingispossible.Theyhaven’tbegunbuildingthementalwallsyet.Watchachild____33____(learn)towalkandit’samazing.Nomatterhowmanytimestheyfalldown,theyhopbackup____34____theyinstinctivelyknowthateventuallythey’llbeabletowalk.Theydon’thavetoworrywhat____35____think.Theyhavenoneedtoputupafront(講面子).Theyarewhotheyare.Butsomewherealongthelinetheylearntobe____36____(practice).Theircreativityisblockedovertime,astheworld____37____(teach)themtofitin.Eventuallytheydon’tbouncebackasfast38theyfail.Learningisnowsomethingyouhavetodothatisveryboringandunpleasant.YouandI____39____teardownthosewallsthatareclosinginandstartfresh.It’stimetobringbackthatsenseofjoyandwonder.Whenyou’resettingyourgoalsfortheNewYear,thinklikeachild.Setyourgoalsasif____40____ispossible.Keys;31.through32.a33.learning34.because35.others36.practical37.teaches38.when/if39.can40.anything(12)Inmanycountries,___31___isnotunusualforfamiliesofdifferentbackgroundstolivetogetherinthesharedspace.___32___,intheUnitedStates,thisideamaystillbeconsideredodd.Butthistypeofhousing,___33___(call)co-housing,isgaining___34___(popular)intheUnitedStates,too.Co-housingcomplexesarepoppingupacrossthecountry.Formanypeople,thiswayoflifeisarelieftothebusymodernlifestyle.Aco-housingcommunityhas___35___(private)ownedhousesandsharedland.Thereisoftena“commonhouse”withakitchenanddiningroom,meetingroom,andmaybeaworkshopoflibraryormusicroom.About25co-housingcommunities___36___(build)inrecentyears,and150moreareplanned.Aco-housingcomplexisaplace___37___reside