高考英語閱讀詞義猜測

閱讀專題二.英語閱讀詞義猜測◎設(shè)問形式

The

underlined

word...in

the

second

(third…)

paragraph

refers

to

(means)

______.By

saying...in

the

firs

(second…)

paragraph,

the

author

means

that

______.

In

paragraph

…,

…

can

be

replaced

by

______.

The

meaning

of

…

in

paragraph…

is

related

to

______.

Which

of

the

following

has

the

closest

meaning

to...?

The

underlined

sentence

in

the

…

paragraph

probably

means

that_____.

◎詞義猜測方法：definition定義法2.contrast對比法3.similarity相似法4.causeandeffect因果法5.examples舉例法6.wordformation構(gòu)詞法7.context上下文8.commonsense普通常識

一、定義法

通過對其定義、定語（從句）或同位語（從句）來推測出它的詞義。常用“tobecalled,bedefinedas,beknownas,tomean,toreferto,thatis(tosay),inotherwords,namely”等詞語來提示。還有一些標(biāo)點符號，如：冒號、破折號、括號等都表示后文要解釋前文。如：1.TheschoolsarereluctanttotaketimeoffeventeacherswithticketsfortheEngland-Argentinagamehadtroublegettingthedayoff.(06福建A)kindB.unwillingC.freeD.careless2.HereisthePines,whosecookhasdevelopedaspecialwayofmixingforeignfoodsuchascaribou,wildboar,andreindeerwithsurprisingsauces.(04福建E)PlaceinwhichyoucanseemanymobilehomesMountainwhereyoucangetagoodviewofthevalleyTownwhichhappenstobeneartheBanffNationalParkRestaurantwhereyoucanaskforsomespecialkindsoffoodItwillbeveryhardbutverybrittle--thatis,itwillbreakeasily.fragileB.softC.weakD.strong4.Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.()二、對比法通過前面或后面出現(xiàn)的反義詞或?qū)Ρ仍~語推知生詞的意思。體現(xiàn)對比關(guān)系的詞主要有but,yet,however,while,unlike,instead,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,incontrastwith等。標(biāo)點符號分號也可表示對比。如：Today,youngcouplesoftenspendlotsoftheirmoneyonappliances,forinstance,washingmachines,colortelevisionsandrefrigerators.()六.構(gòu)詞法英語中很多單詞都是有詞根家前后綴組成的，知道詞根及前后綴的意思，就可以推斷出生詞的意思。(1)合成：兩個或兩個以上的單詞組成一個新的單詞。如：blackboard,man-made,overthrow(2)詞性轉(zhuǎn)化：Iwasaskedtominutetherace.“minute”轉(zhuǎn)化成動詞，意為“為……計時”hand(n.)—hand(v.)empty(adj.)—empty(v.)詞綴：super-(超）mini-(極小的)micro-（極微小的）re-(再，反復(fù))mis-（誤）im-（不）un-/in-/non-/dis(不)-able(能...的)-less(不，無)-wards(向)eg:childishmispronouncehomelesssleep-walkantiageingManyartistsfindinspirationintraditionalIndiandesigns.A.confidenceB.creativeideasC.powerD.goodadvice2.….MyteenagesonKarlbecamewithdrawnafterhisfatherdied.Asasingleparent,Itriedtodomybesttotalktohim,butthemoreItried,themorehemovedaway.(04NMET)A.preferredtostayaloneathomeB.lostinterestinhisstudiesC.refusedtotalktoothersD.begantodislikehismotherAccordingtoMorrissey,tryingtofindadietthatcancureyourillness,ormakeyousuperwomanisafruitlesssearch.aneffortwithoutresultsB.asearchfordietwithoutfruitsC.adietservingasmedicineD.aresearchonfruitlessdiet.4.Withtheirshiningbrowneyes,waggingtails,andunconditionallove,dogscanprovidethenonjudgmentallistenersneededforabeginningreadertogainconfidence.(03NMET)上下文利用語境及前后的提示來猜測詞義。1.Therewasagardenerwholookedafterhisgardenwithgreatcare.Towaterhisflowers,heusedtwobuckets.Onewasashinyandnewbucket.Theotherwasaveryoldanddilapidatedone,whichhadseenmanyyearsofservice,butwasnowpastitsbest.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dilapidated”probablymean?Dirty.B.Dark.C.Worn-out.D.Plain-looking.2.whenIfirstbecameareporterIknewamanwhogaveupaverywell-paidrespectablejobattheDailyTelegraphtogoandeditasmallnewspaper.AtthetimeIwasastonishedbywhatappearedtometobehiscompletelyabnormalmentalstate.HowcouldanyoneturnhisbackonFleetStreetincentralLondonforasmalllocalarea?Iwantedtoknow.(NMET2006廣東)Theunderlinedphrase“turnhisbakeon”mostprobablymeans﹍﹍﹍﹍A.leaveforB.returntoC.giveupD.relyon3.Spendingaslittleas$5adayonsomeoneelsecouldsignificantlyboosthappiness,theteamattheUniversityofBritishColumbiafound.Theirexperimentonmorethan630AmericansshowedthattheyweremeasurablyhappierwhentheyspendmoneyonothersA.helptofindB.helptobringC.helptoincreaseD.helptoget4.Thewholefamilyhadexperiencedsuchastormbeforeandeveryonerememberedthedamageithascausedtostockandcrops.Therewasverylittlewecoulddoaboutthecrops.Butweneededtoprotecttheanimalsincasetheriverfloodedagain.A.moneyownedbythefamilyB.goodsforsaleC.suppliesforfamilyuseD.farmanimals5.Howhasthecoyoteshownthisextraordinaryability?”Iguessifyouwantedtouseoneword,it’dbe‘plasticity’.”saysErieGese,anexpertatUtahStateUniversity.Coyotescanlivealone,inpairs,orinlargepackslikewolves,huntatnightorduringtheday,occupyasmallregionoranareaupto40squaremiles,andliveonallsortsoffood,fromlizards（蜥蜴）andshoes,toantsandmelons.Theunderlinedword“plasticity”inParagraph2refersto____________.

A.theabilitytofittheenvironment

B.notorioussmartness

C.huntingability

D.beinghuman-tolerant常識運用邏輯推理能力，自身的生活經(jīng)驗及生活常識，根據(jù)上下文能讀懂的部分，正確猜出生詞詞意，是一種行之有效的猜測詞意的方法。比如了解一些英美國家的天文地理、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、宗教信仰、政治結(jié)構(gòu)、社會制度等，可以幫助加深對文章的理解。1．Fishesliveinwaterandhavefinswhichhelpthemtoswim.Mostfisheshaveslimyskinscoveredwithscales,soitisdifficulttogetfirmholdofthem.2．Birdsflywiththeirwings,andtheypickuptheirfoods,andtheneatthemwiththeirbeaksandtheyusetheirclawsfortearing,seizing,pullingorholdingobjects.3.Whenadoctorperformsanoperationonapatient,heusuallygivesananesthetictomakehimunconscious,becausehedoesnotwanthispatienttofeelpainortoknowwhatishappeningtohim.4.Inolddays,whengirlsfromrichfamiliesweremarriedtotheirhusbands,theyexpectedtobringwiththemselvesalargequantityofdowry.鞏固練習(xí)1．Hehadbeengettingbetter,butduringthenighthisconditiondeteriorated.A.getworseB.improveC.wasrecordedD.developed2.Theyoungmanfailedinhisexperiment.Heseemedtohavelostallhishope.Justatthattimehisfathercametohelphim,saying,“don’tdespair,child.Ifyouworkharder,you’llsucceedintheend.”A.tofailintheexperimentB.tohelpsomeoneC.tosucceedintheendD.tolostone’shope3.TherewasatalkbetweenanEnglishvisitorandaChineseleader.ThevisitorcouldspeaknothingbutEnglish,andtheleadercouldspeakonlyChinese.Theycouldn’tunderstandeachother.Howcouldtheytalkon?nowcameaninterpreter,whocouldspeakbothChineseandEnglish.SothetalkbetweentheEnglishvisitorandtheChineseleaderwentonwiththehelpoftheinterpreter.A.athingwhichgivesquicktranslationofwordsspokeninanotherlanguageB.apersonwhogivesanimmediatetranslationofwordsspokeninanotherlanguage’C.apersonwhocanspeaknothingbutEnglishD.apersonwhocanspeaknothingbutChinese4.Thereisalegendthat,longagoonQing-Mingholiday,ayoungmannamedXuXianwascomingbackhomewhensuddenlyitstartedtorainheavily.Heranatoncetoanoldtreesoastokeepoutoftherain.Whenhereachedthetree,hesawabeautifulladyandherservantstandingthere.Theyoungmanandthebeautifulladyfellinlovewitheachotheratfirstsight.A.aletterfromEnglandB.astoryfromoldtimesC.abookbyLuXunD.anovelbyCharlesDickens5.Theyoungmanwasbashfulthathedidnotspeaktotheprettygirl.A.afraidB.shockedC.shyD.surprised6.WhengeorgeWashingtonwasquitealittleboy,hechoppeddowntheyoungtreehisfatherlovedbest.Thismadehisfatherveryangry.Later,theboytoldhisfatherthetruththathehadcutdownthetree.Andthismadehisfatherhappy.A.toshopB.tomakeC.tocutD.tolove7.Agroupofsoldiersweregoingtofightwiththeenemyinthevillage.Inordertowinthebattletheofficerhadtoordertwosoldierstogoscoutthevillageatnight,becausehewonderedhowmanysoldierstherewereinthevillage,andwheretheenemysoldierswerehiding.A.tolookforaplacetoliveinB.tosearchaplacetogetinformationC.toleaveaplaceforanotheroneD.togettoaplacetoattendameeting8.Researchersareworriedabouttheincreasingpressureonpilotsandgroundcontrollers.Andincreasingcollisions,occurringatornearanairport,havecalledattentiontotheneedformoreaidstoaviationcontrol.A.accidentsinwhichtwoplaneshiteachotherB.misunderstandingbetweenpilotsandgroundcontrollersC.quarrelsamongpassengersD.breakdownsofnewtypesofinstrument9.Mrs.Whitelosthishusbandnotlongago.Itisnowdifficultforthewidowtofeedafamilyoffourbecauseshehas