全站儀在公路導(dǎo)線和中線測量中的應(yīng)用

全站儀在公路導(dǎo)線和中線測量中的應(yīng)用TotalstationinthehighwaycenterlineconductorsandMeasurementLichun-shengZhaoBingYangchunlong(NanyangCityPlanningSurveyandDesignInstituteofHighwayTrafficNanyang473003)Abstract:Thetotalstationinthehighwaycenterlineconductorsandtheapplicationofmeasurementtechniques,theTotalStationusemattersneedingattention.Keywords:TotalStationRoadmeasuringtechniques1Totalstationinthewiremeasurement1.1TotalStationCoordinatetheadvantagesofTotalStationcanbeuseddirectlywiththemeasuringpointcoordinatemethod,ratherthanpolarcoordinateslawrequired,sothatheavyequipmentoperatorsfromthecalculationofthedataout.Outsidetheindustryarenowvirtuallynorecords,onlyasimplemindandthenextpointwiththepointoftherelationshipbetweenthefinishingindustryforthereferenceperiod,butalsodonothavestaffwitharecordofthecalculation.FinishinginatimewhentheindustryaslongasthedatatransmissionfromthetotalstationtoPC2E500calculator,ordirectlytothedatainputtoacomputer,aftercoordinateadjustment,onthecomputerusingAutoCADdrawingsoftwaresuchaspoints,cut-offpoint,andcalculatedtheanglevalueofeachcurve,thedistancebetweenthepointofintersectionaswellasthecoordinatesofeachpileandso.1.2Noteandtheapplicationofstate-controlledthree-dimensionalcoordinatesofpointsCoordinatesmethodusedbefore,asfaraspossiblethecountrytofindcontrolpointsandcontrolpointsofthesethree-dimensionalcoordinates,andthesecontrolpointsthroughthejointtest,notonlycantesttheirmeasurementaccuracy,anderror-yunXuscopecanbecarriedoutthroughtheadjustmentofthesecoordinates,sothatahighermeasurementaccuracy.1.3PointsetshouldtakeintoaccounttheneedtotakethemiddlelaneInthesetpoint,notonlyshouldbewirelinecontrolpoints,thatis,topointthecenterlineshouldalsopreparefortherelease,dependingontheroutepassconditions,andhigherterraincanbelaidatanumberofaircraftequipment,thebenefitsofdoingsoistotakethemiddlelanewhenthereisagreaterchoiceanddonothaveequipmentforanadditionaltwopointstoallowdevicestostopseveraltimes.1.4Apparatusaftertheoperationandstaffing,astheroleofstaffTotalStationwiththeroadgenerallytraversingatotalof5~6people,dependingonthelocationoftheprevious3to4people,equipmentoperator1,thelatterdependingonaperson.Afterthetotalstationasthestaffcanrecordmorepoints,thecenterlineofthelatterlineofmeasurementanddesigncanplayaverylargerole.Worksthroughthefollowingspecificexamplestoillustratetheimportanceofafter,asthestaff.HenanProvincialHighway23inNanyangCityLinetoBangladeshfloorhabitatsDengzhousecondaryroadstraversingalterationworks,becauseitistheoldGM,themeasurementprincipleistomeettheregulatoryrequirementsunderthepremiseofusingtheoldasmuchaspossible.Easytocontrolthegenerallinesegment,andtheDepartmentinordertobendasmuchaspossiblealongtheoldroadonthebendradiusmustbeaverysuitablechoice.Wemeasuredthekeyis:thepeople,asaftertheafter,after,as,toturnthecorneralongtheoldrelease5~6bendradiuscontrolpoint,soTotalStationtorecordthecoordinatesofpoints,sowithintheindustrytodealwithwires,theDepartmentofthesebendlinessuchastheuseofdesignsoftwareinHaitithroughthedebugradiuscurvesmakeasmuchaspossiblethroughthesepoints.IfbothsidesofalongerandalotofflatcurvesHousingDepartment,later,asintheoldcurvemeasured12pointstocontrolthecurve,includingtheindustrydealwiththepositionfoundinthecomplexcurveisthebestoptiontoavoidthesetcausedbythedemolitionofamulti-radiuscurvesandlinearnon-idealerrors.1.5WiresshouldbenotedthattheissueofmeasurementTotalStationwiththewireusedtofightsomeoftheareasinneedofspecialattention,otherwiselargeerrorsmayariseevenleadtorework..1）Whenthelatter,aswemustpayattentiontopeopleafterthelegislation,asthelatterpointofviewandcoordinatewiththeimportationofequipmentandtakethepointsConsistentstandard,itisbesttousewalkie-talkiecommunicationswitheachotherlikedotswithaprismdependingontheexhausted,theusedequipmentafterthereleasepointofviewtoseewhetherthesamelocation,sothaterrorprobabilitycanbereducedtoaminimum.HenanProvincialHighway48inlineXixiathroughoutthewiremeasurement,asfirst-timecoordinates,apparatus,aircraftoperatorswillviewthesiteandpostthecoordinatesoftheanti-lost,resultinginShowmaponyourcomputerwhentheroadatthislocationfoundthatthe180°foldkokreturnedtomaketheworkdayhasbecomeworkwithnoavail2）Wherepossible,afterthepointofviewfromtheplanefartherfromthesiteaspossible,undernormalcircumstances,afterthetwositesandbetweenthepointofviewPutupastationshouldnotbelessthanthedistancetothedistancebetweenthemeasuringpoint,sotoensureaccuracy.3）Inthemeasurementofcoordinatesdonotbringdownthemirror,becausethewholepointMiriamcoreessenceofthecoordinatesoflaworbythedeclination,thedistanceobtainedinternalcalculationbythetotalstationdataprocessingmodulesareconvertedintocoordinates,sobringdownthemirrorcoordinatesystemisequivalenttorotatingthewhole180°,thatistosaylessbiasedangleof180°,theresultofcourseiswrong.4）Totalheightmeasurementhasitslimitations,themeasurementerrorofthemainelevationoftheobservationerrorfortheverticalangle,rangingerror,apparatus,highWithhighmeasurementerroroftheprism,whichisthreekindsoferrorsinverticalangleobservationtheimpactoftheerrorthemost,onlytotakeappropriatemeasurestoimprovetheaccuracyofobservation,suchastheuseofspylicenseallowedthegoaltoreplacetheprismastheappropriatemeasuretoincreasethenumberofshort-distancetransmissionofelevation,carefullychecktheamountofhighequipmentandhigherprism.Undernormalcircumstances,traversingthemeasuringpointintheelevationvaluesforreferenceonly,andcannotbeusedasthestandardofmeasurement.2TotalStationinthecenterlineMeasurement2.1putupastationinthelocationofchoiceAsfaraspossibletoselectthosehigher,dependingontheconditionsofagoodpass,youcanseemorepointsintheonlineposition.WehavejuststartedusingTotalStation,whennotpaidmuchattentiontothispoint,theresultstendtomoveoffstationMore,notonlyaffecttheprogress,butalsoaccuracy.Especiallyinmountainousareas,suchasontopofamountainwecanseeafewkilometersaroundthelocationinthepile,andalongbothsidesoftheroadoftenrequiresseveralstationsputuoastationcanonlybedepositedendofthissetupthecenterline.Anotherexampleisthemiddleofthemountainsedgestreamletactinomyceteline,asthehorizontalalignmentisoftennotideal,manyhillstoblocklineofsight,alwaysneedtostopseveraltimestomove,ifwechoosetoroutetheothersideoftheriverthemountain,Thegroundfloorortheroofoftheresidentsdo,suchasthelocationforputupastationcanbehighlyeffective.2.2pointsfewerprocessingTotalStation,asthebarrierencounteredbythelayingofthecenterline,inthecaseofsmallpointsshouldbetakenfromthemachinescanseethemostrecentreleasePoints(generallynotinthelineofpoints)forthereferenceapproach.Routesinthemountainsandtheobstaclesweremorebuildings,andsometimesmovingequipmentwilltakea12pointmoveisoftennolongertheotherstations,Butwiththemobilereferencepointandreferencepointformeasuringacombinationofmethods,eachhasmadetosavetime,effort,andtheresultsmeettheaccuracyrequirements.2.3TotalMeasurementApplicationoffunctionalskillsAlthoughtheleveloftotalstationmeasurementscumbersomeprocedures,andaccuracyisnothigh,butsometimesthefunctionofheightcanbemeasuredeffectively.AsinMountainedgestreamletlinemeasurementofchange,someroutesinseveralmidlinepointonthemountain,ifmeasuredbylevelingtotheelevationofthesepoints,basedonpastexperience,LevelturntothehilltopaftertwopreviousinstrumentsEasilyleadtoerroristoolarge,resultinginclosurebetweenthestandardpoints.Ourapproachis:inthemountainsatthefootoftheelectionofafixedreferencepointforcomparison,WithtotalstationreadoutthepointsofZ-axisheight,andthenreleasewithTotalStationinthemidlinepointofthesehills,whentheypointthewaytomeasuretheZ-axisheightcanbecalculatedinrelationtothesepoints,thereferencepointthefootofthehill.Theelevation,sothatmeasuredbylevelingtheheightofthereferencepoint,coupledwiththeheightdifferencebetweenthem,theywillhavethehillsonthecenterlineoftheelevationpoints.Thisthebenefitis:doesnotaffectthemeasurementaccuracyhasbeenthehighpointofthemountainatthesametime,thewaytoavoidlevelingeasilyleadtothestandardofthehillbetweentheoccurrenceofnon-closure.2.4TotalStationwithothermeasurementmethodsusedinconjunctionMeasuringTotalStationcanbecenterlinetoimprovethemeasurementspeed,butbecauseofitsownmeasurementoftheuseofthemechanismofmakingithavesomelimitations,suchasthebarrier,when,asoftenrequiredwhenmovingpoints,inparticularMeasurementintheplains,asstationequipmenttomovealotoftimetodelay,theimpactofthemeasurements.Infact,theprocessoflayingthecenterlinedoesnotnecessarilyhavetorelytoomuchontotalstation,inconjunctionwiththeprevioustapeunderaflower,"wearbar"Law.Wemicro-hillintheplainsareas,especiallyinareaswithmorelinesegments,themethodofmeasuringthecenterlineis:onlyusedtotakecontrolofTotalStationPoint,thatis,linesegments,oneforevery300mcenterline,thecurvepointabovethecenterlineofthereleasebytheTotalStation,straightfromthepointsA,B2personalexpertiselayinfrontofthemiddlegroup,afterthelayingofAcontinuetothefront300mdownacenterlinepointBtostayundertotakeaflowerbehindthecenterlinegroupwhenthe"FrontView",fromthecenterlinegroupusingbinoculars,measuringtape,flowerclubs,walkie-talkiesandothertoolsto"wearbar",whichlinegrouptotheThefullMiriamreleasedthecenterlinestationpointforreviewby2:00afterpassinginfrontof300mADepartmentTotalpointsalsotothewell,BtoA,astheDepartmentbeforethelegislature,Acontinuestomoveforward,itcanbethemiddleofTotalStationthroughthewalkie-talkieMidlinegrouptoreviewtheiruseof"underlawtowear"thepointrelease.Anotherveryimportantpointis:TotalremovalofthetimepointschosenthebeststraightSegmentonthebenefitsofsuchagroupisnotwaitingforequipmenttomovethecenterlineandlay-offpoints.Weusethismethodin23provinciallineNanyangCityofHenanDengzhouHabitatBangladeshfloortoparagraph(plainmicroHillarea)theconversionofsecondaryroadsMeasurementofthecenterline,hitaone-dayspeedofthelayingof10km.3ConclusionTotalStationinChinainrecentyears,thereisonlyamatterofuniversalapplicationofalargeareahasjustbegun,butithasbroughtusconvenienceisofverysignificant.IntheuseofTotalStation,willhavetheirownexperiences,experienceskills,ifeachuserwillbeabletodevotetheirownexperiences,forbothofuswillbeabigasset.References[1]People'sRepublicofindustrystandards.JTJ061-99investigationnormsRoad.Beijing:People'sTrafficPress,1999[2]Nieso.TotalStationwiththemeasurementofhigh-gradehighways.Beijing.People'sTrafficPress,1999.287~300——From:TRANSPORTATIONSCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY,2005.5目錄目錄第一章總論 1一、項目概述 1二、可行性研究報告編制依據(jù)和范圍 2三、項目主要經(jīng)濟技術(shù)指標 3四、******國家森林公園概況 3第二章項目背景及必要性 8一、項目背景 8二、項目建設(shè)的必要性與可行性 10第三章項目選址分析 13一、項目選址 13二、項目城市概況 13三、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展概況 14四、公共設(shè)施依托條件及施工條件 17第四章需求分析與建設(shè)規(guī)模 18一、****國家森林公園現(xiàn)狀與存在問題分析 18二、****國家森林公園日容量預(yù)測 19三、****國家森林公園景區(qū)廁所需求面積分析 20四、****國家森林公園景區(qū)廁所建設(shè)規(guī)模的確定 20第五章項目建設(shè)方案 21HYPERL