禽獸的繁殖課件

第二章畜禽的繁殖第一節(jié)引言IIntroduction繁殖是家畜生產(chǎn)中最重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀〔Reproductionisthemosteconomicallyimportanttraitinfarmanimalproduction〕-Determinesnumberofsaleableanimals-Determinesnumberofreplacementfemales-InitiateslactationIIntroduction2.畜禽繁殖學(xué)的研究對(duì)象：－研究畜禽繁殖的自然規(guī)律－以畜禽生殖生理學(xué)為根底，總結(jié)和提出相應(yīng)的技術(shù)措施保持畜禽正常的繁殖性能提高畜禽繁殖力調(diào)整和控制繁殖的生理過程作為育種工作的有效手段IIntroduction3.主要內(nèi)容：

3.1畜禽生殖生理

3.2繁殖技術(shù)

3.3家畜繁殖力的評(píng)價(jià)、影響因素的分析、生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中提高繁殖力的方法和途徑3.1畜禽生殖生理公畜和母畜的生殖系統(tǒng)組成和功能家畜生殖活動(dòng)的機(jī)理及內(nèi)分泌〔生殖激素〕調(diào)節(jié)IIntroduction3.主要內(nèi)容：

3.1畜禽生殖生理

3.2繁殖技術(shù)

3.3家畜繁殖力的評(píng)價(jià)、影響因素的分析、生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中提高繁殖力的方法和途徑3.2繁殖技術(shù)人工授精

-發(fā)情鑒定

-妊娠診斷:超聲波診斷儀

-冷凍精液3.2繁殖技術(shù)繁殖控制技術(shù)

-發(fā)情控制:同期發(fā)情

-排卵控制:超數(shù)排卵,胚胎分割

-妊娠和分娩控制:同期分娩3.2繁殖技術(shù)繁殖生物技術(shù)

-卵子和胚胎的冷凍保存

-卵母細(xì)胞體外培養(yǎng)和體外受精

-胚胎分割和卵裂球的培養(yǎng)

-克隆動(dòng)物生產(chǎn):體細(xì)胞核移植

-胚胎移植

-轉(zhuǎn)基因動(dòng)物IIntroduction3.主要內(nèi)容：

3.1畜禽生殖生理

3.2繁殖技術(shù)

3.3家畜繁殖力的評(píng)價(jià)、影響因素的分析、生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中提高繁殖力的方法和途徑4.GoalsofthechapterProvidebasicunderstandingofanatomy(解剖)Understandmajorhormones(激素)involvedUnderstandgestation(妊娠),estruslength(發(fā)情期)andestrouscycle(發(fā)情周期)offarmanimalsIIntroductionII繁殖學(xué)術(shù)語

ReproductionterminologySpeciesMaturefemaleYoungfemaleCattleSheepSwineHorseBirdsCowHeifer〔小母?！矱we〔母羊〕EwelambSowGiltMare〔母馬〕Filly〔小雌馬〕HenPullet〔缺乏一歲母雞〕Poult;ChickTable1TermsforfemalesSpeciesMaturemaleCastratemale（去勢(shì)公畜）CattleSheepSwineHorseBirdsBullSteer〔閹公?！砇am〔公羊〕Wether〔閹羊〕Boar〔公豬〕Barrow〔閹公豬〕Stallion〔公馬〕GeldingRooster/cock/tomCapon〔閹雞〕II繁殖學(xué)術(shù)語

ReproductionterminologyTable2Termsformales第二節(jié)畜禽的繁殖器官一、公畜的生殖器官一、組成1.性腺〔睪丸〕〔Gonads，testicles〕2.輸精管道2.1附睪(Epididymis〕2.2輸精管〔Vasdeferens)2.3尿生殖道(Urethra)3.副性腺3.1精囊腺(seminalvesicle)3.2前列腺(prostate)3.3尿道球腺(Cowpersgland)4.外生殖器〔陰莖,penis睪丸附睪S型彎曲陰莖交配器官精囊腺尿道球腺囊狀皺褶陰莖收縮肌腦垂體LH,FSH下丘腦GnRH尿道口一、公畜的生殖器官二、公畜生殖系統(tǒng)的功能形成雄性配子〔精子〕生成激素精子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)排尿射精一、公畜的生殖器官二、公畜各生殖器官的功能1.性腺(Gonads)–睪丸(testiclesinmale)Location:supportedbyscrotum(陰囊)(noneinpoultry)Scrotum〔陰囊〕:isaheatregulatingstructurebybloodflowandmuscles一、公畜的生殖器官Function產(chǎn)生配子(Producegametes-spermatozoa,精子)-生精作用(Spermatogenesis)–processofproduction&developmentofmalegametes-occursinseminiferoustubules(精細(xì)管)產(chǎn)生雄性激素(Producemalesexhormones,androgens,雄激素)-在間質(zhì)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生睪丸激素(testosterone〕睪丸下降〔DescentoftheTestes)睪丸在靠近腎臟的生殖脊附近形成在發(fā)育的一定時(shí)期通過腹股溝下降到陰囊中睪丸下降的時(shí)間timeofdescent -牛和羊〔bullandram〕：妊娠中期 -豬〔Boar〕：妊娠最后1/4期 -馬〔stallion〕：出生前后一、公畜的生殖器官睪丸下降〔DescentoftheTestes)下降失?。p側(cè)或單側(cè)隱睪-導(dǎo)致不育-不影響雄性激素的分泌-性活動(dòng)和特征不受影響為什么？一、公畜的生殖器官2.附睪(Epididymis) -濃縮(Concentration),貯存(storage),成熟(maturation),和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)(transport)精子一、公畜的生殖器官附睪體附睪尾附睪頭輸精管輸精小管睪丸網(wǎng)直管血管和神經(jīng)精細(xì)管葉中隔精索鞘膜白膜鞘膜腔睪丸和附睪

睪丸和附睪附睪體附睪尾附睪頭睪丸輸精管輸精管(Vasdeferens)–transportofspermatozoafromepididymistourethra尿道(Urethra)–commonexcretoryductforurine&semen(notpresentinbirds)一、公畜的生殖器官Durationoftimetoproduceaspermcell--BoarTotaltimetoproducespermcell:45to47days!!34to35daysto“make〞asperm10to12daystotransitepididymis副性腺(Accessoryglands)3Accessoryglands: 前列腺(

prostategland)精囊腺(seminalvesicles)尿道球腺(Cowper’sgland)一、公畜的生殖器官精囊腺前列腺尿道球腺副性腺(Accessoryglands)為精液增加精清/營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和緩沖液(addfluidvolume,nutrients,andbufferstosemen)sperm+accessoryglandfluid=SEMEN〔精液〕一、公畜的生殖器官Table3公畜精液的特點(diǎn)

SemencharacteristicsofmaleanimalsAnimalVolume/ejaculate(ml)Spermconcentration(milperml)summaryBull3-8800mil-2bilLowvol;highconcRam0.8-2.02-3bilLowvol;highconcBoar150-350200-300milHighvol;lowconcStallion60-100150-300milHighvol;lowconcTom0.2-0.88-30bilLowvol;highconcCock0.2-1.53-7bilLowvol;highconc不同種屬公畜精液的組成的差異主要是什么因素的影響形成的？去勢(shì)對(duì)附性腺的影響SummaryofthePrimaryFunctionsof

theMaleReproductiveTractTesticles–testosteroneproductionandspermatozoaproductionEpididymis–concentration,storage,maturation,andtransportofspermatozoa.Scrotum–supportoftesticles,temperaturecontrol.Vasdeferens–spermtransport.Accessoryglands–additionoffluidvolume,nutrients,andbufferstosemen.Penis–Copulatoryorgan.BullReproductiveTractRamReproductiveTract公豬的生殖系統(tǒng)二、母畜的生殖器官一、組成1.性腺-卵巢(Ovaries)2.生殖道(reproductivetract)－輸卵管(oviduct)－子宮角(uterinehorns)－子宮體(uterinebody)－子宮頸(Cervix)－陰道(Vagina)外生殖器－陰道(vagina)－陰戶(vulva)12345678母豬的生殖系統(tǒng)FemaleBovineReproductiveSystem二、母畜生殖道的功能生成激素

產(chǎn)生配子

：卵原細(xì)胞

3.轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)配子

-

卵母細(xì)胞

的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)

-

精子的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)

4.受精

5.胚胎的生長發(fā)育

6.分娩

二、母畜的生殖器官三、母畜各生殖器官的功能卵巢〔Ovaries〕Functions產(chǎn)生卵子(Produceegg,oocyte;ova)產(chǎn)生雌激素(Produceestrogen)產(chǎn)生孕激素(Produceprogesterone)二、母畜的生殖器官卵巢〔Ovaries〕Structures卵泡(ovarianfollicles:containegg;produceestrogen)黃體(corpusluteum,CL〕:produceprogesterone〔黃體酮,孕酮〕;developsfromcellsofovulatedfollicle二、母畜的生殖器官CowOvariesNormalwithsmallfolliclesNormalwithcorpusluteumAbnormalwithlargecysticfollicle充血黃體－紅體注意卵巢中的黑紅色結(jié)構(gòu)－充血黃體充血黃體在濾泡排出后的空間形成。排卵幾天后，將形成黃體，由黃體產(chǎn)生黃體酮〔也稱為妊酮或妊激素〕充血黃體－妊娠后2天的母豬生殖系統(tǒng)黃體卵巢妊娠4－18天母豬的黃體在鄰近正常的發(fā)情周期結(jié)束時(shí)，黃體逐漸失去功能，終止產(chǎn)生黃體酮。黃體本身逐漸變?yōu)椤鞍左w〞。白體2.輸卵管(Oviduct)運(yùn)輸卵子和精子(Transportegg&sperm)受精的場所(Siteoffertilization)二、母畜的生殖器官輸卵管的組成

Structureofoviduct傘部(infundibulum)–eggpickup壺腹部(前1/3處〕(Ampulla)–;spermstorage&fertilization峽部(isthmus)–3.子宮(Uterus)功能是胚胎著床〔附植〕的場所,為胚胎發(fā)育提供營養(yǎng)(Siteofembryonidation–nourishment)產(chǎn)生前列腺素(produceshormoneprostaglandin)-前列腺素的作用是溶解黃體,重新開始發(fā)情周期二、母畜的生殖器官形態(tài)與位置構(gòu)成：子宮角、子宮體和子宮頸--豬、馬：雙角子宮--牛羊：對(duì)分子宮

二、母畜的生殖器官比較豬和牛的子宮左：豬-雙角子宮右：牛-對(duì)分子宮對(duì)分子宮和雙角子宮牛馬牛豬縱隔子宮頸(Cervix,oftenconsideredpartofuterus)精子和胎兒的通道(Passagewayforsperm&fetus)是子宮和陰道之間的屏障,對(duì)子宮形成保護(hù)(Barrierbetweenuterus&vagina;protectsuterus)二、母畜的生殖器官子宮頸(cervix) －物理屏障

：不發(fā)情和妊娠期緊閉 －化學(xué)屏障：母畜發(fā)情期間較高水平的雌激素刺激子宮頸分泌粘液二、母畜的生殖器官陰道(Vagina)交配器官(Copulatoryorgan)產(chǎn)道(Birthcanal)二、母畜的生殖器官Cowreproductivetract三、家禽的繁殖

ReproductioninPoultryMaleTestesinbodycavityCopulationwithanextensionofcloaca(泄殖腔)UnnecessaryforfemaletolayeggsSpermcanremainviableinfemaleforseveraldaysorweeks!三、家禽的繁殖

ReproductioninPoultry2.FemaleRightovary&oviductfailtodevelopafterhatching.Ovulatestartingatpubertyfor25weeks24+hoursfromoneovulationtonext三、家禽的繁殖

ReproductioninPoultry2.FemaleOviduct:infundibulum(傘部)–eggpickup;spermstorage&fertilizationMagnum(膨大部)–secretesalbumen(蛋白)isthmus(峽部)–formsshellmembranes(形成殼膜)Uterus–shellformation(形成殼)Incubatefertileeggs21(chicken)or28(turkey)daysChickenreproductivetractOvumOvaryOviductChickenovary第三節(jié)生殖激素一、生殖激素的概念

SexualHormonalFunctionHormonescanbeconsideredthefuelwhilethesystemisthemachinery激素是由某些特殊化的細(xì)胞〔內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞，某些神經(jīng)細(xì)胞等〕所分泌的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，它們可以從一組細(xì)胞傳遞到另一組細(xì)胞，或從一個(gè)細(xì)胞的這一局部傳遞到同一細(xì)胞的另一局部，以發(fā)揮其調(diào)節(jié)作用的一系列微量生物活性物質(zhì)下丘腦促性腺激素釋放激素(GnRH)血液卵巢(睪丸)腦垂體促卵泡激素(FSH)

促黃體激素(LH)催產(chǎn)素(oxty)卵巢激素－雌激素－妊酮〔黃體酮〕睪丸激素－雄性激素二、下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸

hypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxis三、雌性生殖激素

HormonesoffemalereproductionHormone Source Function

GnRH(促性腺激素釋放激素)Hypothalamus(下丘腦)FSH,LHreleaseFSH pituitary(腦下垂體) follicledevelopmentLH pituitary ovulation formationofCLProstaglandin(前列腺素)uterus killscorpusluteumestrogen follicle estrus;matingbehavior uterinegrowthprogesterone corpusluteum maintainpregnancy四、下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸的關(guān)系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisBrain–Hypothalamus(下丘腦) GnRH(促性腺激素釋放激素)Brain–AnteriorPituitary(垂體前葉) FSH(促卵泡激素) LH(促黃體激素)Reproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation (卵泡發(fā)育) (排卵) Ovary–Follicle(卵泡) Ovary–CorpusLuteum(黃體) Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus(下丘腦) Uterus,hypothalamusBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary FSH LHReproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation

Ovary–Follicle Ovary–CorpusLuteum Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus Uterus,hypothalamus四、下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸的關(guān)系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary FSH LHReproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation

Ovary–Follicle Ovary–CorpusLuteum Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus Uterus,hypothalamus四、下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸的關(guān)系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary FSH LHReproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation

Ovary–Follicle Ovary–CorpusLuteum Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus Uterus,hypothalamusPGF2alphaProstaglandin四、下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸的關(guān)系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary FSH LHReproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation

Ovary–Follicle Ovary–CorpusLuteum Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus Uterus,hypothalamusPGF2alphaProstaglandin四、下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸的關(guān)系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary FSH LHReproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation

Ovary–Follicle Ovary–CorpusLuteum Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus Uterus,hypothalamusPGF2alphaProstaglandin三、下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸

hypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxis四、下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸的關(guān)系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisCL卵泡卵巢FSH下丘腦GnRH黃體酮(-GnRH和LH)子宮PGF(破壞黃體)腦垂體LH雌激素

(+forGnRH和LH,-forFSH)請(qǐng)完整表達(dá)下丘腦-垂體-性腺激素之間的關(guān)系五.雄性生殖激素

HormonesofmalereproductionBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary(垂體前葉) FSH Testes–spermproduction

Testosterone Skeletalmuscle-“Secondarysexcharacteristics〞(第二性征) Malereproductivesystem

第四節(jié)母畜的繁殖周期一、發(fā)情周期的概念

EstrousCycleEstrus(發(fā)情)–synonymouswith“heat〞.PeriodoftimewhenfemaleissexuallyreceptivetomaleDuetoincreasedconcentrationsofestrogenSignalsapproachingovulationEstrouscycle–periodoftimefromoneestrustothenextESTRUS=NOUN ESTROUS=ADJECTIVEEstrousCycleDaysDurationofEstrusGestationHeifer2118hrs285d9moEwe1730hrs144d5moMare227days336d11moGilt2160hrs114d3mo,3wk,3dGoat2139hrs150d5moTable4Reproductivecharacteristics

offemaleanimalsESTROUSCYCLESESTROGENPROGESTERONEFSHLHPROSTAGLANDIN1.初情期〔Puberty〕:Theageatwhichfemaleormalereproductionsystemsbecomefunctional Heifer,cow 6-18months Ewe 6-8months Mare 20months Gilt 5-8months Doe,goat 4-8months Heifer,bison 24months Pubertyisthefunctionofweightbutnotage!二、初情期、妊娠和分娩

Puberty,Pregnancy&Parturition二、初情期、妊娠和分娩

Puberty,Pregnancy&Parturition2.Fertilization(受精)JoiningofspermandeggsCelldivisionoccursevery20hoursNidation(附植):Attachtouterus25dayscattle14daysswine3.Gestation〔妊娠〕:thedurationfromfertilizationtoparturition(seetable〕4.Parturition:Givingbirth第五節(jié)繁殖技術(shù)ReproductiveTechniques一、人工授精

Artificialinsemination(AI)人工授精(Artificialinsemination,AI)WhyisAIused?maximizegeneticimprovementreducematingcostscontrolreproductivediseasesuseofdeadorinjuredsires(公畜〕Somekeystosuccessare:Detectionofestrus(發(fā)情鑒定)Obsevationofbehavioralchanges(行為變化)Standingheat(靜立反射);restlessPropertimingofinsemination(適時(shí)輸精)viablespermavailableattimeofovulati