人力資源【外文翻譯】

人力資源【外文翻譯】PAGE2PAGE21外文翻譯原文MaterialSource:CahiersDeSociologieEtDeDémographieMédicales[CahSociolDemogrMed]2010Jan-Mar;Vol.50(1),pp.6-120.Author:\o"SearchforAdamovV"AdamovV;\o"SearchforKolevK"KolevK;\o"SearchforVrachovskiD"VrachovskiD;\o"SearchforZaharievA"ZaharievA;\o"SearchforMarchevaA"MarchevaAHumanresourcesOverview:Brazilhasahighlyregulatedandcostlylaboursystemfortheformalsector,andtherecontinuestobeasizeableinformalsectorthatemploysmanyworkers.Thecountry’slabourforceislarge;theEconomistIntelligenceUnitforecastsittreach103.6mbyend-2010,upfrom101.6matend-2009.Realhouseholdincomeshaveincreasedandunemploymentrateshavesteadilytrendeddownwardssince2000,onthebackofsustainedeconomicgrowth.However,theunemploymentrateroseinthefirsthalfof2009,duringthecountry’sshoreconomicrecession,buthassincefallenbackclosertothelevelspriortothedeepeningoftheglobalfinancialcrisisinlate2008.AccordingtoBrazi’snationalstatisticsagency,theBrazilianInstitutefoGeographyandStatistics(InstitutoBrasileirodeGeografiaeEstatistica-IBGE)theunemploymentrateduringthefirsthalfof2010was7.3%,downfrom8.6%inthefirsthalfof2009,butstillhigherthanthe6.8%recordedatyear-end2008.TheIBGE’smethodologyconsidersthosenotholdingfull-timeworkbutoccupiedforsomeportionofthedayasbeingemployed.QualifiedmanagersarewidelyavailableinBrazil,thoughvigorouscompetitiontohireexecutivesspursrapidturnover.Managementsalarieshaverisenfasterthaninflationforyears,buttheyremainmoderatecomparedwiththoseofindustrialisedcountries.Employmentagenciesandonlineservicesarewidelyusedtofilltechnical,managementandtemporarypositions.SomeoftheworldstopemploymencompanieshavebranchesinBrazil.Labourersareusuallyrecruitedthroughnoticesatplantsitesandbywordofmouth.人力資源【外文翻譯】全文共11頁，當(dāng)前為第1頁。TheWorldwideCostofLivingSurvey2010byMercer,aUS-basedhumanresourcesconsultancy,showedthatBrazilhadtwoofthemostexpensivecitiesintheAmericasforexpatriateworkers,S?oPauloandRiodeJaneiro.Thesurveycovers214citiesacrossfivecontinentsandmeasuresthecomparativecostofmorethan200itemsineachlocation,includinghousing,transport,food,clothing,householdgoodsandentertainment.S?oPaulowasrankedthemostexpensivecityforexpatriateworkersinbothNorthandSouthAmerica(and21stworldwide);RiodeJaneirowasrankedthesecond-mostexpensivecityinbothNorthandSouthAmerica(and29thworldwide).AccordingtoMercer,thehighcostsoflivingforexpatriateworkersinBrazilin2010areattributedtotheappreciationoftheRealrelativetotheUSdollarandtotherisingcostofhousingandaccommodation.人力資源【外文翻譯】全文共11頁，當(dāng)前為第1頁。TheMinistryofLabourandEmployment(MinisteriodoTrabalhoeEmprego-MTE)providesdetailedinformationonlabourlegislationandlabourrelations.Labourlaw:LabourrelationsinBrazilaregovernedbytheConsolidatedLabourLaws(ConsolidacaodasLeisdoTrabalho)andnumerouscomplementarylawsanregulations.AlloftheseareavailableinPortugueseonthewebsiteoftheMinistryofLabourandEmployment(MinisteriodoTrabalhoeEmprego-MTE).LimitedinformationisavailableinEnglishandSpanish.TheadministrationofFernandoHenriqueCardoso(1995-2002)introducedmoreflexibilityintolabourrelationsandbetterprotectionofworkers’rights.The1988federalconstitution(ConstituicaoFederal)containsseveralimportantlabourprovisions.Amongothermeasures,itlegalisesunions,collective-bargainingnegotiationsandtherighttostrikeinboththepublicandprivatesectors.Theconstitutionalsosetsovertimerates,providesamonthlyminimumwageandregulatesworkinghours.Itlistsavarietyoflabourentitlements,includingthefollowing:maternityleave,annualleave,worker’scompensation,socialservices,medicalassistanceandunemploymentbenefits.Law9601ofJanuary1998liberalisedtherulesgoverningtemporaryemployees,andProvisionalMeasure1709ofSeptember1998liberalisedtherulesonpart-timework.Theseregulationsalsoletemployerspaylessinmandatorysocialchargesforsuchemployees.Industriallabour:AsingleunionrepresentsallBrazilianworkersofanindustrialsectorinagivengeographicalarea.Thecentralbodycollectsmandatoryduesfromallworkers(equaltowhatisearnedinonedayofworkperyear).The1988federalconstitutiongrantsamplefreedomtostrike,whichislimitedonlybya1989lawmandatingwarningperiods,protectionofessentialservices(suchasutilitiesandpublictransport)andminimumquorumsforstrikevotes.ThemostrecentlegislationgoverningunionswaspassedinMarch2008.Law11648grantsunionsfulllegalrecognition,allowsunionstobepresentatanyandalltripartitenegotiations(forworkers,employersandthegovernment)andgivestheMinistryofLabourandEmployment(MinistriodoTrabalhoeEmprego-MTE)theobligationtodistributeworkerscontributionstotheunionbasedonamoreequitabledistributionformulathanthatusedbytheprior,somewhatarbitrary,system.TheMTEisnowalsochargedwithcollectingstatisticsonthelabourmarketandregisteringallunionsinoperationinBrazil.AccordingtotheMTE,therewere13,346registeredunionsinBrazilatend-August2010,upfrom12,630inthesamemonthayearearlier.人力資源【外文翻譯】全文共11頁，當(dāng)前為第2頁。ThreeunionfederationsaccountforthemajorityoftheunionisedworkforceinBrazil,andthethreedominatedomestictradeunions:UnionForce(ForcaSindical),theCentralWorkers’Union(CentralUnicadosTrabalhadores-CUT)andtheGeneralConfederationofWorkers(ConfederacaoGeraldosTrabalhadores-CGT).ForcaSindicalisthemaincentristfederationandclaimtobethelargestofthethreefederations.TheCUT’sleadershipcomprisesamixtureofordinarytradeunionistsandMarxistmilitants.Theunionislinkedtotherulinggovernment’sWorkers’Party(PartidodosTrabalhadores-PT).TheCGTistheleastinfluentialofthethree.人力資源【外文翻譯】全文共11頁，當(dāng)前為第2頁。Companiesmayholddiscussionsandnegotiationswithlabourrepresentativestoavoidorsettlestrikes.Ifthetwosidesfailtoreachamutuallyagreeablecompromise,labourunionsmayopttostrike.Industrialactionisthenusuallyresolvedinarenewedroundofcollectivebargainingbetweenlabourandmanagement.Ifthepartiesfailtocometoterms,thedisputeissubmittedtoLabourCourtofAppeal’s(TribunalRegionaldoTrabalho)decision.TheLabourCourtofAppealisentitledtoruleonthelegalityofthestrike.AccordingtotheInter-TradeUnionDepartmentofStatisticsandSocio-EconomicStudies(DepartamentoIntersindicaldeEstudoseEstatisticasSocio-Economicas),therewere411strikesleadingtosome24,600hoursoflostlabourin2008,themostrecentstudyavailable.Therewerefewerstrikesin2007(316),buttheserepresentedalargerlossoflabourhours(28,519hours)duringtheyear.Ofthestrikesin2008,224werecarriedoutbyprivate-sectorworkersandtheremainderbypublic-sectorworkers.Wagesandotherissuesareoftennegotiatedwithrepresentativesofindustrialfederationsandunionconfederationsforentiresectors.Negotiationsatthecompanylevelalsoarecommon,andasettlementthatencompassesawholecompany(oragroupwithinacompany)iscalledacollectiveagreement.Thegrowthinlabour-managementnegotiationshasforcedmanyfirmstooverhaultheirlabour-relationsdepartmentsandhirebetter-trainednegotiators-whichhasoftenledtoimprovedrelationsbetweenlabourandmanagement.Wagesandfringebenefits:Employer’slabourcostsinBrazilarehigh.Thisismainlybecauseofthemanymandatorychargesandtaxesattachedtoemployment.Wagesremainquitemoderatebutaccountforatmosttwo-thirdsofthetotalcostsofhiringlabour.ThegovernmenthasincreasedBrazil’sminimummonthlywageoverthepastseveralyears,toadjustforincreasesinpricelevels.ThewagerosefromR350in2006,toR380in2007,R415in2008,toR465in2009andtoR510inJanuary2010.TheaveragemonthlyincomeperemployedpersonwasR1,407inJune2010,2.5%higherinrealtermsthanthesamemonthin2009.Fornon-documentedworkers,realwagesincreasedby10%toR967permonth.人力資源【外文翻譯】全文共11頁，當(dāng)前為第3頁。Annualnegotiationsnormallysetbasicwagelevelsforindustrialworkers.Wagesaretypicallyadjustedannuallyratherthanmonthlyorsemi-annually.Theminimumwageisanimportantindexforsalariesandevenforfinesinlegaldisputes.IndustrialworkersinS?oPaulo,forexample,arepaidanaverageofsixtimestheminimumwage.Since2000,stateshavebeenfreetoraisethe“minimum”wagebeyondthefederalleveliftheyprovetheyhavethebudgetaryresourcestodoso.ThisisprimarilybecausethecostoflivingamongBrazil’smanystatesvarieswidely.Salaryadjustmentsaredeterminedthroughfreenegotiationbetweentheparties.Ifthepartiesfailtoreachanagreement,theycanreferthedisputetoalabourcourt.Manycompanies(especiallymultinationals,whichoftenpaytheiremployeesmorethantheirlocalcounterpartsdo)offerbonusesorprofit-sharingwhennegotiatingsalaryadjustments.人力資源【外文翻譯】全文共11頁，當(dāng)前為第3頁。Compulsorybenefitsadd50?80%tobasewagesoffull-timeemployeesonpermanentcontracts.Companiesgrantpaidholidayleaveof30calendardaysafterafullyearofservicewithnomorethanfiveabsences.Employeeshavetherighttoworkone-thirdoftheholidayperiod,atdoublepay.Anadditionalofone-thirdofone-monthbasepayispayableatthetimeholidayleaveistaken.Theemployee’spaidabsencesincludetwodaysforthedeathofarelativeandthreedaysformarriage,amongothers.Employeesreceivefullsickpayforthefirst15daysofadocumentedillness.Femaleemployeesreceivemandatorymaternityleaveoffourmonthsandmaleemployeesreceivepaternityleaveoffivedays.Amandatorybonusofonemonthofpay(calledthe13thsalary)istraditionallypaidatyear-end.Employersmustmakeamandatorycontributionof8%ofwagestoeachworker’sunemploymentfundattheLengthofServiceGuaranteeFund(FundodeGarantiaporTempodeServico-FGTS).TheFGTSrequiresemployerstocontribute8%ofpayrollintoblockedaccountsforallworkers.Theaccumulatedbalanceistransferablewhentheworkerchangesjobsvoluntarilyandispayableincashonretirementordismissalwithoutcause.Employeesmaywithdrawthebalanceontheseaccountsforcertainpurposes,suchashealthemergenciesoradown-paymentforareal-propertypurchase.Employersmustalsopay20%ofanemployee’ssalaryasasocial-securitycontributiontotheSecretariatofFederalRevenue(ReceitaFederaldoBrasil).Thesocial-securitycontributionispayableonthe13th-monthbonusbutnotonpaymentsforwaivedholidayleave.Employeescontribute8-11%,dependingontheirsalarycategories.Social-securitycoverageincludesmedicalandhospitalassistance;sickpayafter15daysofabsence(at70%ofsalary);maternitybenefitsofuptoonemonthofminimumwage;andretirementpay.人力資源【外文翻譯】全文共11頁，當(dāng)前為第4頁。ApensionreformwasapprovedinDecember2003,despiteharshopposition.Thereformimposedtaxesonpensionandretirementpaymentsthatexceedacertainamountforretiredfederalandstateemployees.Public-sectoremployeesemployedpriortothepassageofthereformhadtheirretirementbenefitscappedatR17,800permonth,withtheamountexceedingR2,400permonthsubjecttoan11%tax.Fornewpublic-sectoremployees(whoseemploymentbeganafterthereform’spassagein2003),thevalueofpensionsarebasedontheircontributionsduringtheirworkinglives,andcappedatR2,400permonth.(Benefitsareindexedtoinflation).人力資源【外文翻譯】全文共11頁，當(dāng)前為第4頁。Underthesocial-securityreformpassedin1998,menexitingthelabourforcehavetobeatleast60yearsoldandhavecontributedfor35yearsinordertoretire;womenhavetobeatleast55yearsoldandhavecontributedfor30years.Industrialandcommercialsocialservices(ServicoSocialdaIndustriaorSESIandServicoSocialdoComercioorSESC,amongothers,makeuptheso-called“S”system),whichprovideculturalandeducationalfacilitiesandtrainingforworkers,arefinancedbyacontributioncollectedbycompaniesatarateof1.5%onwagespaidtoitsemployees.Companiesalsomakeanothercontribution,at1%onwages,forindustrialandcommercialapprenticeshipservices(knownasSenai/Senac).Withfewexceptions,allcompaniessubjecttothesocial-securitytaxmustalsocontribute0.2%ofpayrolltotheNationalInstituteofColonisationandAgrarianReform(InstitutoNacionaldeColonizacaoeReformaAgraria).Anadditiona0.6%wagetaxisassessedtosupporttheactivitiesoftheSmallBusinessandEntrepreneurSupportService(ServicodeApoioaoEmpreendedorePequenoEmpresario-Sebrae).Inaddition,theReceitaFederalisentitledtocollectamonthlycontributionatarateof2.5%onthepayrollthatisafterwardsreleasedtotheNationalFundofEducationalDevelopment(FundoNacionaldoDesenvolvimetodaEducacao).Allemployersmustprovideemployeeswithatransportsubsidy(valetransporte).Companiesmusteitherprovidetheiremployeeswithtransporttoandfromworkorsubsidisetheirmass-transitexpensesbypayingallsuchcostsexceeding6%ofanemployee’sgrosssalary.Companiesnormallydeduct6%frompayrollsandusethefundstobuytransitvouchers(vales),whichareacceptedbymass-transitcompanies.Expendituresincurredbyemployersareentirelydeductiblefromincometax.人力資源【外文翻譯】全文共11頁，當(dāng)前為第5頁。Acompanymaysetupavoluntaryprofit-sharingschemeforitsemployees,calledtheWorkers’IndividualRetirementPlan(PlanosdePoupancaInvestimentos-PAIT),asatypeofunemployment/retirementfund.AllPAITcontributionsmadebycompaniesarefullytaxdeductible.Employee-contributionsalsoaretaxdeductibleupto30%ofgrossincome.Acompanymustenrolatleast50%ofitsemployeestostartaPAITfund.人力資源【外文翻譯】全文共11頁，當(dāng)前為第5頁。Othervoluntarybenefitsvarywidely,butbothlocal-andforeign-ownedcompaniesgenerallyprovidemedicalservicesandin-plantdiningrooms.Somelargercompaniesofferchild-careservices,gymfacilities,andfoodvouchers.Workinghours:Brazil’s1988federalconstitution(ConstituicaoFederal)limitsemployeesworkinghourstoamaximumof44hoursperweekandeighthoursperday.Anyworkperformedbeyondthoselimitsisconsideredovertimework,whichissubjecttoadditionalpaymentbytheemployer.Mostforeignandlocalcompanieshaveaworkweekoffiveeight-hourdays.AccordingtoBrazilianlabourlaw,overtimeworkmustnotexceedtwohoursperday.Theconstitutionsetsthehourlyovertimepaymentat150%ofthehourlybasepay.Italsorequiresthatround-the-clockoperationshavesix-hourshifts,withovertimepaidforworkbeyondsixhours.Minorsaged16-18areprohibitedfromworkingduringthenight(from10pmto5am),indangerousorunhealthyconditions,andinactivitiesthatmayadverselyaffecttheirmorality.Thoseaged14-24areallowedtoworkasinterns,knowninBrazilasestagariosPart-timeandtemporaryhelp:Legislationpassedin1998alteredtherulesgoverningtheworkoftemporaryandpart-timeemployees.Law9601ofJanuary21st1998permittednewfixed-periodlabourcontracts.Thelawletscompanieshirealimitednumberofemployeesonatemporarybasisandassignthemflexibleworkhours..Companiesemployingsuchworkersenjoytaxreliefviareducedlabour-relatedcorporatesocialcharges.Thestandardcorporatecontributiontotheworkers’severance-paysystemisreducedtotheequivalentof2%oftheworkers’monthlysalary,fromtheequivalentof8%forfull-timeemployees.Thetaxesthatfundcommercialandindustrialsocialservicesandemployeedevelopment-trainingprogrammes(includingthoseknowninBrazilasSesi,Sesc,Senai,SenacandSebrae)arereducedtohalfthosepaidforpermanentemployees.Companiesdonothavetopayanindemnitytoapart-timeortemporaryemployeedismissedwithoutjustcause,astheywoulddoforapermanentemployee.人力資源【外文翻譯】全文共11頁，當(dāng)前為第6頁。Thelawalsoallowsemployerstousea“bankofhours”systeminwhichemployeesworkmorehoursatregularpayinonedayorperiod,andthenworkcorrespondinglyfewerhoursinanotherperiodorday.Brazilianlabourlaw,undertheSuperiorBrazilianLabourCourt(TribunalSuperiordoTrabalho-TST)Precedent(SumulorEnunciado)No.85of1978(andamendedin2003and2005),providesthatthe“bankofhours”systemmustbesettleduponwrittenagreementbetweenemployerandemployee,orinacollectivebargainingagreementoracollectiveconvention.人力資源【外文翻譯】全文共11頁，當(dāng)前為第6頁。Furthermore,theConsolidatedLabourLaw(ConsolidacaodasLeisdoTrabalho)setmaximumpart-timeworkhoursat25perweek,establishedwageratesatacorrespondingfractionofthefull-timewage,fixedmandatoryholidayleaveaccordingtohoursworkedandpermitsemployerstoassignworkersflexiblehours.Companiesmayhirepart-timeemployeesforanindefiniteperiod.Acompanyengagingsomeoneinthisoranycapacityshouldsignaformalworkcontractwiththeemployee,specifyingrightsandobligations,anditshouldsigntheemployee’sworkcard.Aworkcardisvalidasproofofemploymentonlywhensignedbytheemployer.Aself-employedworkermaybelegallyengagedwithoutsigningacard,butitisadvisabletoputemploymenttermsandconditionsinwriting.Terminationofemployment:Aworkercontractedforaspecificassignmentorforafixedperiod(maximumoftwoyears)maybedismissedattheendofacontract’stermwithoutfurtherliabilityfortheemployer.Ifacontractisterminatedbytheemployerearlierwithoutcause,theemployermustpayhalfthebalanceoftheremunerationdueovertheremainingtermofthecontract.However,ifemployeesendlabourcontractsearlyandunreasonably,theemployerisnotrequiredtopayanyrenumerationovertheremainingcontractterm.Thetotalamountofsuchindemnificationmustnotexceedtheamountthatshouldbeduebytheemployerfordismissalofemployeesandterminationofthelaborcontractswithoutcause.Ifthelabourcontractisexecutedforanindefiniteperiod,theemployermustgivepriornotice(orequivalentcompensation)of30daystoterminatethelabourcontractwithoutcause.Anemployeewhoresignsmustgivethesamegraceperiodofpriornotice.Thecompanymustpayanyaccumulatedannual-leavetimewhenanemployeeleavesthecompany.TheLengthofServiceGuaranteeFund(FundodeGarantiaporTempodeServicao-FGTS)istheunemploymentfund.Itrequiresemployerstocontribut8%ofpayrollintoblockedaccountsforallworkers.Theaccumulatedbalanceistransferablewhentheworkerchangesjobsvoluntarilyandispayableincashonretirementordismissalwithoutcause.Brazil’srigidlabourlawsmaketerminatingemployeesverydifficult.AccordingtotheWorldBank’sDoingBusiness2010survey,Brazil’srigidityofemploymentindexscored46pointsonascaleof1-100(withhighervaluesreflectingmorerigidlaws).Comparatively,theLatinAmericaandCaribbeanregionobtainedabetterscoreof26.6,andOECD-membercountriesscored26.4.Employmentofforeigners:人力資源【外文翻譯】全文共11頁，當(dāng)前為第7頁。EmployersmustobtainworkcardsforallemployeesfromthelocalofficeoftheMinistryofLabourandEmployment.Inacompanyemployingmorethanthreepeople,two-thirdsofallemployeesmustbeBraziliannationals,receivingtwo-thirdsofthetotalpayroll.Foreignspecialistsnotavailablelocallyareexcludedfromthecalculations.人力資源【外文翻譯】全文共11頁，當(dāng)前為第7頁。ApermanentvisaisrequiredforanyonestayinginBrazilformorethanfouryearsorworkinginBrazil.Othertypesofvisasincludetransitvisas(validfor30days),touristvisas(eachperiodmustnotexceed90days),andtemporaryvisas(twoyearsandpossiblylonger).Businessvisas,validfor180days,areeasytoobtainatanyBrazilianconsulate.InternationalcompaniesthatwishtoemployforeignnationalsmustpresentthefollowingdocumentationtotheimmigrationsecretariatattheMinistryofLabourandEmployment(MinisteriodoTrabalhoeEmprego):aformalrequest(requerimento)forentryintoBrazilwithapermanentortemporaryvisa,providingthenameandaddressofthecompany,theamountofregisteredcapital,andthenumberofBrazilianandexpatriateworkersemployedatthecompanyinBrazil;thereasonforthetransferoftheforeignnational;thename,addressandpassportnumberoftheforeignnational;themonthlysalarytobereceivedinBrazil;andallfringebenefitsinvolved.Companiesmustalsofilealegalpermission(autorizacao)permittingacompanytorepresenttheforeignnationalindealingwiththeministry;theforeignnational’scurriculumvitaeanduniversitydiploma,withthelatterauthenticatedbyaBrazilianconsulateabroadandcompletewithofficialtranslation;alabourcontractbetweentheforeignnationalandtheemployer,statingthetypeofwork,salaryandlengthofstay;andacompletedapplicationform(obtainablefromtheministry).Specificrequirementsmayvary,dependingonwhetherthecompanyisastock-jointcorporation(sociedadeanonima)oralimitedliabilitypartnership(sociedadelimitada)andwhetherthecandidateisbeingcontractedforasupervisorypositionortorenderatechnicalservice.譯文資料來源：CahiersDeSociologieEtDeDémographieMédicales[CahSociolDemogrMed]2010Jan-Mar;Vol.50(1),pp.6-120.作者：\o"SearchforAdamovV"AdamovV;\o"SearchforKolevK"KolevK;\o"SearchforVrachovskiD"VrachovskiD;\o"SearchforZaharievA"ZaharievA;\o"SearchforMarchevaA"MarchevaA人力資源概述人力資源【外文翻譯】全文共11頁，當(dāng)前為第8頁。巴西有一個(gè)立法嚴(yán)厲而且人力資源體系齊全的正規(guī)經(jīng)濟(jì)部門，然而越來越多非正規(guī)部門不斷涌現(xiàn)，雇傭工人，嚴(yán)重影響了正規(guī)經(jīng)濟(jì)部門的運(yùn)營。巴西的勞動(dòng)力資源十分豐富。這一點(diǎn)從英國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人智庫的預(yù)測中可見一斑。其預(yù)測，巴西勞動(dòng)力從2009年底的1.016億增長到2010年底的1.036億。在經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)增長的情況下，2000年以來，居民的收入開始不斷攀升，同時(shí)失業(yè)率在穩(wěn)步下降。然而由于國內(nèi)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展衰退，2009年上半年失業(yè)率有所上升，隨后略有下降，但仍高于2008年底發(fā)生的全球金融危機(jī)后的失業(yè)率。人力資源