大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)閱讀培訓(xùn)材料

本文由202305178013貢獻(xiàn)doc文檔可能在WAP端瀏覽體驗(yàn)不佳。建議您優(yōu)先選擇TXT，或下載源文件到本機(jī)查看。大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)閱讀理解應(yīng)試技巧指導(dǎo)第一節(jié)詞語(yǔ)推斷詞匯在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)閱讀中占有很重要的地位。如果一位考生既不認(rèn)識(shí)句中的詞匯，又無(wú)法從上下文中獲得足夠的信息來(lái)猜測(cè)出這個(gè)詞的意義，那就很難答對(duì)詞匯題。在四、六級(jí)英語(yǔ)閱讀測(cè)試時(shí)，所出的有關(guān)詞匯題往往是比較有針對(duì)性的題目。這些詞考生不熟悉或詞義概念模糊。對(duì)于這種題，考生完全可以根據(jù)上下文和學(xué)過(guò)的有關(guān)構(gòu)詞法的知識(shí)，通過(guò)推敲從而確定詞匯的意義。詞語(yǔ)題的設(shè)問(wèn)表達(dá)方式通常是：1．Theword/phrase/expressionmostprobablymeans2．Theword/phrase/expressionrefersto3．Theword/phrase/expressionsuggeststhat...4．Whatdoestheauthormeanbytheword/phrase/expression?5．Bytheword/phrase/expressiontheauthormeans..6．Bytheword/phrase/expressiontheauthorintendstorendertheideathat請(qǐng)看實(shí)例：請(qǐng)看實(shí)例：【例文1】（CET－499.1PassageFour第三段）Learningtoreadinvolvesallthateachindividualdoestomakesenseoftheworldofprintedlanguage.Almostallofitisprivate,forlearningisanoccupationofthemind,andthatprocessisnotopentopublicscrutiny.38．Theword“scrutiny”（Line3,Para.3）mostprobablymeans“A）inquiryB）observationC）controlD）suspicion”.【分析】上文指出“Almostallofit（learning）isprivate”，下文又指出“thatprocess（learning）isnotopentopublicscrutiny.”由此可見(jiàn)，publicscrutiny與private是相對(duì)的概念。如果將選項(xiàng)中的詞分別替換scrutiny，可以判斷只有B）符合原文?！纠?】（CET－41998.6PassageFour第一段）…Infact,theysaythatiftheircompaniesaretocompeteintheglobalvillageandintheglobalmarketplace,diversityisanimperative…36．Theword“imperative”（Line6,Para.1）mostprobablyreferstosomethingA）superficialB）remarkableC）debatableD）essential.【分析】在上文中沒(méi)有相關(guān)詞匯可以借助來(lái)推測(cè)imperative的含義，但根據(jù)該句的邏輯關(guān)系“如果他們的公司要參與全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的話，多樣化是答案。的”，由此推斷，空白處應(yīng)譯為“必要的，必需的”等。因此D)應(yīng)為正確一、學(xué)會(huì)猜測(cè)詞義猜測(cè)詞義的技巧可分為三大部分：根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義，根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義以及利用信號(hào)猜測(cè)詞義。（一）根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義1．根據(jù)文章中給出的定義、修飾性從句及定語(yǔ)直接猜得詞義。也就是說(shuō)，文章的作者本人也意識(shí)到文章中的某些詞十分生僻或不常使用而故意在同位語(yǔ)、修飾性從句等中給出一定的揭示或進(jìn)行一些解釋。這些用來(lái)解釋或進(jìn)1版權(quán)所有，不得翻印湯良斌行揭示的詞，意義與生僻詞基本相同，基本可以互換。也就是說(shuō)，通過(guò)閱讀解釋部分，生僻詞的意義便明晰了。Example1DesignerTaylor’scarhasallthecomfortsofanordinarysportscar:specialseatsanddashboard,bodyofspecialmaterial,andefficientsteering.Butbyremovingafewbinsandboltsformthestrange-lookingtrailer,whichisatransportvehiclehauledbyatractorortruck,andjoiningthesectionstothecarwiththesamepinsandbolts,Taylorcanchangehissportscarintoa“flyingobject”.2．根據(jù)上下文中的內(nèi)容猜測(cè)詞義?？忌梢愿鶕?jù)上下文所提供的信息進(jìn)行有機(jī)的聯(lián)想及推斷，進(jìn)而達(dá)到理解生詞含義的目的。這種類型的題，上下文的解釋一般較為具體，而生詞則是文章中較為概括的部分。Example2Weoftencallthissmallchangeofconversationsmalltalk,butthisdescriptionseemstodenigrateitunfairly.Onspecialoccasions,atpartiesforexample,smalltalkisusuallynecessarybeforedeeperhumanrelationshipsandmoreseriousconversation－ifthesearedesired.Theymaynotalwaysbedesired,however,onemayinviteabusinessfriendandhiswifetodinnerwithoutwishingtomakethemclosefriendsforlife.Andinthiscase,weneedaformoflanguagewhichisnottoointimateanddoesnotmakeustoointimatetoothers.3．利用文章中所羅列出的例子猜詞義。這種方法一般也是根據(jù)較具體的詞匯、詞組，通過(guò)歸納、猜測(cè)從而理解較抽象的詞匯或詞組。Example3Muchoftherequiredpaperworkresultsfromtheclosescrutinybyawiderangeofgovernmentagenciesoversuchmattersastaxcollection,consumerprotection,foodanddrugs,environmentalcontrols,equallaboropportunities,etc.Manysuchprotectionshave,infact,beenaddedasaresultofthepressuresandinfluenceofconcernedcitizens.4．利用比喻猜測(cè)詞義。當(dāng)作者作比較的時(shí)候，一般是強(qiáng)調(diào)二者的相似之處。比喻則更是如此。因此，兩個(gè)相比較的東西只要認(rèn)出其中之一，便可大致猜出另一物的實(shí)質(zhì)，從而明了全句的含義。Example4Shesatthereforthemoment,quietandsilent,suddenly,themeeklambburstinbadtemper,asferociousasalion.5．利用常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義。很多詞的詞義，放在某一類詞匯中間，讀者可以很容易憑借自己的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)或生活常識(shí)來(lái)猜詞義。Example5“Haveyoutwoseatsfortonight’sperformance?”“Iamsorry,alltheseatsarebooked.Thereareahundredunreservedseats.Theyaresoldhalfanhourbeforethecurtaingoesup.”6．利用對(duì)比的詞猜測(cè)詞義。表示對(duì)比的詞語(yǔ)，在意義上相互聯(lián)系，從而使讀者通過(guò)對(duì)比得出詞義這一方法成為可能。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)比的詞語(yǔ)是一對(duì)反義詞或近乎于反義詞，而且詞性也一致。Example6Wedarenotforgettodaythatwearetheheirsofthatfirstrevolution.Letthewordgoforthfromthistimeandplace,tofriendandfoealike,thatthetorchhasbeenpassedtoanewgenerationofAmericans－borninthiscentury,temperedbywar,disciplinedbyahardandbitterpeace,proudofourancientheritageandunwillingtowitnessorpermittheslowundoingofthosehumanrightstowhichthisnationhasalwaysbeencommitted,andtowhichwearecommittedtoday,athomeandaroundtheworld.閑士慌2看版權(quán)沿所有作，不汪得翻汁印笛練挪作者辣：湯雄良斌胳炭連（二蹈）利觀用構(gòu)凈詞法裕知識(shí)虎猜測(cè)加詞義飄日筒英語(yǔ)集的構(gòu)隸詞方跳法很驅(qū)多，帽大致陽(yáng)可以廈分為檔兩種奪，一忌種是狹詞綴概辨認(rèn)搶，另充一種嫩是詞嶄匯復(fù)等合，浪下面版我們繁逐一喇加以殼講解紋。務(wù)1．為詞綴黑辨認(rèn)購(gòu)。詞氏綴分項(xiàng)前綴限、后代綴及火中綴拘。中青綴不顆大常辭見(jiàn)，章因此至我們趨的討稻論將根圍繞愧前綴休和后某綴進(jìn)辭行。姐（鬧1）絕前綴剖辨認(rèn)凱。前杠綴是抓附加小在單易詞前過(guò)面的蓋語(yǔ)法努部件租，它某本身起有發(fā)乓音，側(cè)有意錄義，良但不驚能單京獨(dú)成究為一俱個(gè)詞渠匯。桃它東的功爪能主暖要是彼給原壟來(lái)的籮詞匯箭增加倒一層銅含義俊。因憑此，閥如果刷考生獻(xiàn)掌握您了一窩定數(shù)挪量的笑前綴辣，就襪可以點(diǎn)通過(guò)稅辨認(rèn)燈前綴站，通或過(guò)復(fù)遮合替詞綴寺和詞扒匯的柴意義裹來(lái)猜欺測(cè)出另詞的巧意義劫。橡Ex孔am胡pl餐e示7法Th期e弦hy戀dr拒os貸ph雞er池e怕ha焦s臂st扭ra店ng普e濤ch改ar爆ac膏te溫ri抽st燥ic物s變be列ca列us索e鄉(xiāng)wa餡te氏r而ha悅s持pr割op其er段ti動(dòng)es召u決nl哲ik負(fù)e財(cái)th謎os鉤e咸of癢a甘ny幟o討th遇er迎l另iq袋ui痰d.筑O飼ne溜a意no恒ma答ly廚i懇s繪th翠at粱w療at盒er究u隆po精n揮fr挽ee電zi浙ng脫e百xp貪an肝ds沉b娘y飄ab憑ou菌t牢9覆pe見(jiàn)rc滴en伙t,壓w失he駛re盞as黃m住os卻t滾li腫qu劃id隆s懼co沿nt王ra旋ct喊o付n余co老ol燙in尺g.撕F罵or莖t磚hi蒼s舊re亡as捉on播,田ic宵e匹fl在oa奉ts便o癢n渾wa裙te級(jí)r純bo棚di歸es酬i喚ns慣te灘ad匹o股f皂si來(lái)nk平in救g潛to識(shí)t指he株b似ot漢to測(cè)m.輕I派f控th耍e與ic岸e侵sa紙nk勻,場(chǎng)th勸e擇hy刺dr懲os般ph尚er兔e打wo儉ul盞d續(xù)so語(yǔ)on誘b但e治fr失oz無(wú)en澆s拾ol凱id健ly量,感ex燈ce扎pt瘦f軌or點(diǎn)a疑t半hi押n諸la哲ye端r閣of涉s華ur您fa信ce粗m毯el巡t稿wa劈te悠r選du背ri然ng竭t精he耐s舒um默me般r允se格as糕on待.覺(jué)Th共us令,婦al免l要wa津te螞r水li已fe叼w轟ou專ld鋼b旺e詢de糠st掉ro所ye疏d基an泰d以th極e諒in觀te統(tǒng)rc攤ha早ng乘e槽of鉛w露ar污m形an擺d任co遺ld微c棗ur牌re淚nt認(rèn)s,煉w孔hi啊ch軌m區(qū)od球er扛at醫(yī)es丸c那li糖ma萌te滲,糕wo我ul露d傷be喉n果ot鼠ab瓜ly扁a早bs櫻en華t.將（瓦2）舉后綴花辨認(rèn)梢。后逝綴是就附加爬在單奉詞后化面的鑰一種冤語(yǔ)法幟部件圖。它壞本身屯也有瞇發(fā)音段，有宿意義槽，但輪也不斜能單傻獨(dú)成雪為一廳個(gè)株詞匯榜。和閱前綴逼不同和，后起綴不誘僅給刪詞匯鬼增加變了一腥層含則義，蜜而且勝也通撞常改敲變?cè)~升匯的盼詞性霧。例瞎如支“混-l償es霸s陪”厚附加圣在名菜詞的把后面諸，璃就可賺以將菜名詞合轉(zhuǎn)變歡為形聞容詞婚。因視此，棕加后嘉綴的拴詞的梅詞性議也要兄引起技考生野的注殺意。敵當(dāng)然指，掌壯握了門后綴戀的意稅義并備掌握盡了詞廚匯項(xiàng)的意炎義，馳也同喬樣能咱猜出翼全詞潛的意造義。蟻E閃xa蒜mp記le動(dòng)8飾I訓(xùn)mp六re討ss域io轉(zhuǎn)ni坑sm濁i伏s炊a罪fo倘rm慮o掉f設(shè)ar飲t脅wh廳ic既h況be擁ga暮n碎in是t腿he套1紫87榴0s涼.縣Wh秘en校y廚ou違l朽oo刮k懷cl無(wú)os愧el蜜y哄at永a果n龜im絹pr倉(cāng)es平si椒on籌is別t得pa第in括ti煎ng抬,姿yo貴u雨se權(quán)e疫li憂tt夢(mèng)le剖d急ot陪s怠of被d屑if殃fe歸re逆nt出c淋ol鐮or多ed酒p春ai奔nt筒s.開(kāi)W奶he號(hào)n造yo悶u屠m(xù)o沉ve劣a故wa鑼y轎fr揮om堡t頁(yè)he真p竭ic烘tu騎re雅,筆th適e古do池ts感o便f洋co思lo小rs根b肯le撫nd孕s鍛an延d皂th閃e聲pa賣in炎ti陳ng懷l欠oo竟ks墓l英ik哲e示it夏h悼as蓮l送ig楚ht陡p鄰la蹄yi汪ng址o忍n霉th據(jù)e予pe耽op設(shè)le軍a粗nd籮o天bj鑼ec欲ts苗i蝕n各th徒e棗pi稠ct殃ur昆e.鄭2危．分薦解詞扭匯。舉英語(yǔ)桃中有落一種宮構(gòu)詞槽法即仇是把播兩個(gè)化有聯(lián)糟系的駝詞用率連字亭符聯(lián)區(qū)接，拳并附各以適獎(jiǎng)當(dāng)?shù)乃Z(yǔ)法伯形態(tài)律，從扎而形溝成協(xié)一個(gè)林表達(dá)忠新概扔念的筑詞匯逐。因赤此，已通過(guò)飲結(jié)合烘上下從文并削分解笛詞匯晚，可宿以將唱一些間難詞干辨認(rèn)組出來(lái)分。企Ex塘am袍pl暖e時(shí)9毒Th竭en市b響ar腦be欠d-扮wi弊re慢l郵oo構(gòu)me缸d猴up飄i哄n蹲th撫e疏gr包ey租n嬸ig耍ht獲.飯Th蠢e斜ha駁nd銜s撒of芬t征he弱m緞in醬e-款de正te壇ct花or老s情be悟ga蘇n妄to溝m區(qū)ov略e,巾a紙nd丟t鐮he劑i更ns枕tr銜um奪en歡ts虧s紡an累g窯ou踐t跳a剛mu考ff洽le釣d收wa湖rn伴in愛(ài)g.蹈A鉆ll叮w項(xiàng)as杯q意ui誰(shuí)et真i哥n躍th界e議en曬em匆y軟li摔ne升s.分O領(lǐng)nl歷y營(yíng)an陰o滑cc紅as忙io警na場(chǎng)l騙sh輸el筍l定fl炭ew詢h宿ig代h液ov吸er征he博ad禁.杠（三梢）信獅號(hào)推客斷法蹤作霞者在雹行文狀過(guò)程薪中使淺用的懶一些稱標(biāo)點(diǎn)攏符號(hào)堆、單所詞或占短語(yǔ)旺，常克充當(dāng)焦著漢“隨信號(hào)濾”狀的指處示作別用，貫提供用了有戰(zhàn)關(guān)作側(cè)者思拖路及擔(dān)篇開(kāi)章結(jié)宵構(gòu)的斤線索崇，閱龍讀者飯可利宇用這駝些線上索推外測(cè)詞矮義。悼此為吊“犁信號(hào)誰(shuí)法磁”餃。抖.砍1扒標(biāo)點(diǎn)輕符號(hào)育有線些句群子當(dāng)熊中，博對(duì)于惠生詞毫的定忽義、蹦解釋遵等常任用標(biāo)假點(diǎn)符除號(hào)分桶開(kāi)。忘這些醫(yī)符號(hào)收通?？奘嵌菏姨?hào)、建破折桶號(hào)、扮括號(hào)染等。案例如裙：兇①愁C擦ar裝ef四ul玻a染nd幣t齡ho償ug凳ht序fu碧l預(yù)re牌ad特er協(xié)s塊al餓wa祝ys烈t訪hi曬nk浩淡ab蚊ou悅t霸wh永at構(gòu)t刑he偵y江ar摸e擠re恩ad賣in施g,赤t暈ry啄in青g淘to識(shí)i旗nt避er蛙pr低et宣洪––岡e槍xp靜la編in梳a秒nd鋼u披nd軟er阿st氣an吳d易––借t己he嗓i佛de累as滴p易re此se后nt給ed突i府n懷a(bǔ)培re四ad糖in印g殿pa副ss時(shí)ag鴉e.題句頁(yè)中破財(cái)折號(hào)草之間駱的內(nèi)貧容即黎是對(duì)哪i職nt董er早pr匯et唉一駛詞的乳解釋榴––旦–懸釋義鎮(zhèn)和領(lǐng)椅悟，魔即糠“是闡釋華”遲。估這種跟附加挪的解稀釋有牛效地電避免羊了壟讀者箱將氏in放te噴rp廁re怪t煌錯(cuò)誤至理解邁成偉“止翻譯眼”桶而無(wú)說(shuō)法正耕確理濟(jì)解原輝文。百穗②錫As逗m駕an下y洗as氏o最ne籃t間ho立us徒an屬d稀ye編ar喝s肉ag爆o酸in蛇t拒he菠S竄ou侍th姐we警st萬(wàn),技th印e更Ho任pi晝a春nd鍵Z痰un止i吊tr邊ib介es揀o律f賀No必rt著h貿(mào)Am匪er歲ic升a榜we敞re椅b鴿ui另ld蒼in已g鑼wi蔽th盜a客do月be肆－s娃un齒－b叼ak天ed秘b許ri顫ck緣p越la殊st端er售ed與w熄it芳h逝mu謎d.訓(xùn)(C薪ET幣4蒜—替94拼.6拐)闖句中血破折爹號(hào)后跟的內(nèi)渠容是蛛對(duì)斷ad欠ob款e抵一詞政的進(jìn)棉一步堆解釋重，可俯翻譯惱為諷“煎粘土捷磚連”汁，疊即吹“搬由太醬陽(yáng)曬航干的犁泥土貴磚烈”篩。爭(zhēng).顫2奪信號(hào)提詞亭充當(dāng)更“餡信號(hào)湯”婆的單某詞或濕短語(yǔ)氣名為翁“亂信號(hào)紫詞托”她,根豎據(jù)其桃功能珠可分塘為以切下六頸種：桂A付)盛同向刻信號(hào)典：表?yè)羰緮⑸龅拇较蛘軟](méi)有禾改變飼。例耽如：李障①稠A艘my紀(jì)d漢ec勿id膊ed赴釋sh農(nóng)e鐵wo遞ul扯d蝴st母ud躺y勾he捷r麥hi密st嚴(yán)or仍y消to嘩ni城gh游t.麗L預(yù)ik腥ew浸is杠e,兩h群er小r葉oo揀mm駝at座e郵Je示nn逼if辮er航d剪ec閉id寒ed那s改he合w劃ou桿ld抽.3版權(quán)所有，不得翻印湯良斌②Maryfeltperturbed;thatis,shewasgreatlydisturbedbyhersister’saction.例①中l(wèi)ikewise表明，Jennifer也決定今晚學(xué)習(xí)歷史(Jenniferdecidedshewouldstudyhistorytonight)。例②中thatis所引導(dǎo)的句子是對(duì)perturbed的解釋，從而可以猜出它和disturbed的詞義相近。即“不安，煩擾”。常見(jiàn)的同向信號(hào)詞有：and,also,forexample,forinstance,furthermore,inaddition,likewise,moreover,whatismore,acaseinpoint,thatis,meaning,suchas,or,inotherwordsB)轉(zhuǎn)向信號(hào)：表示敘述的方向?qū)l(fā)生改變。例如：③Distrustcanbecontagious.But,socantrust!④…Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.…（CET490，1）Question:37.By“heldback”theauthormeans“”A)madetoremaininthesameclassesB)C)forcedtostudyinthelowerclassesdrawntotheirstudiesD)preventedfromadvancing例③中but起轉(zhuǎn)折作用，表明作者闡述的重點(diǎn)是后者(socantrust)。例④中第一句話里提供的信息不足，難以推斷heldback的意思。繼續(xù)看看第二句話里onthecontrary后面是否有其它線索。找到了一個(gè)enrich，它的意思應(yīng)與heldback相反，故可斷定正確答案為D。常見(jiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)向信號(hào)詞有：although,but,however,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,inspiteof,despite,otherwise,nevertheless,yetC)序列信號(hào)：表示敘述的先后次序。例如：⑤Afterspendingthreeweeksinthewoods,Henrywastiredofsolitude.⑥Theytypicallygazeateachotherforabout3secondsatatime,thendroptheireyesdownfor3seconds,beforelettingtheireyesmeetagain.(CET4--96，6)例⑤中的after既表達(dá)了時(shí)間的先后次序又暗示了原因，所以該句大致可理解為：在林中呆了三個(gè)星期后，亨利厭倦了隱居的(或與世隔絕的)生活。常見(jiàn)的序列信號(hào)詞有：first,second,third,…,andsoon,then,after,before,then,next,last,afterward,finally,intheendD)總括信號(hào)：表示下面的語(yǔ)句是對(duì)上文的概括和總結(jié)。例如：⑦Onereasonforthisisthatcommunicatingwithvehiclesinorbitismucheasierthantalkingtothoseunderwater.Avacuumisanidealmediumforradiocommunications,butunderwatercommunicationsarelimitedtomuchslowersoundwaves.Thus,mostunderseavehicles––particularlyROVs––operateattheendoflongropes.(CET4-88)常見(jiàn)的總括信號(hào)詞有：aresult,finally,therefore,consequently,accordingly,so,thus,inshort,inconclusion,inbrief,asinaword,ingeneralE)因果信號(hào)：表示前后兩部分之間存在因果關(guān)系。例如：⑧JohnsonshiftedfromtheDepartmentofAccountingtotheDepartmentofLiteraturebecausehedecidedhelikedhumanbeingsbetterthannumbers.常見(jiàn)的因果信號(hào)詞有：asaresult,for,thus,because,forthisreason,so,therefore,as,since,consequentlyF)釋義信號(hào)：表示前后兩部分之間存在釋義關(guān)系。例如：⑨Oceanographyhasbeendefinedas“Theapplicationofallsciencestothestudyofthesea.”(CET4-90.1,PassageOne)⑩Natureprovidessomeanimalswithaninternalphysiologicalresponsewhichlowerstheirmetabolism,orrateofbodilyfunctioning,andhenceslowsdowntheirexpenditureofenergyinwinterwhenfoodisscarce.例⑨中引號(hào)部分與oceanography構(gòu)成了釋義關(guān)系，可知oceanography是一門“將各門自然科學(xué)應(yīng)用于海洋研究”的學(xué)問(wèn)，即“海洋學(xué)”。另外根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法也可直接猜測(cè)出oceanography的意思。例⑩中or引導(dǎo)的rateofbodilyfunctioning即是對(duì)metabolism的釋義。4版權(quán)所有，不得翻印湯良斌常見(jiàn)釋義信號(hào)詞有：or,define,namely,thatis,inotherwords二、多義現(xiàn)象在閱讀的過(guò)程中，我們往往會(huì)遇到這種情況，即某些詞匯并不是生詞，但這些詞匯意義很多，無(wú)法單獨(dú)加以判別。因此，這就需要考生運(yùn)用所掌握的有關(guān)詞匯的知識(shí)，結(jié)合上下文的各種條件，對(duì)癥下藥，加以辨別。Example10TheshockofencounteringcollegestudentswhodidnotrecognizethenamesofeminentfigureslikeJaneAddamsorW.E.B.DuBoisledmetoconductaninformal,unscientificsurveyofprofessorswhoteachhistorytoundergraduates.Theword“shock”maymeanA.B.C.D.asudden,upsettingdisturbanceathick,bushymassofsomethingagroupofcornstalksetinendtodryaviolentbloworshaking..Theword“figure”inthepresentcontextisclosestinmeaningtoA.asymbolforanumberC.apersoninhighpositionB.drawing,painting,orimageofthebodyD.geometricpattern現(xiàn)將四·六級(jí)考試中需著重掌握的前綴，后綴，構(gòu)詞法列表如下：現(xiàn)將四·六級(jí)考試中需著重掌握的前綴，后綴，構(gòu)詞法列表如下：考試中需著重掌握的前綴表1前綴antibebibiococounterdedec(a)disecoenexforehydr(o)im-,irin-,ilinterkilomidmillimismono意義、作用反;抗;阻;排斥使…,導(dǎo)致…兩個(gè)(倍)生命,生物一起,共同相反的;對(duì)應(yīng)的;回報(bào)去掉,破壞十個(gè)(倍)的否定,相反;除去與生態(tài)(學(xué))有關(guān)的使…先前的;向外的預(yù)先,提前水(力)的;含氫的不,非不,非,無(wú)…之間(的)一千中間的,中途的一千分之一錯(cuò),差,壞單個(gè),單一antibody(抗體)befriend(對(duì)…友好),befog(把…弄模糊)bilateral(雙邊的),biannual(一年兩次的)biocide(殺蟲劑),bioclean(無(wú)菌的,十分清潔的)coordinate(使…協(xié)調(diào)),cohabit(同居)counterclockwise(逆時(shí)針地);counterattack(反擊)deform(使…變形),deice(除去…的冰)decathlete(十項(xiàng)全能運(yùn)動(dòng)員),decagon(十邊形)disregard(漠視),discard(扔棄),disburden(減輕…負(fù)擔(dān))ecocide(生態(tài)滅絕),ecocatastrophe(生態(tài)災(zāi)變)enlist(征募),endanger(使…遭到危險(xiǎn))ex-wife(前妻);external(外部的),extradite(引渡)foresight(先見(jiàn),預(yù)見(jiàn)),forecast(預(yù)報(bào))hydraulics(水力學(xué));hydrology(水文學(xué))impatient(不耐煩的)illiterate(不識(shí)字的,文盲的)interurban(城際的),interaction(相互作用)kiloton(千噸);kiloliter(千升)midpoint(中點(diǎn)),midstream(中流)millisecond(毫秒);milliliter(毫升)mispronounce(發(fā)音錯(cuò)誤,誤讀),mistreat(虐待)monosyllable(單音節(jié)),monolog(獨(dú)白)countermeasure(對(duì)策);例示5版權(quán)所有，不得翻印湯良斌前綴nonoverpent(a)postprepsych(o)reselfsemisubthermoununder表2后綴意義、作用沒(méi)有,不過(guò)度;超過(guò)五個(gè)(倍)的過(guò)后的預(yù)先的心理(上)的再次,又;回頭自我的(地)一半;部分亞于,低于,在…之下熱量,溫度,熱度不,非,沒(méi)有低于;欠non-vehicle(非機(jī)動(dòng)車)例示oversleep((使)睡過(guò)頭);overlook(俯瞰,忽略)pentagon(五邊形),pentathlete(五項(xiàng)全能運(yùn)動(dòng)員)postdoctoral(博士后的)preliminary(預(yù)備的)psychoanalysis(心理分析),psychosurgery(精神病外科學(xué))revenge(報(bào)復(fù)),refund(退款)self-made(白手起家的),self-educate(自學(xué))semisphere(半球),semiconductor(半導(dǎo)體)submerge(淹沒(méi)),subordinate(使從屬);thermochemistry(熱化學(xué))uninteresting(無(wú)聊的),unintended(不是存心的,非故意的)underestimate(低估);underdeveloped(欠發(fā)達(dá)的)意義、作用構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞,表具有…特性構(gòu)成名詞構(gòu)成名詞,表…學(xué)科構(gòu)成名詞,表…者,…人,…器,…機(jī)構(gòu)成名詞,表…者,…人構(gòu)成名詞,表…者,…人構(gòu)成名詞,表女性;雌性構(gòu)成名詞,表小構(gòu)成名詞,表集合;身份;費(fèi)用;活動(dòng),動(dòng)作等構(gòu)成名詞,表狀態(tài)構(gòu)成名詞,表狀態(tài),品質(zhì)構(gòu)成名詞,表狀態(tài)、條件等構(gòu)成名詞,表狀態(tài)、條件等構(gòu)成名詞,表狀態(tài)、條件等構(gòu)成名詞,表狀態(tài)、條件等構(gòu)成名詞,表狀態(tài)、條件等構(gòu)成名詞,表狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)等構(gòu)成名詞,表狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)等構(gòu)成名詞,表…者,…人構(gòu)成名詞或動(dòng)名詞,表動(dòng)作或事物構(gòu)成形容詞構(gòu)成形容詞構(gòu)成形容詞舉例strengthen(加強(qiáng),強(qiáng)化),widen(加寬)amplify(放大,擴(kuò)大)humanize(使具有人性)length(長(zhǎng)度),width(寬度)archaeology(考古學(xué)),futurology(未來(lái)學(xué))burglar(夜賊),profiteer(奸商)panhandler(乞丐),actor(男演員)standee(站客),absentee(缺席者)physician(內(nèi)科醫(yī)生),comedian(喜劇演員)swardess(女乘務(wù)員);lioness(母獅)piglet(小豬),leaflet(小冊(cè)子)mileage(里程);pupilage(學(xué)生時(shí)期);postage(郵資);breakage(破損)maidenhood(少女時(shí)期)efficiency(效率),constancy(恒久性)performance(表現(xiàn),表演),existence(存在)fertilization(施肥),humanization(人類化)locality(所在地),superiority(先進(jìn))enhancement(加強(qiáng)),noiselessness(無(wú)聲)wisdom(明智的行為)，boredom(單調(diào))scholarship(獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金),dictatorship(獨(dú)裁)anticipant(預(yù)期者,期盼者),defendant(被告人)savings(積蓄);engineering(工程);flashing(閃光)anticipant(期望的)aged(年老的),pointed(尖的)cyclical(參cycle),scenic(參scene)-en-fy-ize(-ise)-th-logy-ar,-er,-eer,-or-ee-ian-ess-let-age-hood-ancy,-ency-ance,-ence-ion,-ation-ity,-ty-ment-ness-dom-ship-ant,-ian-ing-ant-ed-ic(al)6版權(quán)所有，不得翻印湯良斌后綴-ous-ary,-ory-some-able,-ible-like-ish-ive-ful-less-ly-al-ist-y表3復(fù)合名詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則名詞+名詞名詞+動(dòng)名詞形容詞+名詞動(dòng)名詞+名詞動(dòng)詞+副詞副詞+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞+副詞表4意義、作用構(gòu)成形容詞構(gòu)成形容詞,表…的構(gòu)成形容詞,表具有…性質(zhì)構(gòu)成形容詞,表可…的構(gòu)成形容詞,表象…的構(gòu)成形容詞,表有…特性的構(gòu)成形容詞,表有…特性的構(gòu)成形容詞,表具有…特性;或構(gòu)成名詞構(gòu)成形容詞,表缺少,沒(méi)有…構(gòu)成形容詞,副詞或名詞構(gòu)成形容詞或名詞構(gòu)成形容詞或名詞構(gòu)成形容詞或名詞advantageous,mountainous舉例legendary(傳說(shuō)中的),compulsory(強(qiáng)制性的)troublesome(麻煩的),noisome(令人不快的)edible(可食用的),omissible(可刪除的)catlike(象貓的,偷偷摸摸的)sheepish(懦弱的),talkative(健談的)resourceful(資源豐富的,足智多謀的);handful(一把,一小撮)listless(倦怠的),restless(不安寧的)highly(高度地);yearly(每年的(地));monthly(月刊)provincial(省的,鄉(xiāng)土的),proposal(提議)royalist(保皇主義者(的)),racialist(種族主義者)lengthy(冗長(zhǎng)的),discovery(發(fā)現(xiàn))例示newsstand(報(bào)攤),timecard(考勤卡)energy-saving(節(jié)省能量的)superpower(超級(jí)大國(guó))looking-glass(眼鏡),freezing-point(凝點(diǎn),結(jié)冰點(diǎn))checkout(檢查),setback(挫折)outlook(展望，景色),inbreak(入侵)grown-up(成年人)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則名詞+動(dòng)名詞名詞+過(guò)去分詞名詞+形容詞形容詞+名詞形容詞+名詞+ed過(guò)去分詞+副詞/介詞使用“-”例示tone-setting(調(diào)音),epoch-making(劃時(shí)代的)weather-beaten(飽經(jīng)風(fēng)霜的),state-run(國(guó)營(yíng)的)duty-free(免稅的),carsick(暈車的)short-range(短程的),long-distance(長(zhǎng)途的)red-eyed(紅眼的),narrow-hearted(心胸狹窄的)paid-in(已繳會(huì)費(fèi)的),grown-up(成年的)wait-and-see(等著瞧的),matter-of-fact(實(shí)事求是的)詞語(yǔ)推斷訓(xùn)練題Example1Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworksisnoteasy.Theresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970’swhentheydiscoveredthatoncogenes,whicharecancer-causinggenes,areinactiveinnormal7版權(quán)所有，不得翻印湯良斌cells.Anythingfromcosmicraystoradiationtodietmayactivateadormantoncogene,buthowremainsunknown.Ifseveraloncogenesaredrivenintoaction,thecell,unabletoturnthemoff,becomescancerous.66．Theword“dormant”inthisparagraphmostprobablymeansA.deadC.inactiveB.ever-presentD.potential.（MET94）Example2TouristsweresurprisedtoseeawomandrivingahugeorangetractordownoneofRome’smainavenues.Italy’spoliticalleadersandsomeofitsmaleunionchiefsaresaidtohavebeenmorepuzzledtoseethatthetractorwasfollowedbyabout200000womeninaparadingprocessionthattookmorethanthreehourstosnakethroughcentralRome.（MET90）Theexpression“snakethroughcentralRome”probablymeans“tomoveA.quietlythroughcentralRomeB.violentlythroughcentralRomeC.inalongwindinglinethroughcentralRomeD.ataleisurelypacethroughcentralRome”.Example3Itisallverywelltoblametrafficjams,thecostofpetrolandthequickpaceofmodernlife,butmannersontheroadsarebecominghorrible.Everybodyknowsthatthenicestmenbecomemonstersbehindthewheel.Itisallverywell,again,tohaveatigerinthetank,buttohaveoneinthedriver’sseatisanothermatteraltogether.Youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hog,therudeandinconsideratedriver,butnowadaysthewell-manneredmotorististheexceptiontotherule.Perhapsthesituationcallsfora“BeKindtoOtherDrivers”campaign,otherwiseitmaygetcompletelyoutofhand.92）32．Thesentence“youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hog（行車粗野的司機(jī)）…therule.”impliesthatA）oursocietyisunjusttowardswell-manneredmotoristsB）rudedriverscanbemetonlyoccasionallyC）thewell-manneredmotoristcannottoleratetheroad-hogD）nowadaysimpolitedriversconstitutethemajorityofmotorists.（MET第二節(jié)主旨推斷主旨類試題的目的在于考查考生對(duì)文章的主題、標(biāo)題、中心思想的理解程度和區(qū)別主要信息和次要信息的能力。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有：1．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?2．Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?3．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?4．Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?5．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?6．Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor’sopinion?主旨是一篇文章或一個(gè)段落的核心，是作者寫作意圖的體現(xiàn)，其表現(xiàn)形式因體裁和論證方式的不同而有所不同。就四、六級(jí)考試而言，文章或段落的主旨通常以主題句（topicsentence）的形式出現(xiàn)。請(qǐng)看實(shí)例：請(qǐng)看實(shí)例：請(qǐng)看實(shí)例【例文1】（CET－499.1PassageThree）8版權(quán)所有，不得翻印湯良斌Theappealofadvertisingtobuyingmotivescanhavebothnegativeandpositiveeffects.Consumersmaybeconvincedtobuyaproductofpoorqualityorhighpricebecauseofanadvertisement.Forexample,someadvertisershaveappealedtopeople’sdesireforbetterfueleconomyfortheircarsbyadvertisingautomotiveproductsthatimprovegasolinemileage.Someoftheproductswork.Othersareworthlessandawasteofconsumer’smoney.Sometimesadvertisingisintentionallymisleading.Afewyearsagoabrandofbreadwasofferedtodieters（節(jié)食者）withthemessagethattherewerefewercalories（熱量單位，大卡）everyslice.Itturnedoutthatthebreadwasnotdieteticin（適合于節(jié)食的）,butjustregularbread.Therewerefewercaloriesbecauseitwasslicedverythin,buttherewerethesamenumberofcaloriesineveryloaf.justregularbread.Therewerefewercaloriesbecauseitwasslicedverythin,buttherewerethesamenumberofcaloriesineveryloaf.Onthepositiveside,emotionalappealsmayrespondtoaconsumer’srealconcerns.Considerfireinsurance.Fireinsurancemaybesoldbyappealingtofearofloss.Butfearoflossistherealreasonforfireinsurance.Thesecurityofknowingthatpropertyisprotectedbyinsurancemakesthepurchaseoffireinsuranceaworthwhileinvestmentformostpeople.Ifconsumersconsiderthequalityoftheinsuranceplansaswellasthemessageintheads,theywillbenefitfromtheadvertising.Eachconsumermustevaluateherorhisownsituation.Arethebenefitsoftheproductimportantenoughtojustifybuyingit?Advertisingisintendedtoappealtoconsumers,butitdoesnotforcethemtobuytheproduct,Consumersstillcontrolthefinalbuyingdecision.這是一篇較為典型的議論文，其論證主線如劃線部分所示。作者在第一段首先提出了自己要論證的主題（Theappealofadvertisingtobuyingmotivescarhavebothnegativeandpositiveeffects），第二、三段以正反兩方面的典型事例進(jìn)行論證，最后在篇尾作出結(jié)論（Forexample,someadvertisershaveappealedtopeople’sdesireforbetterfueleconomyfortheircarebyadvertisingautomotiveproductsthatimpovegasolinemileage）。整篇文章采取總–––分––––總的演繹推理法，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，邏輯性強(qiáng)。在演繹類文章中，語(yǔ)篇主題句和段落主題句一般位于篇章或段落的開(kāi)頭部分，開(kāi)頭就明確主題，然后展開(kāi)討論。在歸納類文章中，主旨句多出現(xiàn)在段末或篇末。作為由具體事實(shí)引出的一般結(jié)論。現(xiàn)將例文中的段首句（劃線部分）單獨(dú)提出來(lái)，則構(gòu)成相對(duì)完整的語(yǔ)段；（1）Theappealofadvertisingtobuyingmotivescanhavebothnegativeandpositiveeffects,（…）（2）Sometimesadvertisingisintentionallymisleading.（…）（3）Onthepositiveside,emotionalappealsmayrespondtoaconsumer’srealconcerns.（…）（4）Eachconsumermustevaluateherorhisownsituation.（…）這樣，把這篇文章的主題思想濃縮在四句話中，在回答主旨類問(wèn)題的時(shí)候，就如同探囊取物了。35．ThepassageismainlyaboutA）howtomakeawisebuyingdecisionB）waystoprotecttheinterestsoftheconsumerC）thepositiveandnegativeaspectsofadvertisingD）thefunctionofadvertisementsinpromotingsales.【答案】C）在歸納類文章中，主旨句多出現(xiàn)在段未或篇末，作為由具體事實(shí)引出的一般結(jié)論。請(qǐng)看實(shí)例：Violinprodigies(神童),Ilearned,havecomeindistinctwavesfromdistinctregions.Mostofthegreatperformersofthelate19thandearly20thcenturieswerebornandbroughtupinRussiaandEasternEurope.IaskedIsaacStern,oneoftheworld’sgreatestvioliniststhereasonforthisphenomenon.“Itisveryclear,”hetoldme.“TheywereallJews(猶太人)andJewsatthetimewereseverelyoppressedandill-treatedinthatpartoftheworld.Theywerenotallowedintotheprofessional.9版權(quán)所有，不得翻印湯良斌fields,buttheywereallowedtoachieveexcellenceonaconcertstage.”Asaresult,everyJewishparent’sdreamwastohaveachildinthemusicschoolbecauseitwasapassporttotheWest.Anotherelementintheemergenceofprodigies,Ifound,isasocietythatvaluesexcellenceinacertainfieldandisabletonurture(培育)talent.Nowadays,themostnurturingsocietiesseemtobeintheFarEast.“InJapan,amostcompetitivesociety,withstrongerdisciplinethanours,”saysIsaacStem,“childrenarereadytotesttheirlimitseverydayinmanyfields,includingmusic.WhenWesternmusiccametoJapanafterWorldWarIIthatmusicnotonlybecamepartoftheirdailylives,butitbecameadisciplineaswell.”TheKoreansandChinese,asweknow,arejustashighlymotivatedastheJapanese.That’sgoodthing,becauseevenprodigiesmustworkhard.Nexttohardwork,biologicalinheritanceplaysanimportantroleinthemakingofaprodigy.J.S.Bach,forexample,wasthetopofseveralgenerationsofmusicians,andfourofhissonshadsignificantcareersinmusic.(CET-98，1PassageFour).本文意在說(shuō)明音樂(lè)神童是天賦＋勤備的產(chǎn)物。第一、二段具體描述猶太人和日本人對(duì)孩子的培養(yǎng)，以說(shuō)明hardwork的重要作用，第三段總結(jié)前兩段的內(nèi)容，闡述了一條事實(shí):hardwork和biologicalinheritance在神童的培養(yǎng)方面起著重要作用。在說(shuō)明方法上，本文采用了分述—總述的歸納法，引導(dǎo)考生從具體事實(shí)歸納出一般的結(jié)論。從全文來(lái)看，作者在前兩段的段首以主題句的形式分別描述了神童培養(yǎng)的兩個(gè)特征：①Violinprodigieshavecomeindistinctwavesfromdistinctregions.②Anotherelementintheemergenceofprodigiesisasocietythatvaluesexcellenceinacertainfieldandisabletonurturetalent.作者想通過(guò)這兩個(gè)特征說(shuō)明什么問(wèn)題呢？考生在前兩段找不到相應(yīng)的概括性語(yǔ)句。在最后一段，作者才一語(yǔ)中的：“…evenprodigiesmustworkhard.Nexttohardwork,biologicalinheritanceplaysanimportantroleinthemakingofaprodigy.”據(jù)此分析，該短文閱讀理解第30題對(duì)主題的提問(wèn)，也就不難回答了：30．Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?A)JewishContributiontomusicB)TrainingofMusiciansintheworldC)MusicandsocietyD)TheMakingofProdigies（答案）D當(dāng)然在某些情況下，主題句也出現(xiàn)在文章中間或結(jié)尾，請(qǐng)看下面實(shí)例：Wheredopesticidesfitintothepictureofenvironmentaldisease?Wehaveseenthattheynowpollutesoil,water,andfood,thattheyhavethepowertomakeourstreamsfishlessandourgardensandwoodlandssilentandbirdless.Man,howevermuchhemayliketopretendthecontrary,ispartofnature.Canheescapeapollutionthatisnowsothoroughlydistributedthroughoutourworld?Weknowthatevensingleexposurestothesechemicals,iftheamountislargeenough,cancauseextremelyseverepoisoning.Butthisisnotthemajorproblem.Thesuddenillnessordeathoffarmers,farmworkers,andothersexposedtosufficientquantitiesofpesticidesareverysadandshouldnotoccur.Forthepopulationasawhole,wemustbemoreconcernedwiththedelayedeffectsofabsorbingsmallamountsofthepesticidesthatinvisiblypolluteourworld.（CET－495.6PassageFour第一段）該文是較為典型的歸納＋演繹推理文章。第一段首先指出殺蟲劑對(duì)環(huán)境和動(dòng)植物造成的危害，既而以設(shè)問(wèn)形式引出要論述主題（最后一句）。第二段同樣以歸納法先舉出具體事實(shí)，然后得出一般結(jié)論。由第二句的But可知，該段主題句應(yīng)當(dāng)在But之后。根據(jù)后一句中的“Wemustbemoreconcernedwith…”可以斷定，作者所說(shuō)的“majorproblem”實(shí)際上就是“thedelayedeffectsofabsorbingsmallamountsofthepesticides…”。這是一個(gè)段尾主題句作為全文主題的典型例子。主題句可能出現(xiàn)在一段文章的任何地方。它可能是文章的第一句話，也可能出現(xiàn)在文章的未尾。有些文章的主題句在文章的開(kāi)頭和未尾都出現(xiàn)，有時(shí)，主題句還可能插在一段文章的中間部分。有些文章，作者沒(méi)有明確地寫出主題句，讀者必須從文章所涉及或討論的內(nèi)容中自己推斷或歸納出主題句。10版權(quán)所有，不得翻印湯良斌下面一段文章的主題句是這段文章的第一句話:TheLondonMarathonhasbecomeoneofBritain’sleadingsportsevents.Since1981,somethinglike45millionhasbeenraisedinindividualsponsorshipforcharities.Tomorrowhundredsofthousandsofpeoplewilllinetheroutetocheerandtogaspinsympatheticparticipation.Millionswillwatchontelevision.Althoughtheywillbeexcitedbythestruggleforfirstplace,theywillalsoidentifvwiththeordinarypersontryingtofulfilhisorherphysicalpotential.Manyspectatorswillwonderwhethernextyeartheycouldcompletethehistoricdistance.Thatishowathleticdreamsareborn.下面一段文章的主題句出現(xiàn)在文章未尾:Becauselunchcomesinthemiddleoftheday,itgivesmeawelcomebreakfromstudying.Atschool,lunchmeansthirtyminutesoutofclassandachancetorestafterthemorning’swork.Whileeating,IcanplanwhatI’mgoingtodointheafternoon.Andbesidesofferingapleasantbreakintheday,lunchisalwaysagoodmeal.Infact,eatinglunchisoneofmyfavoritepastimes.下面的這段文章提供了一個(gè)主題句出現(xiàn)在文章中間的典型例子:CaliforniansandNewEnglandersarebothAmerican.Theyspeakthesamelanguageandabidebythesamelaws.Buttheyareverydifferentintheirwaysoflife.Mobility－bothphysicalandpsychological－h(huán)asmadeagreatimpressiononthecultureofCalifornians;lackofmobilityisthemarkofthecustomsandmoralityofnewEnglanders.下面這段文章的主題句既出現(xiàn)在文章的開(kāi)始，也出現(xiàn)在文章的未尾:JaneandKarenhavemanythingsincommon.Tobeginwith,bothgirlshavethesamebackground.JanewasbornandraisedintheWest,andsowasKaren.Next,bothgirlsareinterestedinthesamekinds