中英荷載強(qiáng)度和布局安全

河北建筑工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文資料翻譯系別：土木工程系專業(yè)：土木工程專業(yè)班級：工043班姓名：臧海月學(xué)號：19EnglishCivilEngineering（用外文寫）男指導(dǎo)教帆師評語靈：記簽字：呼快適隊(duì)年稱犯飛月?lián)駚眸f日注：請將該封面與附件裝訂成冊。外文原文Loads,Strength,andStructuralSafetyA.LoadsLoadsthatactonstructuresareusuallyclassifiedasdeadloadsorliveloads.Deadloadsarefixedinlocationandconstantinmagnitudethroughoutthelifeofthestructure.Usuallytheself-weightofastructureisthemostimportantpartofthedeadload.Thiscanbecalculatedclosely,basedonthedimensionsofthestructureandtheunitweightofthematerial.Concretedensityvariesfromabout90to120pcf(14to19kN/m3)forlightweightconcrete,andisabout145pcf(23kN/m3)fornormalconcrete.Incalculatingthedeadloadofstructuralconcrete,usuallya5pcf(1kN/m3)incrementisincludedwiththeweightoftheconcretetoaccountforthepresenceofthereinforcement.Liveloadsareloadssuchasoccupancy,snow,wind,ortrafficloads,orseismicforces.Theymaybeeitherfullyorpartiallyinplace,ornotpresentatall.Theymayalsochangeinlocation.Althoughitistheresponsibilityoftheengineertocalculatedeadloads,liveloadsareusuallyspecifiedbylocal,regional,ornationalcodesandspecifications.TypicalsourcesarethepublicationsoftheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,theAmericanAssociationoftheStateHighwayandTransportationOfficialsand,forwendloads,therecommendationsoftheASCETaskCommitteeonWindForce.Specifiedliveloadsusuallyincludesomeallowanceforoverload,andmayincludedynamiceffects,explicitlyorimplicitly.Liveloadscanbecontrolledtosomeextentbymeasuressuchaspostingofmaximumloadsforfloorsorbridges,buttherecanbenocertaintythatsuchloadswillnotbeexceeded.Itisoftenimportanttodistinguishbetweenthespecifiedload,andwhatistermedthecharacteristicload,thatis,theloadthatactuallyisineffectundernormalconditionsofservice,whichmaybesignificantlyless.Inestimatingthelong-termdeflectionofastructure,forexample,itisthecharacteristicloadthatisimportant,notthespecifiedload.袍肢T讀he絡(luò)sum岡of任th旨ec觸alc紋ula撤ted孕de合ad遇loa哭da宴nd宮the講sp玻eci魚fie冊dl餐ive綱lo宵ad叫is描cal緞led神th梁es礦erv傲ice股lo狐ad,爭be志cau斑se吊thi酸si滔st內(nèi)he數(shù)max設(shè)imu咱ml累oad套wh婦ich覽ma淚yr辭eas擱ona蘇bly冷be野ex翼pec聲ted非to練ac測td橋uri磚ng可the認(rèn)se制rvi憑ce井lif宣eo青ft疾he級str骨uct紹ure裁.T削he劣fac金tor頂ed拘l(wèi)oa粗d,那or誼fai光lur愿el哭oad邊wh做ich慌a貌str野uct策ure姐mu嗚st晉jus萄tb供ec齊apa狀ble餅of銷re薦sis逼tin輸gi秧sa披mu鈔lti鼠ple增of母th漿es救erv毛ice葛lo捷ad.發(fā)炒垂L抖oad瞞sa季re牧ran南dom氏pr宗oce狠sse鉆s;風(fēng)mor耕ep霧rec踢ise演ly,車th得ey偉are咐st努och唱ast種ic紡pro燈ces折ses趁.H堅(jiān)owe牽ver與,i同no夾rde憑rt有om希atc迫ht貓he便req撲uir破eme屆nts飯of拿th忙em塑eth編ods船of懶ca雖lcu籠lat公ion賓ac敢tua漲lly械us談ed混in醋mos帶ts玻tru鎮(zhèn)ctu蛾ral勢sp仍eci盛fic律ati濫on泛(al攝low幫abl浮es舊tre乳sse誓sa子nd于sem彼i-p否rob佛abi席lis浴tic脖me式tho雄ds)倉,e隔ach部lo迎ad該is刑als策oc膚har都act巷eri律zed垮by系th口ep降ara份met賤ers質(zhì)re唱pre曬sen敘tat印ive胞of刻th裹e邊dif雁fer壘ent構(gòu)co木mpu催tat砌ion拔al鴨met勿hod共s.億躲T中he沫loa搞ds像can吩be總cl槽ass凈ifi愧ed伴wit搖hr活esp披ect繭to扛th宿eir局ef次fec悅to清nt艇he鴉str享uct松ure仙(s傅tat勝ic演or狡dyn淋ami晨c)閃or蟻wit達(dá)hr慈esp霜ect扭to犧th撈eir科va紹ria悅tio箏no榮fi渣nte蕩nsi罪ty.嘆Lo蹤ads覆ca萬na趟lso練be鑰cl五ass敲ifi狐ed目wit促hr焦esp無ect膚to引so涂me第par基tic螺ula形ra恒spe舊ct,漁su忍ch耳as仙lim蘇ite隔do刻rn棕ot宜lim栗ite槳d,潔hav抱ing捕lo郊ng建or輩sho殘rt奔dur春ati刊on,潮de榨pen械den橋to讀rn劍ot抄on來hum吩an幣act餃ivi倚tie冶se繪tc.肌Loa皂ds睬con閃sis猶to長f:熔(1苦)麻con豪cen織tra糟ted品an羽dd蠶ist凝rib繁ute奴df福orc城es呀(d慧ire智ct墊act感ion豎s)紗,(服2)灣imp菜ose惰dd轉(zhuǎn)efo孔rma便tio羅ns刊(i耽ndi飛rec咽ta低cti時(shí)ons抬).責(zé)每A懷lo文ad丙is倘ass裳ume津da紫sa紐si遲ngl筋el蜜oad泰if孫it完is派no已tr期ela興ted綱to泳an興yo遲the浮rl哲oad頁or廁im久pos趁ed刪def左orm謹(jǐn)ati堆on夸act男ing調(diào)on填th謝es巷tru叢ctu躬re.瞇In沙pr猜act除ice學(xué)mo兩re毀tha攪no扁ne捆sin綠gle收lo鄰ad草act很so蝴nt群he暮str古uct己ure任,a貸lth眠oug匹hi牧ti昌sc喂onv田eni末ent旦to栗co惱nsi肢der恭ea獻(xiàn)ch菠loa但ds驕epa看rat纖ely咐.攏限L且oad尸sa銀re仍ran垃dom較pr井oce瓦sse纖s;病mor毯ep予rec旬ise在ly,尚th萬ey高are診st倉och標(biāo)ast躬ic綠pro跟ces活ses醫(yī).H瞞owe貨ver伙,i菌no嗓rde到rt盒om鳥atc碌ht體he鹽req河uir男eme界nts漸of滿th創(chuàng)e:離met讓hod底so緣fc給alc出ula夏tio久na栗ctu婦all舟yu房sed補(bǔ)in槍mo核st扛str完uct幅ura或ls愿pec纖ifi謙cat混ion壽s(摧'al痕low里abl縮es己tre把sse順sa抄nd睬sem遭i-p主ro厚bab涂ili首sti屠cm笛eth只ods意),斜eac令hl饅oad及is哨al追so彎cha隸rac眨ter器ize靠db搜yt付he斷par趕ame勻ter欣sr揀epr就ese娛nta群tiv紐eo評ft犯he姐dif慈fer富ent立co憲mpu綢tat葛ion尿al菌met災(zāi)hod核s',志劍桌The漸lo沸ads鋒ca刪nb在ec夸las仇sif群ied犬wi索th擋res涼pec木tt腥ot雞hei帥re墓ffe砍ct湊on打the胖st綠ruc峽tur鍵e(耕sta旨tic轟or忌dy糊nam夏ic臣)o猜rw宋ith移re培spe癢ct們to附the虎ir論var制iat化ion誕of膨in瞞ten燦sit宵y.岡Loa邪ds首can庫al館so醋be遇cla紋ssi線fie早dw滿ith恥re峽spe披ct泡to撐som挖ep珠art劑icu算lar接as穩(wěn)pec拼t,圓suc成ha異sl教imi想ted循or尋no脂tl葵imi師ted悟,h娛avi嶄ng慕lon毛go梅rs耳hor抓td鄭ura秤tio衣n,梯dep挺end說ent跪or蘆no楚to秩nh鉗uma庸na妹cti坦vit患ies緣et趙c.滋B.結(jié)Str據(jù)eng暈th位河T孤he轎str準(zhǔn)eng切th蛇of初as堅(jiān)tru取ctu懲re塌dep個(gè)end令so灘nt嶄he弊str犬eng赤th片of席the碧ma鏈ter翼ial湖sf浴rom貓wh紗ich慣it癢is櫻ma授de.錫The其pr蹦ope攤rti瓣es拘of床ste擠el踏tha鴉th前ave炭be剩en茅des莫cri的bed曉so櫻fa心ra牛re顛app巖lic躺abl利eo身nly詳if酷t(yī)h慕e蟻am扇bie綿nt趨tem筒per臟atu興re配sta削ys追wit容hin膨re打aso宅nab炊le眠pro似xim古ity澤of慘70振。違F蹄,s餅ay,皇fr堪om青30世tol釀l0砌。呼F悟.T張he奔pro席per咐tie扒so菊fs姨tee護(hù)ld叫on嶼ot核cha哲nge殘ap壘pre賭cia溝bly細(xì)fo錦rt偶emp徒era歸tur墳es何up孕to木app糞rox樹ima乖tel填y3條00率。尺F業(yè)to機(jī)40洲0霧。貴F,滑alt咱hou籌gh營the怎st薪res闊s-s抱tra三in奮cur稼ve頁sho合ws礦inc涌rea親sin型gn逼onl愧ine批ari加tyw迅hen退th壺et吵emp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，并寄且如果謝有必要添的話在然結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)魂計(jì)過程造中考慮床溫度的初影響。攜鋼材的趙初始強(qiáng)晉度和韌焦性于溫沫度的關(guān)廳系如圖常所示。搞實(shí)際上乎，屈服犧強(qiáng)度、凱極限強(qiáng)圓度和彈舞性模量夫隨著溫福度的升沒高而降廈低。只埋有當(dāng)溫酷度達(dá)到卷約宜100降0閘度時(shí)降恨低的速足度才加紋劇。由恒于應(yīng)變臘硬化現(xiàn)很象的影遭響共在盆25質(zhì)0系度透到皆60從0延度之間拴，極限道強(qiáng)度隨違溫度的疏升高略長呈上升惑的趨勢御。猛在府110封0戴到灶120鑼0典度時(shí)，疤屈服應(yīng)取力和極鋸限應(yīng)力覽值已經(jīng)璃降低到拿室溫下衡的一半登，此時(shí)勤彈性模誓量堂E百已達(dá)到劑初始值燈的析60頂%要。對結(jié)愈構(gòu)來捆說諒E疑的水平封更為重館要，因尿?yàn)榻Y(jié)構(gòu)煎的變形駁與彈性行模量成把正比。任如果承府載結(jié)構(gòu)盜長期處麥于升溫烏狀態(tài)下差蠕變現(xiàn)萄象也會(huì)梨發(fā)生。淹如同在胞生產(chǎn)高魯強(qiáng)度淬臥火和回群火鋼材巷過程中毯一樣，鹽鋼材的蝶回火和囑淬火同始時(shí)發(fā)生嫌。因淬獄火而使寺鋼材冷烘卻將產(chǎn)魯生堅(jiān)硬獎(jiǎng)的被稱尖作馬氏援體的細(xì)肯粒狀結(jié)逐構(gòu)物。絕馬氏體彈強(qiáng)度雖供然很高鑒但非常誓脆，而銹且回火艱使晶狀秧體結(jié)構(gòu)肢的形狀這僅在某咳種程度央上發(fā)生濫改變，傷即延性落和韌性僵增加了杜，但強(qiáng)廣度仍保橡持不變鉗。常適當(dāng)升的溫僅接培著再降艦溫會(huì)產(chǎn)內(nèi)生一定腸的內(nèi)在院或殘余紗應(yīng)力，帥產(chǎn)生的頁原因是懶降溫時(shí)侄產(chǎn)生的郊收縮變聲形受到抖了材料奇和結(jié)構(gòu)牢的限制孔。這種濤情況在勉焊接節(jié)削點(diǎn)中經(jīng)傍常出現(xiàn)吵，結(jié)構(gòu)誘或結(jié)構(gòu)潔的一部巾分在加明熱的整候個(gè)過程仇中也會(huì)姓出現(xiàn)殘頂余應(yīng)力憶。如果莊結(jié)構(gòu)受肥熱不均片勻而且西收縮變軌形也不籠受限制雹，則在交結(jié)構(gòu)中禿將會(huì)產(chǎn)你生一定置的扭曲脾變形，擠此變形測使結(jié)構(gòu)皮組裝困糧難，適降當(dāng)?shù)纳m溫并控塊制降溫只可以使考此問題竄得到緩考解。壩關(guān)心高直度約束翁節(jié)點(diǎn)中辮，殘余駛應(yīng)力和盛其它類過型殘余香應(yīng)力的舅設(shè)計(jì)人鼻員可能怨采用重縮新設(shè)計(jì)濫連接的方幾何形撕狀來避晨免殘余午應(yīng)力的句問題。奪文獻(xiàn)詳茶細(xì)論述率了關(guān)于睜層狀撕墊裂方面都的解決攀方法，蓬這些方清法總體鼠上對焊鴉接連接腿的設(shè)計(jì)她和制作報(bào)提出了獸很好的鋤建議。度正如