2022朱泰祺考研英語強化班授課講義(五)

2022朱泰祺考研英語強化班授課講義(五)Text1[2022,RCText3]

Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals:theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.

Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.

Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today’svessels--canfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.

Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline“.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.(431words)

Notes:game獵物。vessel輪船。sonar聲納定位儀。longline長線多鉤（捕魚工具）。take…intoaccount把…考慮進去。

1.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat

[A]largeanimalswerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment.

[B]smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared.

[C]largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.

[D]slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones.

2.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm’spaperthat

[A]thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%.

[B]thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago.

[C]thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount.

[D]thenumberoflargepredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold.

3.Bysaying“thesefiguresareconservative“(Line1,Paragraph3),Dr.Wormmeansthat

[A]fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly.[B]thecatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthanrecorded.

[C]themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss.[D]thedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate.

4.Dr.Myersandotherresearchersholdthat

[A]peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcanworkforalongertime.

[B]fisheriesshouldkeeptheiryieldsbelow50%ofthebiomass.

[C]theoceanbiomassshouldberestoredtoitsoriginallevel.

[D]peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetothechangingsituation.

5.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries’

[A]managementefficiency.[B]biomasslevel.[C]catch-sizelimits.[D]technologicalapplication.

Text2[2022RCText3]

Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’tcutting,filingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’dliketo.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.“I’magoodeconomicindicator,”shesays.“Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.”SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatamiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus.“Idon’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too.”shesays.

EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Already,expertssay,holidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospects,evenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.

Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,“there’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses,”saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.“Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree,”saysJohnDeadly,aBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.

Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.Forthat,GreenspanPlumbhaswrittenabouttherapidincreaseofprovincialtheaters,musicalfestivals,andchildren’stoysandbooks.Whilethefactofthisconsumerrevolutionishardlyindoubt,threekeyquestionsremain:Whoweretheconsumers?Whatweretheirmotives?Andwhatweretheeffectsofthenewdemandforluxuries?

Ananswertothefirstofthesehasbeendifficulttoobtain.Althoughithasbeenpossibletoinferfromthegoodsandservicesactuallyproducedwhatmanufacturersandservicingtradesthoughttheircustomerswanted,onlyastudyofrelevantpersonaldocumentswrittenbyactualconsumerswillprovideaprecisepictureofwhowantedwhat.Westillneedtoknowhowlargethisconsumermarketwasandhowfardownthesocialscaletheconsumerdemandforluxurygoodspenetrated.Withregardtothislastquestion,wemightnoteinpassingthatThompson,whilerightlyrestoringlaboringpeopletothestageofeighteenth-centuryEnglishhistory,hasprobablyexaggeratedtheoppositionofthesepeopletothesuddenattacksofcapitalistconsumerismingeneral.Forexample,laboringpeopleineighteenth-centuryEnglandreadilyshiftedfromhome-brewedbeertostandardizedbeerproducedbyhuge,heavilycapitalizedurbanbreweries.

Toanswerthequestionofwhyconsumersbecamesoeagertobuy,somehistorianshavepointedtotheabilityofmanufacturerstoadvertiseinarelativelyuncensoredpress.This,however,hardlyseemsasufficientanswer.MckendrickfavorsaVeblenmodelofconspicuousconsumptionstimulatedbycompetitionforstatus.The“middlingsort”boughtgoodsandservicesbecausetheywantedtofollowfashionssetbytherich.Again,wemaywonderwhetherthisexplanationissufficient.Donotpeopleenjoybuyingthingsasaformofself-gratification?Ifso,consumerismcouldbeseenasaproductoftheriseofnewconceptsofindividualismandmaterialism,butnotnecessarilyofthefrenzyforconspicuouscompetition.

Finally,whatweretheconsequencesofthisconsumerdemandforluxuries?McKendrickclaimsthatitgoesalongwaytowardexplainingthecomingoftheIndustrialRevolution.Butdoesit?What,forexample,doestheproductionofhigh-qualitypotteryandtoyshavetodowiththedevelopmentofironmanufactureortextilemills?Itisperfectlypossibletohavethepsychologyandrealityofaconsumersocietywithoutaheavyindustrialsector.(414words)

Notes：inpassing順便。frenzy狂熱。brewery啤酒廠。uncensored未經(jīng)新聞檢查的。self-gratification自我喜悅和滿意。goalongwaytowards對…大有幫忙。frivolous瑣碎的。foreshadowvt.預(yù)示…的降臨。

1.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthormentionsMckendrickandPlumbmostprobablyinorderto_______.

A.contrasttheirviewsonluxuryconsumerismin18th-centuryEngland

B.confirmkeyquestionsabout18th-centuryEnglandconsumerism

C.exemplifyhistorianswhohaveprovedthegrowingconsumerismin18th-centuryEngland

D.compareonehistorian’sinterestinluxurygoodstoanotherhistorian’sinterestinluxuryservices

2.Whichofthefollowingitems,ifpreservedfromeighteenth-centuryEngland,wouldprovideanexampleofthekindofdocumentsmentionedinparagraph2?

A.Abargainstrickenbetweenamanufacturerandaconsumer

B.Adiarythatmentionsluxurygoodsandservicespurchasedbyitsauthor.

C.Atheaterticketstampedwiththedateandnameofaparticularplay.

D.Anewspaperadvertisementdescribingluxurygoodsandservicesavailable.

3.Inthethirdparagraph,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith_______.

A.contrastingtwothesesandofferingacompromise

B.questioningtwoexplanationsandproposingapossiblealternativetothem

C.examiningtwotheoriesandsupportingoneovertheother

D.raisingseveralquestionsbutimplyingthattheycannotbeanswered

4.TheauthorwouldmostprobablyagreethattheIndustrialRevolution_______.

A.resultedfromthegrowingdemandforluxurygoodsandservices

B.exploitedthealreadyexistingdemandforluxurygoodsandservices

C.wascloselyboundupwiththedemandsforluxurygoodsandservices

D.wasnotdirectlydrivenbyagrowingdemandforluxurygoodsandservices

5.Thetitlewhichbestexpressesthemainideaofthetextis________.

A.ACommentonHistorians’StudyonRisingDemandforLuxuriesin18th-centuryEngland

B.TheImpactsofConsumerDemandforLuxuryGoodsandServicesinthe18thCentury

C.Consumers’DemandforLuxuriesinthe18thCenturyandTheirMotives

D.TheEver-increasingDemandforLuxuriesinEighteenth-centuryEngland

Text4(課外閱讀)

Theterm“l(fā)eadership“isoneofthemostdifficultineducationaladministration.Tosome,aleaderissimplyonewhoisfollowed.Presumablybythatdefinition,agoodleaderisonewhoisfollowedconsistentlyandreliablybylargenumbersofpeople.ButthatleadstothedifficultyofHitlerbeinga“goodleader“.So,somewillargueeitherthatleadershipitselfinvolvesbothfollowersandagoodsenseofdirectionorthat,atleast,goodleadershipinvolvesanapproveddirection.Thelatterdistinctionleavesonewiththeambiguityofthe“badleader“beingeitheronewhoisnotfollowedor,verydifferent,onewhoisfollowedbutinadisapproveddirection.

Inadditiontothosedefinitionalproblems,somepeoplebelievetheyknowwhat“goodleadershipstyle“is.Itmaybedecisivebutwhateveritisitssupportersknowitis“good“.Suchpeoplearelikelytosubstitutethecriterionofstyleforthecriteriaofhavingfollowersandhavinganappropriatedirection.Somepeoplegoevenfurther.Theyassumethatgoodleadershipstyleisanimportantendinitself.Theygivetheirfavoredstyleanattractivenamelike“democraticleadership“.Inthatway,principalswhohavea“democratic“styleareautomaticallydeemedgood,eventhoughtheymaybeineffectiveandunpopular.Theineffectivenessandunpopularityareexplainedaway;theprincipalisnot“reallyademocraticleader,because,ifshewere,shewouldbeeffectiveandpopular!“

Astheconceptofleadershipissoobscure,leadershipisatermthatshouldbeusedwithgreatcareandonlyincircumstanceswhereitiscarefullydefined.Ourtypologyoftypesofstylemaybeseenasatypologyofleadershiponlyifonelimitsthetermleadershiptotheexerciseofpower,authorityandinfluence.

Wedistinguishaneffectiveleader,whogetsresults,fromagoodleader,whoachievesgoodthings.Butdoesagoodleaderalwaysgetplentiful,goodresults?Someprincipalsappeartobeeffectiveinsomecircumstancesbutnotinothers.Dotheythensuddenlychangefrombeingeffectiveand,perhaps,goodleadersoneyeartobeingineffectiveleadersthenext?Theanswerisprobablyyes.Thusleadershipcanbeseentobeasmuchanoutcomeoftheinternalandexternalworkingenvironmentasitisaqualityoftheleader.ThusWinstonChurchillwasagoodandeffectivewartimeleaderbutnotaveryeffectiveleaderinpeacetime.ThereversemightbesaidofFranklinRoosevelt.(412words)

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whetherapersonisagoodleaderornotshouldbejudgedby__________.

A.his/hereffectivenessB.hisdemocraticstyleinwork

C.his/herpopularityD.thenumberofhis/herfollowersandthecorrectnessofdirection

2.Accordingtotheauthor,ifthetermleadershipisdefinedastheexerciseofpower,authorityandinfluence,whatistypical

ofaqualifiedleader?

A.AgoodstyleinworkB.Atalentfordirection

C.AlargenumberoffollowersD.Gettingbrilliantresults

3.Fromthetextwemaylearnthat__________.

A.ademocraticstyleisthesolecriteriontojudgethequalityofaschoolleader

B.aqualifiedleaderhasnotsomuchfollowersasanapproveddirection

C.one’spersonalandexternalconditionscanfinallydecidethequalityofleadership

D.thepersonalcharacteristheexclusivefactortobecomeanefficientleader

4.Thetextseemstomainlydiscusstheleadershipof__________.

A.aneducationalboardB.aheadmasterorpresident

C.governmentheadsD.ateachers’association

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.TheMainQualitiesofaSchoolLeader

B.TheGreatImportanceofSchoolLeadership

C.EducationalAdministrationintheUnitedStates

D.TheDisputeovertheConceptofLeadershipMainlyinSchools

Text2WordStudy

1.when(偶用if)itcomesto…當(dāng)談到…時：1)Whenitcomestomathematics,I’mcompletelyatsea.(當(dāng)談到數(shù)學(xué)時，我就茫然了。)2)Theschoolhasverygoodteachers,butwhenitcomestobuildings,theschoolispoor.3)Ifitcomestobuilding,Austinisthefirmyoushouldconsult.（假如談到建筑業(yè)，那奧斯丁是你應(yīng)當(dāng)詢問的公司。）

2.showup露面，出場；變得更醒目：1)Whydidn’tyoushowupatthemeetingyesterday?（你為什么不出席昨天的會？）2)Attimeslikethesethetruecharacterofthemanshowsup.(在這樣的時期，這個人的真實品行才更簡單看出來了。)

3.indespair無望(作表語或作狀語)：1)Ifoundhimindespair.2)Hegaveupindespair.

4.留意新的合成詞：slowdown減慢；downsize縮小規(guī)模；downscale每況愈下。

Text3WordStudy

1.intendvt.準(zhǔn)備，有…的意圖：1)Iintendtocleanoutthespareroomsoonerorlater.(我準(zhǔn)備遲早把這間富有的房間清掃潔凈。)

2)Iintendedtohavecalledyouup,butIforgotto.(我原來準(zhǔn)備給你打電話，但我忘了。)3)Heexplainedtoheratlengthwhatheintendeddoingtheweekfollowing.(他向她具體地解釋了他下一周準(zhǔn)備做的事情。)4)Didyouintendustosharethecostofthedinner?(你是否準(zhǔn)備讓我們來分擔(dān)飯費？)5)Heintendedthathissonshouldinheritthebusiness.(他準(zhǔn)備他的兒子來繼承這筆產(chǎn)業(yè)。)用于成語：intendfor（原）準(zhǔn)備給（某人），預(yù)備讓…干…：1)Iintendedtheseflowersforyourmother,butassheisawayI’dbegladifyouwouldacceptthem.2)Theparcelofexplosivedidnotreachthemanforwhomitwasintended.同根詞：intentionn.意圖，原來的想法：1)Ihavenointentionofdefendingmyselftoyou.2)Hisoriginalintentionwastobecomeadoctor.3)Apersonwithtrulygoodintentionsmusttakeeffectintoaccount.(一個真正好心的人必需把影響考慮進去。)intentionaladj.有心的，有意的：Iassureyouthatitwasnotintentional.(我向你保證，這并不是有意的。)intentionallyadv.有意地：Ididnotdoitintentionally.

2.identifyvt./vi.認(rèn)出（身份，物件），證明是（誰的），說明（其身份）：1)Iidentifiedthecoatatonce;itwasmybrother’s.

(我立即認(rèn)出這件外套；那是我兄弟的。)2)Icanidentifythewatchasminebythescratchesontheback.(通過表背后的劃痕我能認(rèn)出這塊表是我的。)用于成語：identify…with…把…與…聯(lián)系起來；把…與…等同起來：1)Heidentifiesherhappinesswithhisown.(他把她的幸福和他自己的幸福等同起來。)2)Wealthcannotbeidentifiedwithhappiness.(不能把財寶和幸福等同起來。)identifyoneselfwith…與…有聯(lián)系，支持：1)Herefusedtoidentifyhimselfwiththenewpoliticalparty.2)Thepoliticianistoocloselyidentifiedwiththeformergovernmenttobecomeaministerinours.(這位政界人士與上一屆政府關(guān)系太親密以至不能成為我們政府中的一名部長。)同根詞：identificationn.認(rèn)出，確定身份：1)Identificationofthejewelswasmadebytheowner.2)Adrivinglicenseisadequateidentification.(一張駕駛執(zhí)照足以確定身份。)identityn.身份；一樣：1)Thetraveler’spassportestablishedhisidentity.(旅行者的護照確定了他的身份。)2)Theidentityofcrimesledthepolicetothinkthatthesamepersoncommittedthem.(罪行的一樣使警察認(rèn)為，是同一個人犯了這些罪行。)identicaladj.同一的，完全一樣的：1)ThisistheidenticalpenIlostyesterday.2)Thefingerprintsofnotwopersonsareidentical.3)Thiscopyisidenticalwiththeoneyouboughtlastweek.identifiableadj.可看作是一樣的，可證明是同一的，可識別的：Otheridentifiablecausesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreasedavailabilityofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowingincidenceofchildabuseandchildneglect.[2022年試題37,38,39]（其他可看作犯罪行動產(chǎn)生的一樣緣由是在學(xué)校里的挫折和失敗，毒品和酒精隨處可得，虐待兒童和兒童無人治理的發(fā)生率越來越高。）identifier鑒定人。

II.Writing(I)

Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwritealetterof160—200wordstothenewspaperbasedonthefollowingoutline:

1)Describethepicturetoillustratethepresentsituation,

2)Suggestpossiblemeasurestobetaken,and

3)Predictfutureprospect.

水的污染

敬重的先生/女士：

我給您寫信是想陳述我對水的污染問題的看法。普遍認(rèn)為，水的污染是當(dāng)今嚴(yán)峻的公害。世界各國的河流正在受到工廠排放的垃圾及有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)所污染。船舶加劇了污染，由于它們依靠河流排放廢物。油和其它化學(xué)物質(zhì)會殺死魚類并使水不能飲用?？傊?，污染了的水對人人都是個大問題。

正如你所知道的，人們靠水生活。他們應(yīng)當(dāng)參加找到解決污染問題的方法。我認(rèn)為，需要盡快實行某些應(yīng)對措施。首先，各國政府理應(yīng)制訂處理污染問題的規(guī)章制度。此外，在全面處理和凈化廢液以前，必需制止城鄉(xiāng)工廠把廢液排入河流。我覺得，假如這些工廠違反有關(guān)的法規(guī)或法律，則應(yīng)加重罰款。固然還會有一些其它的治理方法值得實行。但是假如我們實行上述提到的措施，我們就不會有水枯竭的危急。

至于將來的前景，我信任，在這一方面會取得良好的成果。過去一度被工業(yè)廢料污染的河流將會得到清理，幾年以前魚類不能生長的河流將又會重見魚群?？傊?，好像很明顯，只要人人各盡其責(zé)并努力去查找掌握污染的方法，明天將會變得更美妙、更光明。

假如需要對這個問題做進一步評論，請不吝賜函。感謝！

順致

敬意

李明

DearSirorMadam,

I’mwritingtoyoutostatemyviewonthewaterpollutionproblem.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatwaterpollutionisaseriouspublichazardtoday.Riversallovertheworldarebecomingpollutedwithgarbageanddangerouschemicalsdischargedbyfactories.Shipscontributetotheproblembecausetheyrelyonriversfordisposingofwastes.Oilandotherchemicalscankillfishandmakewaterunsafefordrinking.Inaword,pollutedwaterisabigproblemtoeveryone.

Asyouknow,peopledependonwatertoliveon.Theyshouldbeinvolvedinfindingasolutiontothisproblem.Ithink,certaincountermeasuresneedtobetakenassoonaspossible.Tobeginwith,thegovernmentsofallcountriesaresupposedtolaydownrulesandregulationstodealwiththepollutionproblem.Inaddition,factoriesintownsandcitiesmustbeprohibitedfromdrainingwasteliquidsintoriversbeforetheyaretotallytreatedandpurified.Ifeeliftheyviolaterelevantrulesorlaws,theydeservetobefinedheavily.Certainly,therearesomeothercures,whichareworthadopting.Butifwetakethemeasuresoutlinedabove,wewillbeinnodangerofdryingup.

Asfarasfutureprospectisconcerned,I’msurethatgoodresultswillbeachievedinthisrespect.Riverswhichusedtobecontaminatedbyindustrialwasteswillbecleanedandfishwhichcouldnotlivethereafewyearsagowillbeseenagain.Toconclude,itseemsobviousthattomorrowwillbebetterandbrighteronlyifeveryonedoeshispartandtrieshardtoseeksolutionsforitscontrol.

Ifanyfurthercommentontheissueisrequired,pleasedon’thesitatetowritetome.

Thanks.

Yourssincerely

LiMing(295words)

背記重點詞語漢英對比：1.被…所污染：bepollutedwith,becontaminatedwith…；用…來污染…：contaminatesth.with…。2.參加：takepartin…;beinvolvedin…;participatein…。3.制訂規(guī)章、法律：laydown(=make)rilesandregulations,laws。4.違反規(guī)章、法律：violate(=break)rilesandregulations,laws。5.制止某人做某事：prohibitsb.fromdoingsth.;forbidsb.todosth.;bansb.fromdoingsth.6.理應(yīng)受到：deservetodo…ortobedone。7.實行措施：take(=adopt,resortto)measures。8.至于談到…：Asfaras…isconcerned。9.最終，好像很清晰…：Toconclude,itseemsobviousthat…。10.盡到自己的責(zé)任：doone’spart。

PutthefollowingsentencesfromChineseintoEnglish:

1.他們用這些敗壞道德的（poisonous）思想來污染年輕人的頭腦。[ALD]

2.我并不想再參加學(xué)校的事務(wù)。（=我并不想再被扯到學(xué)校的事務(wù)中去。）

3.他們特別想?yún)⒓舆@次爭論。

4.假如他們違反相關(guān)的交通規(guī)章，他們就理應(yīng)受到嚴(yán)峻懲辦。

5.假如需要對這個問題做進一步評論，請不吝賜函。

(II)（課外背誦篇）

Directions:Writeanessayentitled“OnKeepingaDiaryinEnglish”andbasedonthefollowingoutline:

1.BenefitsbroughtbykeepingadiaryInEnglish

2.Difficultiesinvolved

3.Mysuggestions

用英語記日記是提高英語寫作技能的有效方法之一。與其他寫作形式相比,它短小,省時。它能幫忙我們培育用英語思索的習(xí)慣。假如我們堅持這樣做,慢慢地我們就學(xué)會了用英語來表達我們的思想。

在用英語記日記的過程中,我們不行避開地要遇到很多困難。首先,常常發(fā)生這樣的事,我們很難找到恰如其分的詞或短語來表達我們的思想。其次,在漢語中有很多習(xí)慣說法,我們很難把它們精確地譯成英語。固然,還有一些其他的困難,我們可能在用英語記日記中遇到。

至于我,我的建議是,我們應(yīng)當(dāng)在手頭隨時預(yù)備好一個筆記本和一本漢英詞典。每當(dāng)有困難的東西難住我們時,我們可以先在筆記本登記來,然后查詞典。如有必要,我們也可以向英語教師請教?？傊?我認(rèn)為,用英語記日記對提高寫作力量是非常有用的。

KeepingadiaryinEnglishisoneoftheeffectivewaystoimproveourEnglishwritingability.Comparedwithotherformsofwriting,itisshorterandtakeslesstime.ItcanhelpustocultivatethehabitofthinkinginEnglish.Ifwepersistinthispractice,graduallywe’lllearnhowtoexpressourselvesinEnglish.

InkeepingadiaryinEnglish,weinevitablyrunupagainstalotofdifficulties.Inthefirstplace,itoftenhappensthatwehavetroublefindingappropriatewordsandphrasestogiveexpressiontoourmind.Secondly,therearemanyidiomaticwaysofsayingthingsinChinese.AnditisextremelyhardforustoputthemintoEnglishproperly.Certainly,therearesomeotherroadblockswemaycomeacrossinourkeepingadiaryinEnglish.

AsfarasI’mconcerned,mysuggestionisthatweshouldalwayshaveanotebookandaChinese-Englishdictionarywithineasyreach.Wheneversomethingbeats(難住)us,wecanfirstputitdowninournotebookandthenconsultourdictionary.WecanalsoturntoourEnglishteacherforhelp,ifnecessary.Inshort,itisofgreatusetokeepadiaryinEnglishforthedevelopmentofourwritingskills.(209words)

作業(yè)：1.根據(jù)提綱要求改寫本篇作文,適當(dāng)擴展、充實段落內(nèi)容。遣詞造句時要留意句子的主謂構(gòu)造和謂語動詞的搭配關(guān)系,要盡量

使用學(xué)過的句型。

2.把“復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)”一書中的詞匯練習(xí)與完形填空練習(xí)結(jié)合起來復(fù)習(xí),然后漸漸把重點轉(zhuǎn)移到閱讀理解。

贈言：凡事預(yù)則立，不預(yù)則廢。把握考研方向，提高復(fù)習(xí)效率。要仔細(xì)思索和總結(jié)每個測試工程的詳細(xì)要求和命題思路，結(jié)合自身的

狀況，制訂有效的復(fù)習(xí)對策。

Text1參考譯文

當(dāng)史前人類來到世界的新地區(qū)時(=當(dāng)?shù)厍蛏舷非叭祟悤r)，大型動物發(fā)生了一些驚奇的事情：它們突然滅亡了。較小的物種生存下來了。大型的、生長緩慢的動物簡單獵取，并很快因捕獵而絕跡。現(xiàn)在類似的事情也可能正在海洋中發(fā)生。

多年來人們知道，海洋的魚類正受到過量的捕撈。諸如RansomMyers和BorisWorm這樣的討論人員已經(jīng)指出，事態(tài)正在快速地變化。他們觀察了來自世界各地漁場的半個世紀(jì)的資料。他們的討論方法并不是試圖去估量海洋中某些特定區(qū)域的魚類生物的實際數(shù)量，而是去估量隨著時間的推移魚類生物數(shù)量的變化。依據(jù)他們發(fā)表在《自然》雜志上的最新論文，一個新的漁場中大型食肉魚類的數(shù)量在開頭開發(fā)的2022年內(nèi)平均削減80%。在一些長期捕撈的地區(qū)，這2022年來，大型食肉魚類的數(shù)量又下降了一半。

Worm博士成認(rèn)，這些數(shù)字是保守的。緣由之一是捕魚技術(shù)改良了。如今的漁船可以使用衛(wèi)星和聲納定位儀來發(fā)覺獵物，這些技術(shù)在50年以前是做不到的。這就意味著更多的海洋魚類被捕撈，因此現(xiàn)在和過去的真實差異可能比記錄下來的捕撈量的變化更大。還有，在早些時候，多鉤長線上原來可能會掛滿魚；但是由于沒有掛魚餌的魚鉤來誘惑它們，因而有些魚就沒有被釣到，這就導(dǎo)致了過去低估了海洋中的魚類數(shù)量。此外，在多鉤長線捕魚的早期，很多魚上鉤后被鯊魚吃掉了。在今日這就不成問題了，由于現(xiàn)在各處海洋里的鯊魚少多了。

Myers博士和Worm博士論證說，他們的討論工作設(shè)定了一條正確的底線，將來的海洋治理必需考慮到這條底線。他們認(rèn)為，這些數(shù)據(jù)支持了海洋生物學(xué)家中流行的一種觀點，即“轉(zhuǎn)變底線”。這一觀點是，人們沒有覺察海洋中發(fā)生的巨大變化是由于他們對過去的討論時間還比擬短。那很有關(guān)系，由于理論說明，只有當(dāng)某一目標(biāo)物種的存活量是原來數(shù)量的大約50%時，才能從某一漁場獲得限度的可持續(xù)的產(chǎn)量。大多數(shù)漁場的魚類數(shù)量遠低于這個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，因此這種生意不是那么好