京虎專碩全國英語二年中大測試試卷2019考研人及時

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UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Childrenneedexercise.Parentsoftenworrythat1timeforathleticsorevenforjustyingontheJungleJimisgoingtotakeawayfromtheirkids’2achievement.Butactually,the3istrue.Therehavebeenysesofhugenumbersofstudiesthatallshowthatkidswhoare4arebetterinschool,getbettergrades,andhavehigher5_scoresthankidswholackofexercise.Andthatisprobablybecause_6_thelifespan,evenintooldage,there’sastrongcorrelationbetweenahealthyheartandahealthybrain.Thebrainisthemost7organthatyourcirculatorysystemhasto_8_.Ittakesupalotofthebody’soxygenandalotofthebody’s_9_.Andunlikemostofyour_10_,yourbraincan’tliveverylong_11_thatbloodsupply.Youcutbloodsupplyoffforaboutfiveminutesandpartsofthebrainstartdying.Soblockedarteriesandlittleclotsthatcutoffbloodflowtothebraininorderpeoplearea_12_sourceofcognitivedifficultyandcognitivedeteriorationwithage.Andeveninlittlekids,beingphysicallyfitclearly_13_inlectualTheotherthingparentsshouldbethinkingaboutisthatinchildhoodyourkidneedsabout90minutesadayofactive_14_,andparentsshouldreally_15_,Ithink,onmakingsurethatthat’sfun,firstofall.Youdon’twantto_16_exerciseaspunishment.Andyoualso,Ithink,wanttohavethemngsomethingthatcouldpotentiallycontinueintoadulthood._17_muchyourkidslikeclimbingtrees,they’renotgoingtobengthatwhenthey’re40,notmostofusanyway.And_18_yougivethemasportoratasteforhikingoratasteforyoga,somethingthatgrownupsdo,you_19_reducethechancethatthey’regoingtobeoneofthelargenumbersofpeoplewhoareactivechildrenwhogrowintoinactiveadults.Usuallythat_20_happensaroundtheageof13orso. BB13.A14.ABmovingD.moving18.AD ReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)TextTheMountHollycasebeganmorethanadecadeago,whenthetowndecidedtoteardown329homeson30acresofland.Yearsoflitigationinstatecourtsupheldthetown'scontentionthattheareawasinneedofredevelopment.Between2002and2008MountHollypurchased200homesanddemolished70.Remainingresidentschallengedtheactionsinvariouscourts,arguingtheredevelopmentwouldresultinhigher-pricedhomesthatwouldhavealowerpercentageofminoritiesandthusviolatetheFairHousingAct,alinchpinof1960scivil-rightslegislationthatbansdiscriminationbasedonrace,colour,religionorgender.Thetown’sargumentswereupheldinthedistrictcourt,whichconcludedthattherewasalegitimateernmentinterestinredevelopment;thatnodistinctionhadbeenmadebeen"minoritiesandnon-minorities";andthattherehadbeennointentionaldiscrimination.That,arguestheDepartmentofJustice(DOJ),missesthepoint,whichis"whethertheproposedredevelopmentwouldhaveadisproportionateeffectonaprotectedgroup".Whatmattersisnotintent,inotherwords,butimpact.Anappealscourtendorsedthisview,promptingthetown'sappealtotheSupremeCourt.Thetheoryof“disparateimpact”emergedfirstinthefieldofemploymentduringthe1970s.Ithassincegainedpopularityamongfinancialregulators,wheretheideacreatesvastpotentialforfallingfouloftherules."Unlesse,assetsandcreditperformanceareequallydistributedamongallracialandethnicgroups,anyapproachbasedonsomethingevenasbasicasacreditscorewillproduceadisparateimpact,"saysThomasNotoofMorrison&Foerster,alawfirm.Ratherthanrisklitigationbasedonthistheory,WellsFargo,SunTrustBankandBankofAmericahavewithinthepast12monthspaidlargesettlementsincasestiedtohousing-lendingfeesandpolicies(andemphaticallydenieddiscriminationatthesametime).HencetheimportanceoftheMountHollycase.BecauseoftheroleFairHousingActhasyedinframinganti-discriminationpoliciesmorebroadlyandthesimilaritiesbetweenanti-discriminationlaws,whatevertheSupremeCourtrulesinMountHollymaywellbeechoedinstandardsappliedtocarloans,creditcardsandevenbusinesscredit.ThenewlyestablishedConsumerFinancialProtectionBureauhassaiditwillusedisparateimpactysisinitsevaluationoflenders:thatcouldchangeiftheSupremeCourtstrikesdownthe eiswidelyexpectedifthecaseisheardintheautumn:theideaofdisparateimpactgoesbeyondthelanguageintheFairHousingActitself,aspassedbyCongress.Butthecourtmayyetbeby-passed:therearereportsthatafinancialsettlementisbeingnegotiatedwiththeresidents.IntheMountHollyCase,thetownwasaccused pushingpricesoflocalhousesforitsselfAccordingtoParagraph2,the maydenyMountHolly’smaystandontheappealscourt’smayupholdthedistrictcourt’smayfeelhappyiftheSupremeCourtdecidestoheartheMountHollyTheideaof“disparate ismostfavoredbythemanagement,thelendersandthefinancialcanbeappliedtoruleagainsttheresidentsintheMountHollyworkstoguaranteeequaldistributionofwillverylikelygiverisetomorelawsuitsthanTheSupremeCourt’srulingintheMountHolly willmakestandardsincarloans,creditcardsandbusinesscreditmaywellaffecthowCFPBcarriesoutitsevaluationofisexpectedtoproduceafinancialsettlementwiththewilldefiniyputanendtotheuseofdisparateThemostappropriatetitleofthetextcould AVitalTestCasefortheTheoryofDisparateFairHousingActandCivilRightsTextItwillshocknoonetohearthatAmericansareremarkablyunhealthyeaters.AnewAmericanDietReportCardconfirmsit:weeatfartoomuchcheese,sugar,starchandredmeat.Wedon’teatenoughfruitsandvegetables.Weconsumealmost500morecaloriesperdaythanwedidinthe1970s.Oureatinghabitsarepoor,butit’snotbecausewe’reanationoflazyfoolsjonesingforourdailyBigMacfix,healthbedamned.Itisbecausewearefartoodeferentialtotheinterestsofbigcompanies,tooinvestedinacorporate-servingnarrativeofalresponsibilitywithnoparallelrequirementofsocialresponsibility,andtooculturallyweddedtoafoodmodeloftyoverquality.TherearesomebrightspotsintheReportCard:we’reeatinglessbeefandsugar.Chickenandyogurtaremorepopular.Andwhilewildlypopularitemslikepizza,burritos,nachos,quesadillasandpastamaynotbeuniversallyhealthyandarealmostallbastardizedversionsoftheiroriginalincarnations,theydoreflectthewonderfulAmericanabilitytotryoutnewfoodsandcreateadietthatisthoroughlymulticultural.Fruitandvegetableconsumptionisdepressinglylow,butwe’vemadesmallaffordablehealthyadjustments,likeeatingmorechickeninsteadofbeefanddrinkinglesssoda.It’scertainlynocoincidencethatthesechangesarecomingafterpublichealthleaders,whohavebeenshoutingaboutourdisorderedeatingpracticesfordecades,havefinallysucceededingettingattentionpaidfromthehighestofficeintheland,intheformofMiceObama’sfocusonhealthyeatingandexercise.Themessageisgettingthrough,butslowly:thewaywe’reeatingiskillingus.Somethinghastochange.Unfortunay,allofthechangehasfallenonthebacksofconsumers.Inanationwhereclosetoatenthofthepopulationhasdiabetesandheartdiseaseisthenumber-onekiller,ourfoodsystemisanationaldisgraceandapublichealthdisaster.Yes,manyofuscouldmakesmallchoicestoeatbetter,andmanyofushaveindeedadjustedourdietaryhabitsinreactiontoincreasedinformationabouthealthyeatingandincreasedaccesstohealthyfood.Butchoosingtoeatwellisn’taneasilyavailableoptionformanyAmericans,inlargepartbecauseofstructuresimplementedbybigfoodcompaniesandtheiragentsinCongress.Whenacorporatefoodcultureissettingusuptoeatlargeportionsorheavily-processed,densely-caloric,low-nutritionalfood,“ responsibility”isn’tgoingtocutit.Accordingtotheauthor,whathelpsexinAmericans’dietaryTheythinkitmoreimportanttohaveenoughtoTheydoloveBigMacTheyvalueindividuals’interestoverthatofTheyhaveapoorsenseofalInParagraph3,somegoodnewsintheReportCardis toconveyoptimismtothedepressedasaresultofsocialaswellasaltoshowAmericans’eatinghabitsarenotallthatasproofofsuccessachievedbypublichealthWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutPizzainAmericahasretainedmuchofitsforeignPizzaisverynutritionalandtastesPizzacanberegardedasasymbolofAmericans’ChoosingtoeatwellisdifficultinAmericaprimarily AmericansocietyoffersindividualsratherlimitedaccesstohealthyAmericanslackadequateknowledgeabouthealthyNotallAmericansarewillingtoadjusttheireating Inthefollowingpartimmedia yafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyfocuson individualeffortsintryingtoeateducationabouttheimportanceofhealthyTextTheterm“bureaucracy”hasfewpositiveconnotations.It’sbeencalledthe“deathofallsoundwork,”(Einstein),the“giantpowerwieldedbypygmies”(Balzac),the“slime”leftbehindwhenrevolutionsfade(Kafka),anda“symbol ”(C.S.Lewis).Thoughitisn’tAmerica’sonlybureaucracy,thefederalernmentisprobablyitsmostinfamousone.ThePewResearchCenterforthePeopleandthePressshowsonly28percentofAmericansviewedfederalernmentfavorablyin2012,itslowestratingsincethepollbeganin1997.Thestudydidn’tdelveintowhy,butperhapspartoftheansweristheperceptionoffederalagenciesasbloated,ineffectivebureaucraciesthatstifleButthere’shopeernmentcanchangethis.Thesoftwareindustrycanshowushow.Alittlemorethan20yearsago,Linuxtriggeredaparadigmshiftinprogramming,fromhierarchyandrestrictiontocollaborationandopenness.Itgaverisetopracticesthatnowseemcommonce,likecloudcomputingandcrowdsourcing.Butmostimportantly,ittransformedthecultureofprogramming.Fromafieldprimarilyfocusedonproducingproducts,techdevelopmentbecamewhatITpioneerTimO’Reillycalledawholenewfieldof“scientificandeconomicinquiry.”Ifthatformerlystratifiedworldcouldtransformhowitdidbusiness,maybeernmentcanaswell.BeforeLinux,thesoftwareindustrylookedverydifferent.AstechadvocateEricRaymondwroteinTheCathedralandtheBazaar,proprietarysoftwarefirmsusedtoresemblethegrandchurchesofold;thoseinchargecloisteredfromthecommonfolk,theirdiscussionssecret,decision-makingatop-down,fixed-routeoperation.Withopensource,developmentcametoresemblea“greatbabblingbazaarofdifferingagendasandapproaches,”withmanycontributorsworkingcollaboratively.Inthebazaarmodel,whatmattersisnotrankbutwhofindstheanswer.Thebenefitsoftheapproacharesummedupintheaphorism,“Withenougheyeballs,allbugsareshallow.”Inotherwords,themoreeyesonaproblem,thebettertheoddsareoffindingtherootAtfirst,manycompaniesrejectedopensource.AsrecentlyasCEOSteveBallmercalledLinuxa“cancer”ontheprogrammingindustry.Butintwoshortdecades,themodelwentmainstream,withcorporationsandernmentagencies,includingtheWhiteHouse,nowoperatingonopen-sourcetforms.Elevenyearsafterthe“cancer”comment,BallmerpubliclyembracedLinux.IBMdeclaredlastyearthatopensourcemodels“stand(s)aheadoftheirclosedsourcecounterparts”injustabouteverysignificantway.Thediscussionoftheterm“bureaucracy”inParagraph1isused clarifyinlectualconfusionoftheexinthefindingfromthePewshowmanyfamouspeopleareinterestedinintroducetheproblemwith WhydoestheauthormentionthetransformationsparkedbyTosuggestapossiblesolutiontotheproblemwithToshowthesignificanceofLinuxinthedevelopmentofITTopointoutanewtrendinthefieldofTomakeclearthefederal ernment’sdeterminationtochangethetechWhichofthefollowingdescriptorsdoesNOTapplytottheopensourceWhenSteveBallmercalledLinuxa“cancer”ontheprogrammingindustry, wasthemainstreamoftheITdiditsbusinessinanopensourcetransformeditsoverallpopularizedcloudcomputingandThemostappropriatetitleofthetext HowHasLinuxRevolutionizedITBureaucracyinITIndustryand ernmentCanLearnFromOpenSourceTheCathedralAndTheTextAsprosecutors,wehavelongnotedwithdistresshowoftenchildrenarepresentwhenviolentcrimesarecommitted.Kidsdon’tneedtobethetargetof tobescarredbyit.Askanyadultwhowitnesseddomesticwhilegrowingup;decadeslater,heorshewillstillbeabletotalkvividlyoftheeventandhowitaffectsthemtoday.Researchersstudyingthese“invisiblevictims”havefoundthatanarrayofemotionalandbehavioralconsequencesflowfromtheexposure.In2003,theNationalClearinghouseonChildAbuseandNeglectpublishedabulletinoutliningnegativeeffectsrangingfrombehavioralandsocialimpairmentstocognitiveandattitudinalproblems.Inmorepreciseterms,researchhasfoundthatchildrenexposedtoaremoreaggressive,disobedient,withdrawnanddepressedandexhibitlowerself-esteem.Theexperiencealsocanleadtopoorschoolperformanceanddiminishedproblem-solvingskills.Additionally,accordingtotheNationalCoalitionAgainst,boyswhowitnessdomestic aretwiceaslikelytoabusetheirownpartners,spousesandchildrenlaterinlife.Infact,thestrongestriskfactorforthetransmissionofviolentbehaviorfromonegenerationtoanotherisforachildtorepeatedlywitness inthehome.Hereisonecaseinpoint:InApril2011,respondedtoashootinginLandoverinwhichone waskilledandthreeotherswereseriouslywounded.Fivedayslater,JeremiahSweeneywasarrestedonfirst-degreemurdercharges.Priortohisarrest,Sweeneyhad25contactswiththecriminaljusticesystem.Hewasjust24yearsold.Indiscussionswithandinvestigators,Sweeneydisclosedthatfromthetimehewasasmallboy,hefrequentlywitnessed inandaroundhishome.Andwhilethereisnoacceptablelevelofdomestic ,Sweeneymadeitclearthatitwasn’tjustapushhereorslapthere.Ultimay,Sweeneywasfoundguiltyofmurderandwassentencedtolifeinprisonplus30years.Manypeopleareunderstandablyreluctanttogivemuchthoughttothetroubledchildhoodsofmurderers.And,surely,Sweeneyhimselfisresponsibleforhisactions.Butwecan’thelpbutask:Ifhischildhoodhadbeendifferent,wouldhehavecommittedthishorriblecrime?Wewillneverknow,ofcourse.ButweknowthatwecannotaffordtoraiseotherJeremiahSweeneys.Wemustdoallwecantobreakthecycle.Theauthorismainlyconcerned theemotionaltherapiesforthetargetedvictimofthelong-lastingnegativeeffectsofdomestic onyoungthephysicalharm doestothepsychologyofyoungAllofthefollowingaretheconsequencesthe“invisiblevictims”suffer theyaremorelikelytobehurtinthetheytendtostayawayfromothertheymayhaveloweracademictheyholdanegativeopinionofTheLandovercaseiscitedtoillustratethepoint guncontrolshouldbeimposedinthethecriminalturnsouttobeverycruelbyviolentparentswillverylikelyhaveviolentexposureto canyieldnegativeTheauthorwillgoontodiscusshowtobreakthecycleof Themostappropriatetitleforthetext TheInfluenceofParents’BehavioronTheirMiserableChildhoodandTheInvisibleVictimsofReflectionontheCyclePartBReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)AtaTeacherTownHallinBirminghamlastweek,educationalreformleadersdiscussedAlabama’sfutureineducationwhileoutside,membersoftheAlabamaEducationAssociation(AEA)ledarelativelyquiet.“Teachersarethemostimportantin-schoolfactorpredictingstudentsuccess,”saidMiceRhee，formerDistrictofColumbiaschoolschancellor“Noteveryonewithapulsewhopassesacriminalbackgroundcheckshouldbeateacher.Weneedqualityinstructors.”“Inthegameoflife,studentsdon’talwaysstartinthesamece.FouroutoffiveAfrican-American gradersarenotreadingatgradelevel,”saidSacramento,CaliforniaMayor.“Eightypercentofthosenevercatchup,aretwiceaslikelytodropout,andthreetimesaslikelytobesuspendedorexpelled.Educationisaraceissue.”GeorgeParker,avenmathteacherandformeroftheWashingtonTeachers’UnioninD.C,saidthat“Teachingtheacademicskillsofteachingtoateacherisnotenough.Teachersmustalsounderstandthecultureofthekidsthey’reteaching.Theymusthavesomesenseofthehistoricalthesekidsarecomingfrom.Ibelieve,”TheTeacherTownHallpanelsaidschoolchoice—whetherbetweenpublic,private,home,charter,orneighborhoodschool—isthebestoptionforstudentsandparentsalike.AEAargues,however,thatthiswillallowthestudentswhoareabletochoosetogetagoodeducation,leavingthosewhodonothavetheabilitytochoosestuckgettingapoorereducation.“Asalocal,stateandnationalaward-winningeducatorwith25yearsexperience,andastheofAEA,IfeelcomfortablespeakingonbehalfofourmemberswhenIsaywedonotgiveanycredibilitytoanythingMiceRheesaysabouteducationreform,”AnitaGibson,AEA,saidinan“Conversationsabouteducationreformhave edivisive.Theanswerstochallengesarenotpolarizedextremes,”Rheesaid.“Forexample,theanswerisnottodoawaywithstandardizedtestsortousethemforeverything.Theyshouldbeusedasameanstoanend.Conversationsneedtohappenatthemiddlegroundanddebatesneedtocenteronsolutions,notmudslinging.”“Thiswasn’tatownhallmeetingbecausetherewasnoconversationandnoopportunityforrebuttal,”saidBobbyPierson,oftheShelbyCountyEducationalAssociation.StevePerry,principalandfounderofCapitalCityPreparatoryMagnetS