其他相關(guān)課后翻譯練習(xí)題

（一似乎能使人康復(fù)。相信這就是藥，而且他開始好轉(zhuǎn)。這究竟是怎么回事呢？安慰劑的研究揭示了一個有關(guān)自愈方式的新知識領(lǐng)域能自愈就好像我們每個安慰劑并不總是有效這種療法成功與否在很大程度上似乎取決于與醫(yī)生之間的關(guān)(二是舒適地坐在的家里，你都照樣喝個不停。失望，因?yàn)槟悴荒芙o你所愛的人你想給的。吃那些鮮美的圣誕節(jié)食物我們正忙著想知道我們送給別人的是否與別人送給我們的一在已毫無性質(zhì)可言——我相信如果看到我們以他的名義在進(jìn)行這樣的慶?；顒樱ㄈN人更感的是他們對別的者的。除了他們對市場的直接影響，年輕人還對他們父母在商品品牌選用上有間接的。吸引他們。雖然人們通常認(rèn)為年輕人買東西很沖動，不像整個市場那樣理智。但表明，大部分在14到25之間的對象在之前會琢磨價(jià)格和牌子的。對青少年購物行產(chǎn)品，如衣服和化妝品時(shí)，則最依賴來了解行情。隨著青少日趨成熟，在做決定之前他們通過越來越多的了解消費(fèi)者的信息。購物時(shí)（四心理與生理之間有一種雙向的聯(lián)系，一方受到干擾時(shí)，另一方能夠感受到。通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)的內(nèi)傳遞信息。關(guān)鍵的感受器，即免疫系統(tǒng)，是一個由細(xì)胞與所組成的、能抵御 （五這樣一種重大的角色轉(zhuǎn)換對整個家庭都有影響，尤其是小孩。這轉(zhuǎn)變所帶來的一些這種心理，因?yàn)樗齻冋J(rèn)為自己的工作從長遠(yuǎn)來看對大家都有利。她們的收入能夠使家庭（六的同類動物的領(lǐng)地后者只會做出一些表示敵意的動作來嚇跑者但是如果真有，一種想要顯示自己的的沖動使人能夠在這充滿的世界上生存下來然而具有諷刺意義的是除類能找到別的非的發(fā)泄好斗本性的方法否則就可能自己實(shí)際上，，件下人們無法將他們的好斗性引導(dǎo)到創(chuàng)造性的工作上面來就很可能表現(xiàn)出怨恨和的情緒。在國際上情緒的最終會以大規(guī)模的沒有人性的形式爆發(fā)出來。一個不大愿意對他面前的人拔拳相向的人也許會從飛機(jī)上投下一枚并導(dǎo)致成千上萬的人對，（七我們會看到商店墻上的，在報(bào)、電視和我們使用的商品上都能見到。我們還會收到郵遞的。各種東西都做著。是與我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系有著特殊關(guān)聯(lián)的藝術(shù)形式。，。不像美術(shù)作品通常展現(xiàn)的只是個人的視角給予我們的是行業(yè)群體的觀點(diǎn)。如果時(shí)店里買到寬松的衣服各自傳遞的社會信息是相互間重復(fù)并相互加強(qiáng)的。一個讓我，。（八年輕的、年老的、苗條的、過胖的——都把自己描述為的。的人往往焦慮不安，忸我給人留下的是什么樣的印象?他們喜歡我嗎?我傻里傻氣嗎?我長得難看。我穿的衣服毫引力。（九 ·賈尼斯和·曼在《決策》一書中，許多人的決策方式很成問題。這些缺點(diǎn)但涉及職業(yè)方面的決策就。（十度上這種天壤之別的差異也同樣表現(xiàn)在他們的慣上實(shí)際上根據(jù)他們的慣，即便是回答問題也只是在講課結(jié)束下才有的事。學(xué)習(xí)至上型的人回家后，在做其他4.0（十一音樂是很的，在交通擁擠的地方或高速公尤其如此。音樂有兩個任何一個都有可能帶來重金屬音樂節(jié)奏會使人飆車，而聆聽處于另一個的優(yōu)美的、令人舒心的音樂，會使過分放松，以至于喪失安全意系。這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，17至25段的人是最、最易出的群體。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，這個70％的開車時(shí)間都在聽音樂。這種也就更容易去。開車的速度受到了音樂的速度和節(jié)奏的控制。（十二?是命運(yùn)，是中注定的東。而，并不是在空中發(fā)揮作的；一旦我們始認(rèn)識在人發(fā)展所起的用我們就會白沒其相互用的環(huán)就不可能任何個的發(fā)展沒有一特點(diǎn)是全環(huán)境或者全由造成的。長大的，因而無論在外表還是行為上都驚人地相像。這些實(shí)例證明，具有相同的，（十三們幾乎離不開它當(dāng)時(shí)就職于明尼蘇達(dá)制造和礦業(yè)公司通常稱為3M公司在工作中，他研制了一種用于膠帶有黏性的一面的物質(zhì)它的黏性很強(qiáng)能使物體粘在一起但是：15％的工作時(shí)間專門用來開動腦筋搞創(chuàng)新?，F(xiàn)在這種策略已被越來越多的公司所采用，而且(指)各地的專家認(rèn)為，對孩子（十四的各種不同類型的行為、情感和都是由遺傳決定和文化熏陶而成的。在成長的過程中，規(guī)矩，女有女的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。其它的那些是無意識地或間接地學(xué)會的，因?yàn)槲幕癁樽雍湍泻⒆樱ㄊ宓膶ξ覀兗胰说膶淼挠纱水a(chǎn)生的好些問題使我們不得自己：我買的食品安全嗎?給孩子們的玩具會他們嗎?我家里的人是不是不該吃熏肉?我度假時(shí)會不會遭?我們的疑慮無休止地增加。擔(dān)憂生活中有與疑病癥有些相似之處；二者的恐懼或憂慮皆源自于片面的信息。但你得了你所懷疑的疾病，要么你沒得。但當(dāng)涉及到其它形式的時(shí)，事情就要得多，（十六。這些狀會導(dǎo)心臟病中風(fēng)，大率最高疾病。（十七?要想說一點(diǎn)趣的事卻要好的勁。我們都聽人這樣的話“我他里引出連串的笑話一個缺乏幽感人不可能成為一群中最受歡迎人（十八1914年以前就已經(jīng)問世但直到許多年后普通才感受到這些發(fā)明對他們的生活所產(chǎn)生的影通過付款，但甚至那些有的人也這項(xiàng)技術(shù)。這一變化來得太快了。人們不愿對（十九姆說他帶領(lǐng)了一組研究人員研究了六大領(lǐng)域的最有成就者的職業(yè)生涯音樂會鋼琴家、（二十·哈爾伯格稱為時(shí)間生物學(xué)的一種理論質(zhì)疑哈佛大的研究哈伯格博士現(xiàn)根據(jù)血時(shí)間不同人225小時(shí)為一（二十一（二十二環(huán)境和正在出現(xiàn)的信息經(jīng)濟(jì)對我的企業(yè)的未來，或許對世’，要想具有靈活性和創(chuàng)造性須把公司建造成一個能不斷學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)構(gòu)。不應(yīng)由上而參觀雨林時(shí)使我認(rèn)識到雨林是一個學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)體的典范它學(xué)會了適應(yīng)自己的不足之處，，（二十三我們需要重新發(fā)現(xiàn)的成就我們每個人都可以著手重新恢復(fù)的榜樣地位首先，我們應(yīng)該確定什么樣的人才是：想哪些人是我們真正的，為什么。如果我雄是一件好事。我們作為家長、老師、朋友，應(yīng)該幫助孩子們選擇和他們心目中的好品質(zhì)如果我們今天開始認(rèn)可并且?guī)椭覀兊暮⒆觽兘邮芩麄優(yōu)槊魈斓哪敲矗ǘ?，。也就是在這24個小時(shí)里，人們將要做三千萬個以上的商務(wù)發(fā)言。這些者將表達(dá)和詳細(xì)闡述他們的思想他們的事業(yè)，宣傳他們的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。成功的者將能售出產(chǎn)品贏得支持使聽眾感到有并得到教益許多人還能提高作為出色的者的聲譽(yù)。，學(xué)習(xí)和練（二十五快樂是否特別青睞某一段、某種或是某個收入階層的人呢？有了令人滿意的、四伏的中年時(shí)期以及日趨衰弱的老年時(shí)期但是對不同段的人所做的結(jié)果表明，（二十六、如今，勞動者們不再愿意在的人性的環(huán)境中工作。他們希望自己的工作有意、，無論是現(xiàn)在還是將來，公司在設(shè)置工作時(shí)必須責(zé)任到人合理。工作單位通過改變，無需動腦筋的工作如單調(diào)重復(fù)的工廠作業(yè)和將文件從收件箱拿到發(fā)件箱去的工（二十七然而，與他們的老師交談，便會得到完全不同的一幅畫面，它完全打破了關(guān)于誰，為什么的假象。這是一幅好學(xué)校中優(yōu)秀生的畫面；是一幅陋習(xí)扎根于小學(xué)，萌 （二十八你對將來的對有什么盼？希（真？貌美？德好？口才？要求對這些特排序時(shí)大多數(shù)乎都美貌在最后然熟而有識的人會正如忠告的“智最、最偉大的品質(zhì)是不受外表影響”大的。（二十九許多人相信自己對具有免疫力這些消費(fèi)世界里的人們很天真認(rèn)為是幼稚的，愚蠢的，是一大堆，只會影響經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足的消費(fèi)大眾。他們以為自己買東西完全是根據(jù)商，相比之下商要清楚得多。盡管很少有人承認(rèn)自己深受的影響，但和銷售數(shù)據(jù)顯示，精心設(shè)計(jì)的宣傳活動具有意想不到的效果。由此得出的合乎邏輯的結(jié)論是，在不知不覺地起著作用，甚至自稱有免疫力的人也毫不例外地受到影響。設(shè)計(jì)就是要使它們起作用，盡管會受到人們的取笑、貶低、或者諸如此類的任何遭遇，但沒人會，一個意識不到對自己有影響的人恰恰是最容易被打動的人有些人認(rèn)為是一些無害的胡扯商就喜歡這類人因?yàn)樗麄儧]有商在鼓動而毫無防范之心。研究的目的是為了更加了解中所用的勸說技巧最簡捷的方法之一就是對詞進(jìn)（三十、這些報(bào)告表明，這一代人對政治乃至有關(guān)外面世界的的冷漠態(tài)度已經(jīng)開、雖說冷漠和疏遠(yuǎn)已成為整個國家的通病，但是18至29歲的青年似乎更深地沾染、和成績?nèi)σ愿暗年P(guān)注，對等危及自身的問題的擔(dān)憂。48歲的·澤勒與他22歲的女兒和18歲的兒子一起談到他們的不同之處時(shí)說：“他們的壓力比、（三十一電收音機(jī)。11歲以上的人平均每個工作日收聽3小時(shí)18分鐘的廣播。者也在和他個人說，或是為一個人唱片。（三十二這種人們逐漸得知“因特網(wǎng)蟲的侵入了成千上萬臺與息設(shè)施相連釣電腦。此是科內(nèi)爾大學(xué)的學(xué)生羅伯特·英里斯創(chuàng)造出來的。它使6，000多個系統(tǒng)受到，193811擊是通過線路和網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接來進(jìn)行的。電腦破壞分子能闖入任何系統(tǒng)：不管是交通、金融（三十三，荷蘭醫(yī)學(xué)會于1984年正式批準(zhǔn)，并頒布了如何施行的嚴(yán)格準(zhǔn)則：病確實(shí)提出這種要求，不經(jīng)過咨詢一位獨(dú)立的內(nèi)科醫(yī)生的醫(yī)生不得實(shí)施。然后每個的病例必須按“”上報(bào)當(dāng)?shù)販?zhǔn)則的醫(yī)生可被長達(dá)，由議會批準(zhǔn)的這些準(zhǔn)則原本是為了保護(hù)垂危，使他們有選擇生死的權(quán)力i但話很有趣，看著他們都會很開心。當(dāng)然，喜歡他們的另一個原因是，也是這樣的人，、重復(fù)率高，偏離事實(shí)，又常常錯誤，但這似乎并沒有引起那些相信網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)越性的人們的注意。因特網(wǎng)并不信息，這與商業(yè)、報(bào)紙以及其他“早期的”印刷品不同。因特網(wǎng)沒有什么編輯校對或者核查事實(shí)。所有一切資料都以電子形式流通，包括荒誕的、目前的網(wǎng)絡(luò)熱所帶來的一個不幸是，人們把通過電腦得到的一切，都奉為絕對真理。，相同和女人，老年人和年輕人他們的外表也不一樣。人們對某些人群的固定看法完全，在最初時(shí)受到人們的嘲諷，們嗤之以鼻，但他們還是在國際舞臺上留下了自己的，知識是所擁有的知識或作品。它有三種常規(guī)形式：，專業(yè)和商標(biāo)（第四種形式，商業(yè)，有時(shí)也被包括在內(nèi)。，過的歌曲、申請了專利的藥品和過商標(biāo)的軟飲料是長期以來的人們所見慣的東西可是數(shù)碼技術(shù)的發(fā)展把知識雖然這三中形式的知識權(quán)都越來越重，可的地位最顯赫。用法律的術(shù)語來講，知不斷增值，據(jù)專家統(tǒng)計(jì)，去年一年，過的知識產(chǎn)品為經(jīng)濟(jì)提供了4,000億事實(shí)上,7,000名我們已經(jīng)到了一個道德原始的時(shí)代許多年青人對人類幾千年來在道德所有這些對發(fā)明的誤解在我們的科技政策中隨處可見。每年都有公開地指責(zé)基礎(chǔ)領(lǐng)域的一些研究在浪費(fèi)的錢，而要求我們注重“解決問題，即應(yīng)用研究。當(dāng)然，我個最好的例子。該計(jì)劃歷時(shí)三年，耗資20億，根據(jù)奧托·哈恩和佛瑞茲·施特拉斯曼有關(guān)核裂變的發(fā)現(xiàn)研制出了。然而，世人常常沒有，無論是解決大多數(shù)技術(shù)難—Whenyougotothedoctor,youalwayshopetoleavewithaprescription.Itmakesyoufeelbettertoknowthatyouwillgetsomemedicine.Butthedoctorknowsthatmedicineisnotalwaysneeded.Sometimesallapatientneedsisaguaranteethateverythingwillbeok.Insuchcases,thedoctormayprescribeacebo.Acebomaybeasugarpill,aharmlessshot,oranemptycapsule.Eventhoughthereisn’tanymedicineinthem,theyseemtocure.Thepatientbelievesthisismedicineandbeginstobebetter.Why?Thestudyofcebodisclosesanewareaaboutthewaythehumanbodycanhealitself.Itisasiftherewasadoctorinourbody.The‘doctor’canhealourdiseasesifwewant.However,itisstillunknowntoushowtheceboworks.Somepeoplesayitworksbecausethehumanbrainfoolsitself.Theysayifthemindisfooledintothinkingitgotmedicine,itwillactasitdid,andthenthepatientwillrecover.Otherpeoplehavedifferentideas.Theybelievethatthecebomakesthewishtorecoverereality.Ifthepatientknowsitisacebo,itwillnotwork.Thisshowsthebodyisnotfooled.Ifpatientsthinktheyhavebeengivenmedicine,theywillhavehope.Theyfeeltheybeingtreated.Thentheyhaveastrongerhopetogetbetter,andthatiswhathelpstohealthem.cebosdonotalwayswork.Thesuccessofthistherapydependstoagreatextentonrelationshipbetweenthepatientandthedoctor.Ifthepatienttruststhedoctoralotandthedoctorreallywantstohelpthepatient,thentheceboismorelikelytobeeffective.Thus,inasense,thedoctoristhemosteffectivecebo.二“Merry”,asyoumayknow,hastwomeanings:happyanddrunk.Ifyou’relikealargernumberofBritishpeople,thenyourChristmaswillbeanalcoholic,ratherthanareligious,occasion.ThroughoutthewholeChristmasseason,whichstretchesfromearlyDecembertotheendofthefirstweekinJanuary,youwillspendhoursdrinkingwithfriends,relativesandcolleagues.Whetheryouaresurroundedbythenoisyfriendlinessofapuborwhetheryouareseatedinthepeacefulcomfortofsomeone’shome,youwillbesipawayonadrink.IfyouwalkdownPiccadillyorOxfordStreetjustbeforeChristmas,youwillseeanincredibleamountofmoneybeingspentonelectronicgames,bottlesofspirits,expensiveclothes,CDs,cassettes,cameras,andalargenumberofluxuryitems.IfyouwalkdownthemainstreetofseveraltownsintheEastendofLondonjustbeforeChristmas,youwon’tseealargeamountofmoneybeingspentonpresents.Ifyouhavethemoneyorifyouarepreparedtogointodebt,youwillparticipateintheconspicuousconsumptionthatChristmashascometorepresent.Ifyouarepoor,youwillfeelsadanddisappointedbecauseyoucannotgivethegiftsyouwouldliketogivetoyourlovedones.Christmasissupposedtobeatimetoexpressourloveandgoodwilltowardsothers.Itissupposedtobeatimewhenweperformactsofkindnessforpeoplelessfortunatethanourselves.ButdowethinkofotherpeoplewhenwesitdowntoourChristmasdinner?Ofcoursenot–we’retoobusyeatingthosedeliciousfoodsassociatedwithChristmas.Wearetoobusywonderingwhetherthepresentswegavewereasniceorbetterthentheoneswereceived.Weforgettothinkofthesickandthehomeless.ThewholeideaofChristmasnowiscompleyunchristian–I’msurethatChristwouldbedistressedifhecouldseewhatsortofcelebrationsarebeingcarriedoutinhisname.SoI’magainstChristmas–IagreewithScrooge:“It’sallhumbug.”Ifwearegoingtocontinuewiththiswasteful,thoughtlessceremony,thenlet’sbetruthfulaboutit,andcallit“StomachWeek”–butlet’sgetridofthehypocriticalpretencethatChristmasis“theseasonofgoodwill”.Let’sfaceit,Christmasisaholidaythathaslostitsmeaning.三Marketersareinterestedinunderstandingwhatproductswillsellwellintheyouthmarket.Itisalsoimportanttoappreciatetheinfluencethatyoungpeoplehaveonthepurchasesofothers,suchasparents.Infact,sometimesmarketersaremoreinterestedinyoungpeople’sinfluenceonotherbuyersthanintheirroleasthemainpurchasersofcertainitems.Howdoyouthsspendtheir es?Bothfemaleandmaleteenagersspendmostoftheirmoneyonclothes,CDs,stereoequipment,entertainment,andtravel.Youngwomenspendmostoncosmetics,followedbyclothesandjewelry.Youngmenspendthemostonsportinggoods,cameras,CDs,stereoequipment,bicycles,shoes,ns,musicalinstruments,andelectronicgames.Asmembersofahighlyconsumption-orientedsociety,teenagershave eincreasinglyawareofnewproductsandbrands.Theyarenatural“triers”andspendhoursshopforthemselves.Inadditionoftheirdirectimpactonthemarketce,youthshaveasecondaryinfluenceonmanyoftheproductsandbrandstheirparentschoose.Forexample,researchrevealsthatthreeoutoffourteensinfluencetheirparents’purchasingdecisions.Formajorpurchases,teens’highestinfluenceoccursinthefirststageofthedecision-makingprocessandisstrongestforaestheticconsiderationssuchasstyle,color,andmakeoftheproductbutweakestfordecisionssuchaswhereandwhentopurchaseandhowmuchmoneytospend.Applecomputer’sresearchshowedthatteensareinfluencingfamilydecisionsaboutbuyingcomputers.Asaresult,oneofitsrecentmodelintroductionsusedcontemporaryhitradioandcomputermagazinespopularwithyoungpeopletoencourageteenstoconvincetheirparentstobuythenewproduct.Teenagersoftenspendhoursshop,especiallyonweekends.Thefactthattheyarengmoreshopmayresultintheirspendingmoremoneyinstorestheygoto.Inaddition,youthsoftenhaveagreatdealofauthorityinstore-selectiondecisions,whichmeansthatstoresmustattractthemwithaneffectiveappeal.Althoughthepopularbeliefisthatyoungpeoplebuyproductsimpulsivelyandarelessrationalthanthemarketasawhole,surveysindicatethatmostrespondentsaged14to25comparepricesandbrandsbeforebuying.Researchonadolescentshopbehaviorhasproducedthefollowingtentativeconclusions:Adolescentstendtorelymoreon alsourcesforinformationonsophisticatedproductssuchascomputers,andmostonmediaforinformationonmoreordinaryproductssuchasclothingorAttheproduct-evaluationstageofthedecisionprocess,priceandbrandnameareperceivedasthemostimportantcriteria,witharelativelylowinfluencecomingfromparentsandpeers.Asteenagersmature,theyusemoresourcesofconsumerinformationpriortodecisionmaking,relymoreonfriendsandlessonparentsforinformationandadviceinbuying,andprefertopurchaseproductswithoutparentalsupervision.四Exercise.Eatright.Don’tsmoke.Thesearesomeofthemostcommonwordsofadvicetopeoplewhowishtostayhealthy.Butagrowingamountofscientificresearchshowsthatthereisanother,equallyimportant,aspecttostayingwell,peaceofmind.Thinkabouthowyourheartraceswhileyouarewaitingtobecalledintothedoctor’sofficeorhowunhappyabadheadachecanmakeyou.Thereisatwo-wayconnectionbetweenmindandbody.Whenoneisbothered,theotherfeelsit.Attheheartofthecommunicationsnetworkarebrainchemicalscalledneurotransmitterswhichcommunicatemessagesnotonlywithinthebrain,butalsowithinthebody.Onekeyreceptor,theimmunesystem,isanetworkofcellsandorgansthatworktofightoffesandbacteria.Whenyouexperiencejoy,fear,orrelaxation,theimmunesystemmayincreaseordecreaseproductionofdisease-fightingcells,thushelyoutofightofftheflu,orevencancer.Bynow,howtheimmunesystemisaffectedbystresshasbeenwelled.Inonestudyinvolvingnewlywedcouples,forexample,thosewhoshowedhostilebehaviorduringa30-minutediscussionaboutmarriageproblemshadlowerimmunefunctioningforthe24-hourperiodfollowingtheexperimentthenpeoplewhoshowedlessnegativebehavior.Itisnotjuststressthatcandodamage.Oneresearcherthoughtthatifthesamecold wasputundertwodifferentnoses,thewhoisdepressedoranxiousorpessimisticwouldbemorelikelytodevelopthecold.五IntheUnitedStates,thecostoflivinghasbeensteadilyrisingforthepastfewdecades.Foodprices,clothingcosts,housingexpenses,andtuitionfeesareconstantlygettinghigherandhigher.Partlybecauseoffinancialneed,andpartlybecauseofcareerchoicesfor alfulfillment,mothershavebeenleavingthetraditionalroleoffull-timehomemaker.Increasinglytheyhavebeentakingsalariesjobsoutsidethehome.Makingsuchasignificantrolechangeaffectstheentirefamily,especiallythechildren.Someconsequencesareobvious.Forexample,dinnertimeisatalaterhour.Theemotionalimpact,onotherhand,canbemoresubtle.Mothersleavehomeinthemorning,feelingguiltybecausetheywillnotbehomewhentheirchildrenreturnfromschool.Theysuppresstheirguiltsincetheybelievethattheirworkwillbenefiteveryoneinthelongrun.The ewillenablethefamilytosaveforcollegetuition,takeanextendedvacation,buyanewcar,andsoon.Theemotionalimpactonthechildrencanbesignificant.Itisquitecommonforchildrentofeelhurtandresentful.Afterall,theyarealoneseveralhours,andtheyfeelthattheirmothersshould“bethere”forthem.Theymightneedassistancewiththeir orwanttosharetheday’sactivities.Alltoooften,however,themothersarrivehomeexhaustedandfacetheimmediatetaskofpreparingdinner.Theirpriorityismakingtheeveningmealforthefamily,notengaginginrelaxed六Manmustbethemostaggressiveandcruelofalllivingcreatures.Wemaysayaviolentmanisbehaving“l(fā)ikeabeast”,but,infact,nobeastbehavesasviolentlyasman.Whenaterritorialanimalorbirdintrudesontheterritoryofanothercreatureofthesamespecies,thelatterwillonlyperformsomehostilegesturestowarnofftheintruder.Nevertheless,shouldafightfollow,neithercreaturewillbebadlyhurt,fortheloserwillsavehimselfbymakingagestureofsubmission.Normallyoneanimalwillonlykillanotherforfood,andrarelydoesananimalkillamemberofitsownspecies.However,aggressioninitselfisnotnecessarilyabadthing.Somepsychologistsbelievethataggressionisabasichumaninstinctthatmustbesatisfied.Ifconstructivemeansarenotavailabletosatisfythisinstinct,manwillturntodestructivemeans.Theimpulsetoasserthimselfhasenabledhimtosurviveinadangerousworld,but,ironically,heisnowlikelytodestroyhisownspeciesunlessalternative,non-violentwaysofexpressingaggressioncanbefound.Infact,itisgrowingmoreandmoredifficultforpeopletoassertthemselvesasindividuals,astowns,nationsand esteadilybigger,withauthorityincreasinglycentralizedandremote.Amanwhomayoncehavebeenaself-employedcraftsman,masterofhisowntrade,mightnowhaveabringjobinafactory.Asmallfirmthatonceworkedasateamtoproducehigh-qualitygoodsislikelytobeabsorbedintoavastorganizationwheretheirworkismechanicalandthereisnopossibilityforalexpression.Unableintheseconditionstochanneltheiraggressionintocreativework,peoplewillprobablyexpressitthroughresentmentandanger.Attheinternationallevelanaccumulationofhostileemotionsfinallyfindsexpressioninlarge-scaleimalwarfare.Amanwhowouldhesitatetohitanother infrontofhiseyesmaykillthousandsofpeoplebydropabombfromane;tohimtheyaretooremotetobehumanbeings,butaremerelyfiguresonachartofhisroutinejob.七Advertisingimagesaresurelythemostcommonartweseetoday.Wehavetogooutofourwaytoseeagoodmovieoragoodpainting,butadvertisingimagesareeverywhere.Weseethemwhetherwewanttoornot,onbillboardsaswedrivetowork,onthewallsofstoreswhereweshop,inmagazinesandnewspapers,onevision,andontheproductsweuse.Weevengettheminthemail.Everythinggetsadvertised.Advertisingisanartformthatisuniquelylinkedtooureconomicsystem.Unlikefineart,whichusuallygivesustheofasingleindividual,advertisementsgiveustheofawholecommunityofinstitutions.Iffashionadvertisementsshowpeoplewearingbaggyclothes,thenthecharactersintoothpasteadsalsowearbaggyclothes,andtherearebaggyclothesinthestoreforustobuy.Advertisementsrepeatandreineachother’ssocialmessages.Onelsustobuyunderarmdranttopreventbodyodor,anotherlsustobuydrantsoap,andanotherasksustobuyfemininedrantspray;allreinthemessagethatwesmellbadandneedproductstomakeussmellthewayweshould.八Shynessisthecauseofmuchunhappinessforagreatmanypeople.Allkindsofpeopledescribethemselvesasshy:short,tall,dull,inligent,young,old,slim,overweight.Shypeopleareanxiousandself-conscious;thatis,theyareexcessivelyconcernedwiththeirownappearanceandactions.Worrisomethoughtsareconstantlyswirlingintheirminds:WhatkindofimpressionamImaking?Dotheylikeme?DoIsoundstupid?I’mugly.I’mwearingunattractiveclothes.Itisobviousthatsuch fortablefeelingsmustaffectpeopleadversely.A ’sself-conceptisreflectedinthewayheorshebehaves,andthewaya behavesaffectsotherpeople’sreactions.Ingeneral,thewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselveshasaprofoundeffectonallareasoftheirlives.Forinstance,peoplewhohaveapositivesenseofself-worthorhighself-esteemusuallyactwithconfidence.Becausetheyhaveself-assurance,theydonotneedconstantpraiseandencouragementfromotherstofeelgoodaboutthemselves.Self-confidentpeopleparticipateinlifeenthusiasticallyandspontaneously.Theyarenotaffectedbywhatothersthinkthey“should”do.Peoplewithhighself-esteemarenothurtbycriticism;theydonotregardcriticismasaalattack.Instead,theyviewacriticismasasuggestionforimprovement.九Careernningdoesnotnecessarilyfollowroutineorlogicalsteps.Eachofuscesweightondifferentfactorsandmayconsidercertainphasesofcareernningatdifferenttimes.Careernningincludesgatheringinformationaboutourselvesandaboutoccupations,estimatingthe esofvariouscoursesofaction,andfinally,choosingalternativesthatwefindattractiveandfeasible.Manyobservershavepointedoutthatstudentsarenotveryefficientcareernners.Theyciteevidencethat(1)moststudentschoosefromamongaverynarrowgroupofoccupations;(2)asmanyas40to60percentchooseprofessionalwork;(3)youngmenshowastrikinglackofinterestinclerical,sales,andserviceoccupations,althoughthesefieldsoffermanyjobopportunities;and(4)asmanyasathirdofthestudentsareunabletoexpressanychoiceofoccupation.IntheirbookDecisionMaking,IrvingJanisandLeonMannidentifyseriousflawsinthewaysmanypeoplemakedecisions.Theseflawsseemtobeassociatedwiththepatternspeopleusetocopewithproblems.Thefirstflawiscomcency.Peoplewhoignorechallenginginformationaboutthechoicestheymakedemonstratecomcency.Peoplewhotaketheattitudethat“Itwon’taffectme”or“Itwillneverhappen”usecomcencyasadominantpatternofbehaving.Ofcourse,comcencyisappropriateforanydecisioninwhichnothingmuchisatstake,butthatdoesnotdescribecareer十Incollegeinanyclass,youwillfindwidelydifferenttypesofpeople,notonlyin alitybutalsoinscholasticattitude.Thissamerangefromoneextremetotheothercanalsobeobservedintheirstudyhabits.Infact,studentscanbedividedintodistinctgroupsbasedontheirstudyhabits.Therearebasicallythreecategories:theperpetualstudier,theaveragestudier,andthecrammer.Theperpetualstudierisararebreedindeed.Buttheyexistandtheyaren’tveryhardtospot.Theyusuallysitinthefrontoftheclassandwriteaboutthreepagesofnotesadayregardlessofhowmuchmaterialtheinstructorcovers.Theydon’ttalktoanyoneexcepttoanswerquestions,andthatonlyattheendofclasswhenthelectureisover.Whenaperpetualstudiergoeshome,beforehedoesanythingelse,hetakesoutallhisbooksandbeginsstudyingfortheclassesthathehasthenextday.Hestudiesuntilreallylateatnight,stoponlyonceortwiceforaquicksnack.Whenheisinformedthathehasatest,hewillbeginpreparingforitatleastfivedaysinadvanceunless,ofcourse,heistoldlessthanfivedaysprevioustothetest,inwhichcasehewillstudyuntilhehascoveredallthenoteshehasatleasttemtimesoruntilheknowsthematerialbackwardsandforwards.Althoughtheperpetualstudierdoeswellinschool,heusuallymissesoutonsociallife.Thereareaselectfewwhomaintainsomethingofasociallife,butthisisrare.Mostofthemnevermeetnewpeopleexceptinsituationswheretheyare dto,suchasmeetingtheirroommatesatthestartofschool.However,theywillgraduatewitha4.0gradepointaverageandbesuccessfulinlife–aslongastheydon’tchoosecareersthatrequiremanysocialskills.Heredityorenvironment:whichisstronger?Thepotentialswhicha isbornwithdetermineinsomewaywhathewilldoinlife.Thereforeheredityisfate,akindofpredestination.However,genesdonotworkinavacuum;assoonaswebeginconsideringtherolethattheyyinthedevelopmentoftheindividual,weseethattherecanbenodevelopmentwithouttheinctingenvironment.Nocharacteristiciscausedexclusivelybyeitherenvironmentorgenes.Therelativeeffectsofheredityandenvironmentaremostclearlyobservableinidenticaltwins.Mostidenticaltwinsareraisedtogetherandareremarkablyalikeinbothappearanceandbehavior.Thesecasesdemonstratethatindividualswiththesamegenes,whenraisedinthesameenvironment,willrespondtoitinmuchthesameway.Theydonotindicatewhatwouldhappeniftheseidenticalindividualswereraisedseparay.Anumberofstudieshavebeenmadeofidenticaltwinsraisedapart.ThetwinswhowerethesubjectsofthesestudieslivedinAmerica,wereraisedinmuchthesamephysicalenvironments,andexperiencedmuchthesamenutritionalhistories.Therefore,asonemightexpect,theymaintainedtheclosestresemblancetoeachotherinphysicalappearance,height,andweight.Exceptionsoccurredwhenonetwinhaddevelopedarathersevereillnessandtheotherhadnot;butonthewholeeveryoneisimpressedbythegreatpsychologicalandphysicallikenessesthatexistbetweenidenticaltwins,eventhosewhohavebeenseparatedfrominfancy.Musicmaysoothethesavagebreastbutitcanalsodamageyourhealthwhenyouareatthewheel.Recentresearchsuggeststhatloudmusicseriouslyaffectsadriver’sconcentrationandpsychologistshavewarnedthatsuchmusic,blastingawayinsideacar,canbedangerous,especiallyintrafficqueuesoronmotorways.Therearetwoextremesinmusic,bothofwhichcanresultinrisk.Heavymetalwithitsstrongbeat,leadstoaggressivedrivingwhile,attheotherendofthespectrum,soothing,melodiousmusicrelaxesadriverbeyondasafelimitofawarenessandintoasleepyhazeofinattention.TheBritishAuto Association,whichisconcernedwithroadsafety,commissionedresearchintotherelationshipbetweenseriousaccidentsandmusic.Itfoundthatmeninthe17-25agebracketwerethemostdangerousandaccident-pronegroup.Italsofoundthatthisgrouplistenstomusicseventypercentofthetimeitisonthemove.Uptempo,orheavymetalmusic,yedloudly,canbringonabelligerentattitude.Thedrivingstyleesaggressiveandthedriverismoreapttotakerisks.ThepaceofthedrivingisernedbythepaceandbeatoftheCreativityisthekeytoabrighterfuture,sayeducationandbusinessexperts.Hereishowschoolsandparentscanencouragethisvitalskillinchildren.IfDickDrewhadlistenedtohisbossin1925,wemightnothaveaproductthatwenowthinkofaspracticallyessential:maskingtape.DrewworkedfortheMinnesotaManufacturingandMining,betterknownas3M.Atworkhedevelopedasticky-sidesubstancestrongenoughtoholdthingstogether.Buthisbosstoldhimnottopursuetheidea.Finally,usinghisowntime,Drewperfectedthetape,whichnowisusedeverywherebymanypeople.Andhisformer fromitsmistake:Now3Mencouragespeopletospend15percentoftheirworktimejustthinkinganddevelonewideas.Itisastrategythatmoreandmorecompaniesareemployingandonethatexpertsaroundthecountrysayweoughttobefollowingwithourchildren,bothathomeandatschool.Thefeelingisthatifweteachthemtothinkcreatively,theywillbebetterabletofunctionintomorrow’ssociety.Creativity’sbenefitsreachbeyondmusicandart.Successfulstudentsandadultsaretheoneswhodiscoveranumberofwaystoapproachproblems.Creativityisnotsomethingoneisjustbornwith,norisitnecessarilyacharacteristicofhighinligence.Justbecausea ishighlyinligentdoesnotmeanthatheusesitcreatively.CreativityisthematterofusingtheresourcesonehastoproduceoriginalideasthataregoodforOverthepastfewdecades,ithasbeenproveninnumerabletimesthatthevarioustypesofbehavior,emotions,andintereststhatconstitutebeingmasculineandfemininearepatternedbybothheredityandculture.Intheprocessofgrowingup,eachchildlearnshundredsofculturallypatterneddetailsofbehaviorthat eincorporatedintoitsgenderidentity.Someofthislearningtakescedirectly.Inotherwords,thechildistoldbyothershowtoactinanappropriayfeminineormasculineway.Otherdetailsofgenderbehavioraretaughtunconsciously,orindirectly,asthecultureprovidesdifferentimages,aspirations,andadultmodelsforgirlsandboys.Atsometimeorother,allofushaveyedthepartofahypochondriac,imaginingthatwehavesometerriblediseaseonthestrengthofveryminorsymptoms.Somepeoplejusthavetohearaboutanewdiseaseandtheybegincheckingthemselvestoseeiftheymaybesufferingfromit.Butfearofdiseaseisnotouronlyfear,andneitherisriskofdiseasetheonlyriskwerun.Modernlifeisfullofallmannerofthreats–toourlives,ourpeaceofmind,ourfamilies,andourfuture.Andfromthesethreatscomequestionsthatwemustposetoourselves:IsthefoodIbuysafe?Aretoysformychildrenlikelytohurtthem?Shouldmyfamilyavoidsmokedmeats?AmIlikelytoberobbedonvacations?Ouruncertaintiesmultiplyindefiniy.Anxietyabouttherisksoflikeisabitlikehypochondria;inboth,thefearoranxietyfeedsonpartialinformation.Butonesharpdifferenceexistsbetweenthetwo.Thehypochondriaccanusuallyturntoaphysiciantogetadefinitiveclarificationofthesituation–eitheryouhavetheeddiseaseoryoudon’t.Itismuchmoredifficultwhenanxietyaboutotherformsofriskisconcerned,becausewithmanyrisks,thesituationisnotassimple.DrLarryDosseyhastwoantiqueclocks.“Onefast,theotherslow,”saysDrDossey.“Theyremindmethatmylifeisnotruledbyclocks,thatIcanchoosethetimeIliveby.”Howa thinksabouttimecankillhim,accordingtoDossey,apioneerintheemergingscienceofchronobiology,thestudyofhowtimeinctswithlife.Oneofthemostcommonillsinoursociety,hesays,is“timesickness”,asenseoftimepressureandhurrythatcausesanxietyandtension.Thesesymptomscancontributetoheartdiseaseandstrokes,twoofourmostfrequentcausesofdeath.Dosseyhasdiscoveredthattheseandotherstress-inducedillscanoftenbesuccessfullytreatedbyusingsimple