大學(xué)英語語言學(xué)練習(xí)題

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I.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly.

Clear［1］anddark[?]areallophonesofthesameonephoneme/1/.Theynevertakethesamepositioninsoundcombinations,thustheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.(P24)

Morphologyisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.(P32)

Consonantsoundscanbeeither?voicelessorvoiced,whileallvowelsoundsarevoiced.(P16)

Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheCooperative?principleproposedbyJ.Grice.(P86-87)

5.??Languageexistsintimeandchangesthroughtime.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeiscalledasynchronicstudyoflanguage.(P4)

6.?Anessentialdifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowelsiswhethertheaircomingupfromthelungsmeetswithanyobstructionwhenasoundisproduced.(P18)

7.?XPmaycontainmorethanjustX.Forexample,theNP“theboywholikesthispuppy”consistsofDet,NandS,withDetbeingthespecifier,NtheheadandSthecomplement.(P46)

9.??Whilethemeaningofasentenceisabstractanddecontextualized,thatofanutteranceis

concreteandcontext-dependent.(P70)

Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology.Itaimstoanswersuchquestionsashowthehumanmindworkswhenpeopleuselanguage.(P70)

Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.(P70)

Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,thereisastructureofmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbecombinedintoalargenumberofmeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdesignfeatureiscalledduality.(P70)

Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingiscontainedinthreeimportantareas:thepharyngealcavity,theoralcavityandthenasalcavity.(P15)

Suprasegmentalfeaturessuchasstress,toneandintonationcaninfluencetheinterpretationofmeaning.(P70)

Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.(P70)

Thethreebranchesofphoneticsarelabeledasarticulatoryphonetics,auditoryphoneticsandacousticphoneticsrespectively.(P15)

21.?Syntax_studiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.(P70)

22.?Thenoun“tear”andtheverb“tear”arehomonymy.(P70)

Speechacttheoryisanimportanttheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage.(P70)

Themodernlinguisticsisdescriptive,notprescriptive,anditsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedata.(P70)

Languereferstothelanguagesystemsharedbyacommunityofspeakerwhileparolecontrasted

withlangueistheconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationsbyanindividualspeaker.(P70)

Insemantictriangle,therelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect,anditismediatedbyconcept.(P70)

H.Sweetmadeadistinctionbetweennarrowandbroadtranscription.(P70)

Inthecooperativeprinciple,Griceintroducedfourcategoriesofmaxims.Theyaremaximofquality,maximofquantity,maximofrelationandmaximofmanner.(P70)

Pragmaticsisthestudyoflanguageinuse.(P70)

Historicallinguisticsstudieslanguagechangeorhistoricaldevelopmentoflanguage.(P70)

Directions：Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.

(T)1.Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenwordsandwhatthesewordsactuallyreferto.

(T)2.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,and yetthereisnolimittothe

numberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.

(T)3.Twopeoplewhoarebornandbroughtupinthesametownandspeakthesameregionaldialectmayspeakdifferentlybecauseofanumberofsocialfactors.

(T)4.Inmodernlinguisticstudies,thespokenformoflanguageisgivenmoreemphasisthanthewrittenformforanumberofreasons.

(F)5.Thecompoundword“reading-room”istheplacewhereapersoncanreadbooks.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompoundisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.

(T)6.OnlywhenamaximunderCooperativePrincipleisblatantlyviolatedandthehearerknowsthatitisbeingviolateddoconversationalimplicaturesarise.

(T)7.InEnglish,longvowelsarealsotensevowelsbecausewhenwepronouncealongvowelsuchas/i:/,thelarynxisinastateoftension.(T)8.Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethe“bestauthors”forlanguageusage.(T)9.Theopen-classwordsincludeprepositions.(T)10.Accordingtosemantictriangle,thereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreferent,.betweenawordandathingitrefersto.(T)11.Therelationshipof“,flower“violet”,“”rose”and“tulip”ishyponymy.(F)12.Onlywordsofthesamepartsofspeechcanbecombinedtoformcompounds.(sunrise)(T)13.Linguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzedintheirinvestigation.(F)14.Theconclusionswereachaboutthephonologyofonelanguagecanbegeneralizedintothestudyofanotherlanguage.(F)15.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantinEnglishbecauseEnglish,unlikeChinese,isatypicaltonelanguage.(F)16.Whenwethinkofaconcept,weactuallytrytoseetheimageofsomethinginourmind’seyeeverytimewecomeacrossalinguisticsymbol.(F)17.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.Forexample,“Goodmorning！”canberestoredto“Iwishyouagoodmorning.”(T)18.Anychildwhoiscapableofacquiringsomeparticularhumanlanguageiscapableofacquiringanyhumanlanguagespontaneouslyandeffortlessly.(F)19.AccordingtoN.Chomsky,?”competence”istheactualrealizationofhisknowledgeinutterance.(F)20.TheEnglishspellingexactlyrepresentsitspronunciation.(F)21.Allthegrammaticallywell-formedsentencesaresemanticallywell-formed.(T)22.Pragmaticsstudiestheaspectofmeaningthatisnotaccountedforbysemantics.(F)?23.Anillocutionaryactistheconsequenceoforthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.(T)24.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(T)25.Thewritingsystemofalanguageisalwaysalaterinventionusedtorecordspeech;thustherearestillmanylanguagesintoday’sworldthatcanonlybe,butspokennotwritten.(F)26.InclassifyingtheEnglishconsonantsandvowels,thesamecriteriacanbeapplied.(F)27.Parolereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeech

community.

(T)28.Conversationalimplicatureisakindofimpliedmeaning,deducedonthebasisoftheconventionalmeaningofwordstogetherwiththecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.

(F)29.Pragmaticfailuremayoccurincross-culturalcommunication,.betweenspeakersofdifferentculturalbackgrounds,butnotoccurinintra-culturalcommunication.betweenspeakersofthesameculturalbackground.

(T)30.Senseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.

Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustrationwhennecessary.

1.diachroniclinguistics

Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageoveraperiodoftime,alsoknownashistoricallinguistics,.thestudyoftheChineselanguagesincetheendoftheQingdynastyuptothepresent.

2.synchroniclinguistics

Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageatoneparticularpointoftime,.thestudyofthekindofEnglishusedduringShakespeare’time.

3.Language

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

4.context

Contextisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.

5.blending

Aprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords..smogsmoke+fog.

6.reference

Referenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.

7.broadtranscription

Broadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithlettersymbolsonly.Itisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooks.

8.aminimalpair販紇甌鉦輾睞單這脹瑣讒鍾電鰳謂。

Apairofsoundcombinationswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesamepositioninthestrings,./pit/and/bit/.

9.homonymy

Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.eg.night/knight;leadv./leadn.;fastadj./fastv.

10.hyponymy憊講覬懇藹異質(zhì)劊鶉斬?zé)o現(xiàn)縊舉來。Itreferstomeaninginclusiveness,?thatis,thesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,more

inclusivewordandamorespecificword..Therelationshipof “,flower“violet”,“”rose”and “tulip

ishyponymy.

11.culturaltransmission (asadefiningfeatureofhumanlanguage)

Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humansarebornwiththeabilitytoacquire

alanguage,butdifferentfromanimals,theactualuseofhumanlanguageisnotgenetically

transmitted,ratheritisculturallytransmitted,.ithastobetaughtandlearnt.

12.allophones銣錨澀檣紇駙燒寧紆臟實(shí)倫駝達(dá)噠。

”

Allophonesarethedifferentphonesthatrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.13.morphology

Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

14.duality

Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,thereisastructureofmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbecombinedintoalargenumberofmeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdesignfeatureiscalledduality.

15.pragmatics

Itreferstothestudyoflanguageinuse.

16.boundmorpheme

Themorphemesthatdonotoccuralone.

17.arbitrariness

Theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.

18.syntax

Syntaxstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.緲顎從繃摶櫨闖鐳靨蝎鉞絕廣癩磚。

IV.Answerthefollowingquestions.?

1.Whatarethefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple? （P86-87）

AccordingtoGrice,therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:

A.Themaximofquantity

Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange).疇轅鑠齙瘡搶韞尷濱俁儷鰥針騸餾。Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.B.Themaximofquality

Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.

Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.

Avoidobscurityofexpression.?????????????????????????????

Avoidambiguity.

Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity).??????

Beorderly.

2.?Howaresentencemeaningandutterancemeaningrelated,andhowdotheydiffer?(P79)

Themeaningofasentenceisabstractandde-contextualized,whilethemeaningofanutteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.Utterancemeaningisbasedonsentencemeaning,anditistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.

3.HowisSaussure ’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky ’sdistinc

betweencompetenceandperformance?Whatdotheydiffer? (P4-5)

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

BothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandthe媧處鵝錫茲閔員棟穌妝慶繞繃霧艷。

actualuseoflanguage.Theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemforseriousstudy.Similar

toSaussure,Chomskythinkswhatlinguistshouldstudyistheidealspeaker’scompetetaskoflinguistsistodiscoverandspecifytherulesoflanguage.

TwolinguistsdifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview.

4.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenmodernlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammar?(P5-6)

A.Linguisticsisdescriptive,notprescriptive

B.Linguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.

C.LinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.

5.WhatisthespeechacttheoryadvancedbyJohnAustin?(P80-81)

Speechacttheoryisthefirstmajortheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage,whichwasoriginatedwithJohnAustinandaimstoanswerthequestionatdo“Whwedowhenusinglanguage”.First,hemadeadistinctionbetween“constatives（述事話語）”and“performatives（行事”話語）.Lateron,he

setupanothermodeltoexplainthewayactswereperformedbymeansoflanguage.Accordingtohisnewmodel,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking:thatis,Thelocutionaryact（言內(nèi)行為）anactofsayingsomething,.anactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.

Theillocutionaryact（言外行為）anactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheact

performedinsayingsomething.

Theperlocutionaryact（言后行為）anactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.

Analyzetheillocutionaryac