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AecsTKOBMHJIJIHOHOBJieTTOMyHasa/i,HauaiiocbnoxojioAaHnenojiapHbixoSjiacTeii,a

OKOJIOMHJiJiHOHaJieTHa3aaTewnepaTypaBApKTHKepe3KoCHH3MJiacb.

MeHee3HaqnTejibHbieH3MeHeHHsKJinMaTaHaSnioflajiHCbHBcpaBHHTejitHo

HeaaneKOMnpomnoM.TaK,OKOJIOTBICSHHJICTHa3aaTeMnepaTypaBcesepHon

nojBipHonoSjiacTHGbiJiaBbime,HCMTenept,arpaHnuaJibaaBOKeane

pacnojiaranacbceBepneeCBoeroHbiHeuiHeroIIOJIO水eHH兄.

H3MeHeHHMKJiHMaTasaMeTHbiHHanpOTs>KeHHHCTa—aByxcornocjieziHHxJICT.npH

3TOMKOJie6aHHflTeMnepaTypbi6MJIHGojiee3HaHHTejibHbiMHBBBICOKHXmnpOTax.

BeeGojieecymecTBeHHbiM(|)aKTopoM,BJIH兄IOLUHMHaKJIHM3T3CMJIH,sBJiaeTca

HejioBenecKasrae兄TejibHOCTb.ECJIHHejioBenecTBOCBoeiiaeaTejibHOCTbioMO次eT

noBnnsTbHaKJiHMaT,TOHecjieayeTJIMnonbiTaTbcsuejieHanpaaneHHOHSMCKHTB

KJinMaT,ynyniuHTberoMUMnoKpaMHenMepeBocnpen兄TCTBOBaTberoyxyumeHHio,

IioHameMyMHCHHIO3ToBnpnHUHneBO3Mo水HO.

KjiHMaTHnecKHeycjiOBHaHHXH3MeneHnaBceruacymecTBeHHbiMo6pa30MBJIH?K)T

HanejiOBeKa.H3aecbHyncHOOTMCTHTB,HTO,XOT兄HayHHbiiiHTexHHHecKHii

nporpeccno3BOJiaeTHHMJKHTBHneiicTBOBaTbnpaKranecKHBJIK)6OMKJinMare,BCM

Hamaae兄TejibHOCTbBIJCJIOMBHbiHeniHeeBpeM兄GojibiuesaBHCHTOTKJiHMaTa,HCM

paHbme.3ToCB兄3aHcPOCTOMMacuiTa6oBHejiOBenecKon1ge兄TejibHOCTH,cTCM,HTO

MM6ojieenojiHOHcnojitsyeMnpnpo/iHBiepecypctiHycjiOBns.

KjiHMaTsiBJiaeTcsOAHOHH3xapaKTepncTHKHarnenOKpy^caiomeHcpeabi,KOTopyio

Heo6xo/i,HMOpaayMHOncnojib3OBaTb.

7.OLUKEKA)KIOJLHBEPHA儒勒?凡爾納的錯(cuò)誤

BpoMane)KK)JIMBepna?“BaanaTbTMCSHJibenoaBOAOK?ecTbonncaHHeToro,KHK

cno/iBO/iHonJIO/IKH?HayrHJiyc?ocBematOTOKeaHCKnerjiy6nHbi.?rio3aAHpy^KH

noMeuiaeTcaMOIKHBIH3JieKTpMHecKniipe(j)JieKTop,KOTOpbiiiocBemaeTMopeHa

paCCTOSHHeBnOJIMHJIH?.(riOJIOBMHaMOpCKOiiMHJIH---3T0926MeTpOB.)

)KiojibBepHnopa3HTejibHOnpe^Bn^ejinyrapa3BHTH兄TCXHUKHHaMHorneroAti

Bnepea.HonpeaBHaeHneBO3MOJKHOCTHOCBCTHTBHanojiMHJiHrjiy6nHHbinynacTOK

Mop凡HeonpaBAanocb.CaMoeMomHoeocBemeHHeOKeaHnojiynaeTorCojiHiia.Ilpn

Boexo^eHsaxo^ecojiHeHHbiiiJiynnnonranojiHOCTbioOTpa次aiOTCsiOTnoBepxHocra

Mopji.HeMBbimeno^HHMaeTC兄CojiHiieHaaropn3OHTOM,TCM6ojibiiiHnCBCTOBOH

noTOKnpOHHKaerBMope,^ajitmecyzib6aJiynaCBeTa,nonaBmeroBMope,

onpenejiaeTC兄ziByMMnpoijeccaMn—paccenHweMHnorjiomeHHeM.Pacce兄HueB

MopcKoiiBO/ienponcxoziHTSHannTejibHOHHTeHCHBHee,HCMBaTMOC(J)epe:Ka>Kzibin

(})OTOHBMopeycnesaeTHecKOJibKOpa3H3MeHHTbHanpaBJieHneCBoeroaBH>KeHHa,

npe)KaeHCMSyzieTnomomeHBepxHHMHCJIOSMHMops.EojieenojiOBHHbiJiyneii

norjiomaeTcaCJIOCMBO15blTOJIIIIHHOHBceroBOAHHMeip.my6汰e10MerpoB

npoHHKaeTOKOJio20npoL(eHTOBJiynen,aHarny6nHy100MeTpoB—TOJIBKOInpoiieHT.

BOTHnojiynaeTca,HTOnpnMepHO97npoueHTOBoSteMaMnpoBoroOKeana

HaXOflKTCMBBeHHOHTCMHOTe.

MHoroKpaTHoepacce兄HueJiyneiicosaaerBMopeoco6yioocBemeHHOCTb,TaK

onncbiBaeMyioTypOMXenepaanoM.?KaKTOJIBKOHauinrna3aOKastiBajiHCbnon

BOAOH,HCTOHHHKCBeTa——BOTJIHHHCOTHameroHaABOAHOrOMHpa——KaK6bl

nepecTaBancymecTBOBaTt.IlpejiOMJieHHbieJiynnAOXO^HJIH1HoHacHeTOJIBKOCBepxy,

HOHCHH3ycojiHLieGojibuieHeCHMJIO,OHOGMJIOnoBCioay...<Ha>KeToma,KomaMBI

CMOTpennBHH3,B6e3/iOHHyK）my6HHyOKeaHa,r^euapnTBeqHasinepHasHOHB,3Ta

HOHbwan與JiacbHaMOKpauieHHO訪Bnpn兄THM訪rojiySoKLjBeT?.PojiySoHMJIMCHHKH

UBeTMops,KaKHCHHesaHe6a,06b兄CHJieTC兄MOJieKyjispHbiMpacceaHneM

cojiHeHHoroCBera.CaMbieKoporKHeTynnBH15HMorocneKTpa,npoHMKHyBBMope,

orpa貝aw）TC兄MOJieKynaMnBOABI,KMBIBH/UIMCHHHHUBCT.HOMop兄CbiBaiOTHe

TOJibKOCHHne.Pa3Hoo6pa3neuBeraMOpCKoiiBO/XMsaBHCHTOTnpHcyrcTBH兄BBO〃e

B3BemeHHbixHacTOD,opraHHHecKoronHeopraHHHecKoroBemecTBa.CHKHKUBCT——

3TOUBeT?OKeaHHHecKoiinycTbiHH?,>KejiT0BaT03ejieHaMOKpacKaMOpCKoii

noBepxHOCTHroBopHTonjioaopo口HMX?OKeaHHHecKnxnacT6Hmax?.npHcyTCTBneB

BoaenjiaHKTOHanpH^aeTSojibiunMnpocTpaHCTBaMMop兄pasjiMHHbieOTTCHKH.

8.rnnOTE3AOnPOHCXCOKaEHHHMATEPHKOB關(guān)于大陸誕生的假說(shuō)

CymecTByeTranoTesa,HTOBapeBHHeBpeMeHaHa3eMJie6BIJIeAHHCTBeHHbiH

rpoMaaHbiHMaTepnK——FoH/i,BaHa.HonoTOMKaKon-TOCTpauiHbinTOJIHOKpacKOJion

MaTepHKHaKycKn.3THKycKnCTannoiyiejibHbiMHMaTepnKaMH,MBIHastiBaeMHX

A（|）PHKOH,EBponoii,AMepHKoii,ABCTpajiHeii.

BAOKasaTejibCTBO3To訪ranore3biyneHbienpnB04?TMHOTO（J）aKTopoB.HanpHMep,

onepTaHnaSeperoBbixJIHHHHABCTpanHHexo15HbiconepTaHHMMH6eperoBbixJIHHHH

A（j）pHKH（ABCTpajinsKaKpasBXOAHTBBbiCTynA（|）PHKH）,KOHTypbiAMepnKnOHCHB

HanoMHHaioTKOHTypbiA3HH.KpoMeToro,MarepuKH,pasaejieHHbierpoMaaHbiMH

npocTpaHCTBaMHOKeaHOB,CXOAHBInoCBoeMypacraTejibHOMyH?CMBOTHOMYMnpy.

HoBbie（J）aKTbi,no^TBep次aaiomiie3TyrnnoTesy,SEIJIHnojiyneHbiBpesyntTaTe

nccjieaoBaHHHBAHTapKTHKe.3aecbo6napy^<eHbi3ajie水nKaMeHHoroyrjia,

OTHOcauiMecaKnocjie1aHeMynepnoaynajieo3oncKoii3pbi.3TOT（J）aKTyKa3biBaeTHa

TO,HTOBaaneKneBpeMeHa3/iecb6MJICOBCCMapyroiiKJIHMHT,OHCHBnoxo>KHHHa

3KBaT0pnajibHbiH,TOecTbMOJKHOnpeanojio汰HTb,HTOmecToiiKOHTHHCHT6MJI

Kowa-TO3KBaTopHantHOHCTpaHoii.yneHbieHauuiHTaioKe,HTOreojioranecKoe

CTpoeHHeAHTapicra口biHanoMHHaeTCTpoeHHeK）>KHoiiAMepHKH——THM“a次e

ropoo6pa3OBaHHemnoOAHHaKOBO.

XOTSAOKasaTejibCTBMHOTO,yneHbieHecneinaTc/iejiaTbOKOHHaTenbHbiiiBEIBOA,

CJIHIUKOMMHoroem,eB3Toi1saraaKenporaBopeHMBbix由aKTOB.

9.KO「AABEH3HHCHMTAJIC^OTEPOCOM汽油曾經(jīng)被認(rèn)為是廢物

He4）Tb6biJiaH3BecTHanejiOBeKyBapeBHueBpeMeHa.HonumbKKOHD,yXIX19Bexa,

KoruaHayKaHTexHUKa/IOCTHEJIHAOCTaTOHHOBMCOKOFOypoBHa,He（j）TbCTHJIH

nepepaSaTMBaTbBOHnnjeHHbienpoayKTbi.npe）KfleBceroHaynHJiHCb?npeBpamaTb

nepHyioHe^TbB6ejiyio?,TOecTbBbwejMTbBbicoKOKanecTBeHHoe次nziKoeTOHJIMBO

-KepocHHH6eH3HH.HecjiHKepocnHcnoMBJienneM出現(xiàn)KepocnHOBbixjiaMn

Harnejicpa3y水eiiinpoKoenpuMeHeHgTOcyzjb6a6eH3HHaOKasajiact6onee

CJIO^CHOH.riOHTHHaFipOT8次eHHH..CTaJICT3TaropiOHaSl^CMAKOCTbCHHTanaCb

01aHHMH3Bpe^HbixHonacHeHuiMXOTSpocoBnepepa6oTKHHe（j）TH.

He（j）TenpoMbimjieHHKKHHe3H3JIH,Kyn,aKJiacTb6eH3MH,HH36aBHJincbOTHero

CaMbIMHpa3JIHHHbIMHCnOCOSaMH.riblTanHCbcSpaCBIBaTbBMOpe,OAHHKO3T0

yHHHTOJKanopacTHTejitHbiiiHXCHBOTHMHMnpMop?.KpoweToro,CKonjieHnejierKoii

ropiOHeii貝HAKOCTHHanoBepxHOc?BO^Mrposnjiono>KapOM,HnoTOMy

BbiSpacbiBaTb6eH3HHBMopesanpemanocbnpaBKTejibCTBOM.Toraaxo3月eBa

He（j）TenpOMbicjiOBHanajiHycTpansaTbcneunajibHbie兄MM,KygaBeeOT6Poebi

c6pacbiBanHHnoa次HHajiH.OaHaKOHTHKOHcnoco6yHHHTO^KeHHS6eH3MHa6bm

onaceH.AKpoMeToro,OH6MJI3KOHOMMHecKHHeBbiroAHbiM---HenoTOMy,HTO

KTO-TOHanajinoHHMaTbBCIOueHHOCTb6eH3HHa,npocionoTOMy,HTOptiTte兄MBTe

Bpewena,HeSHaiomne3KCKaBaTopa,o6xo15HJiocbHeaemeBO.A6eH3HHa,orKOToporo

HaaoH36aBJiMTbcs,cKa^biMro150MCTaHOBHJiocbBee6ojibme,TaxKHKBee6ojii>me

aoSbiBanocbHC（|）TH.KHananyHarneroBeKaBecyHHHTOxcaeMoroBMMpe6eH3HHa

HCHHCJIHJICSCOTHMMHTBICMHTOHH.TaK,OAHHMMFpO3HeHCKHMH

He（j）Tenepepa6aTbiBaiomHMH3aBemaMHB1902ro^yGBIJIOco>K>KeHOOKOJIO70TBICMH

TOHH3Tororopionero.He（j）TenpOMbiuiJieHHnKnpaTHJinorpoMHbiecyMMbiHa

opraHH3aiiHioBceBO3Mo汰HbixKOHKypcoB---KTOHan/ieTJiyHinniicnoco6

yHHHTO^ceHHSorSpocoB.Jlnuibco3aaHneaBHrareji兄BHyrpeHHerocropaHns

OTKpbiJiooSjiacTbnpMMeHeHKSi?BpeaHoro?npoayKTa.

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npoueHTOBOTMaccbincxo/iHoiiHe（j）TH）.

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HeHcnepnbiBaiOTca.BOT,HanpHMep,TyronjiaBKnn,KHMKHCCKHycTOHHHBbiii,

npOHHbiiiMeTanjiHHOGHH.EroOTKPMJIB1801roayaHrjiHHCKniiXHMHKH.XarneT,

uccjieay兄MHHepan,HaiiaeHHbiHBKojiyM6HH.IioMecTynponcxo>KaeHH兄OHH

HassanHOBBIH3JieMeHTKOJiyMSneM.HepescopoKTpn43ro15aHeMeuKH百yneHbiii

Po3eoSHapy^KMJi?HOBMH?3JieMeHTnHa3BajieroHHOSHCM,He3Ha與，HTO3ToTOT次e

KOJIYMGHH.EroCHMTanHJIHLUBBpeaHOMnpnMecbioKojioBy,Hnpn1ao6biqeOJIOBH

rpoMa^HbieKOJinnecTBaHHOSHJIBbiSpactiBajiKBOTBan.3Tonpoaoji次aiiocbHTor^a,

Ko*anpoMbiiujieHHbiiiMHp3anHTepecoBajics（TaHTanoM.ITpnnepepa6oTKe

TaHTanoBbixpyaHHO6HH,noXMMnnecKMMCBoiiCTBaM6JIH3KHHKTaHTanyHC

TpyziOMOTHeroOT/xejiaeMbiM,Bbi6pacbiBajic?.BnocnencTBun,KomaCBO訪CTBa

HHO6H兄6MJIHnoAOCTOHHCTBYoiieneHbi,OTBanbiOTnepepaGoTKHOJIOBHHHBIXH

TaHTanoBbixpyuCTanHHacTO兄IIIHMHMecTOpoweHH兄MHHHOSHS.

"aHTOroBopHTboHHOSHH,Kor/jannjiaTHHaCHHTajiacb口ojiroeBpeM兄6ecnone3HbiM

MeTanjioM!IlepBbieMecTopo次口eH0兄caMopoziHOHnjiaraHbi6BIJIMoSHapy^ceHbiB

KOJIYM6MHHcnaHCKHMnnpoMbimjieHHHKaMn.AeiicTBHTejibHO,Merajui

coMHHTejibHoroAOCTOHHCTBa:HenjiaBHTca,HeKyeTca,BHeniHHHBHAOHCHB

HeKpacnBbiii...ATyreme巾ajibiunBOMOHeTunKH,ncnojib3ysiBMCOKHHyuejitHbiii

BecnjiaTHHM(eeMHOTO3aBe3JIHBHcnaHHionnpoaaBann1nlemeanecepe6pa),CTHJIH

口ejiamH3Hee3OJiOHeHHbiiiMOHCTM.npaBHTejibCTBO3aKpbiJionpnHCKHBKOJIYMSHH,

a3anacbiMeTajuiayronnjinBMope.

1

TexHOJiorn,ocMOTpnTecb：HeBbi6pacbiBaeMJIHMMceiiHac1To-Hn6yubCTOJIB貝e

HeHy^cHoe,KaK6eH3KH,HHO6KHHJIHnnaTHHa?

10.BblBETPHBAHHE風(fēng)化

PaspymeHneKaMeHHbixnopo1gHa3biBaioTBbiBeTpnBaHHeM.

IioHa3BaHHK)MO汰HOno^ywaTb,HTOTOJIBKOBeieppaspymaeTKaMeHHbienopoati.

HoHHMxopomo3HaKOMbiH即yraepa3pymnTejiHropHbixnopoa.3ToBbicoKasH

HH3Ka?TeMnepaTypa,口o次以b,cner,BonaHBeTep.

KaK次epa6oTaK)T3THpaspyuiHTejiH,

B>KapKHecojiHeHHbieAHHBeeyrecbiHanpnneKecnjibHOHarpesaiOTca:BBI

y6e^HTecbB3ToM,IIOJIOJKHBpyxyHayrecBxopomnfi1nleHb.HOHBIOBcernaxonoAHee,

nyrecocTbiBaeT,IlepexoAbiOTHHBKOHTeMneparypuKBbicoKonOCOSCHHOpe3KH

BecHonnoceHbK),Kor^acojiHiieAHCMCHJIBHOrpeeT,aHOHEIOSbiBaerMopo3.Ilpn

HarpeBaHHHMHHepanbi,KaKH1apyraeTejia,pacmMpsiioTcs,yBejiHHHBaioTcsiB

o6i>eMe,anpnoxjia水a(chǎn)eHHHc水HMaiOTC兄Bo6i>eMe.3THpaciunpeHnsiHc水a(chǎn)ra兄

oneHbHesejinKH,HO,CMCH兄兄"pyr口pyraHeneHbHJIH口Ba,aCOTHHnTBICHHHJICT,

OHHBKOHu,eKOHLIOBo6Hapy;KHBaK)TCBoe^eiiCTBHe:ropHaanopo^aTepaer

npOHHOCTbHpaccbinaeTca.

BoBpeMMao>KaaHJIHTasHnsCHeraBoaanpoHHKaerBTpemnHbiropHbixnopoa.OT

MoposaOHa3aMep3aeTnnpH3ToMpacninpaeTcanyBejinHHBaeTTpemuHM.

Bo^apacTBopaeTqacraubiHeKOToptixMHHepajiOB.

PacTeHHflTaK次epaspymaioTropHtienopoabi.BTpemnHbinonaaagrceweHa

pa3HbixpacTeHHn.Cpe15HKaMHenBbipacTaioTTpaBbi.ECJIHceMeHKO“epeBa

nonaaaeTBTpemHHbi,OHOnpopaciaeT.BbipacTaeT6epB3aHJIHKaKoe-Hn6ym>apyroe

4epeB0.CBOKMHKOpH兄MH,KHKKJirnib兄MH,3TH口epeBbJiemeGojituiepaciimp兄K)T

TpeillHHM.

11.OTABIXHTpyziHepa3/iejiHMBi勞動(dòng)和休息是不可分的

MMroBopnjinoTOM,HCM3aH兄TbCBoSoaHbienacbi,HOOTAMXHeo6xo^HMHB

paGoneeBpeM凡.HSBCCTHO,HTOynejiOBeKanocjieBbinojiHeHHspa60TbiBTeueHne

onpeaejieHHoroBpeMeHHHacTynaeryTOMJieHHe.EroHeo6xo/jHMOCH51TbHJIHXOTS(

6MocjiaSnTb,“TO6blOHOHenepemnoB6ojie3HeHHoecocTosHne—nepeyTOMJieHKe.

BejiHHHHa3Torot4onpeaejieHHoroBpeMeHH”,nocneKOToporoHacTynaeTyroMJieHHe,

3aBHcnTorMHO>KecTBa(|)aKTopoB---ontiTa,BospacTa,ycjioBHiiTpyaa,xapaicrepa

pa60T