大學(xué)英語四級閱讀篇200篇

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大學(xué)英語四級閱讀200篇（第四版）主編楊榮泉副主編郭曉紅田桂榮上海交通大

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（上海市番禺路877號郵政編碼200030）電話：64071208出版人：張?zhí)煳瞪虾＝煌ù髮W(xué)印

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平有限，時間倉促，謬誤疏漏之處在所難免，望廣大讀者及同行專家不吝賜教。楊榮泉2003

年5月目錄UnitOne1UnitTwo7UnitThree14UnitFour21UnitFive28UnitSix

34UnitSeven41UnitEight48UnitNine55UnitTen62UnitEleven69UnitTwelve

76UnitThirteen83UnitFourteen90UnitFifteen97UnitSixteen104UnitSeventeen

111UnitEighteen117UnitNineteen124UnitTwenty131UnitTwentyOne138Unit

TwentyTwo144UnitTwentyThree151UnitTwentyFour158UnitTwenty

Five165UnitTwentySix172

UnitTwentySeven178UnitTwentyEight185UnitTwentyNine193Unit

Thirty200UnitThirtyOne206UnitThirtyTwo212UnitThirtyThree219

UnitThirtyFour226UnitThirtyFive233UnitThirtySix240UnitThirty-

Seven247UnitThirtyEight254UnitThirtyNine261UnitForty267Unit

FortyOne274UnitFortyTwo280UnitFortyThree287UnitFortyFour

294UnitFortyFive301UnitFortySix308UnitFortySeven315UnitForty

Eight322UnitFortyNine328UnitFifty334AnswerKey340UnitOnePassage

1Theearliestmethodofexploitingthispowerwastomakewaterturnawheel.This

system,inwhichtheforceofwaterwasuseddirectly,hadonegreatdisadvantage.

Factorieswhichusedithadtobebuiltonthebanksoffastflowingstreams,but

thesewereoftenlocatedininaccessible,thinlypopulatedareas,whichmade

transportationofgoodsdifficult.Whenthesteamenginewasinventeditsoonreplaced

flowingwaterasasourceofpower;newfactoriessprangupinthecoalfields.Coal

andoil-reserveofpoweralsoultimatelyderivedfromthesun-arenotalwaysfound

inaccessibleplaces,buttheyhavetheadvantageofbeingportable.Inthe20th

centurythesituationchangedandwateroncemorebecameavitalsourceofpower.

Methodsweredevisedforproducingelectricityfromtheenergyofrivers.Oncethe

initialcapitalhasbeenrecovered,electricityfromthissourceisusuallycheaper

thanoilandcoal,whichareexpensivetoextract（開采）andtransport.Thegreat

advantageofhydroelectricpoweristhatnatureconstantlyrenewsthewaterthat

providesthepower.Coalandoilarefuelsthatcanonlybeusedonce.Notallrivers

areidealforgeneratingelectricity.Asuitablerivermusthaveanadequateflow

ofwater,andideallythereshouldbeasteepfall.Asteepwaterfallisideal,because

itconcentratestheenergyofgravityintoashortdistance.Theamountofwaterin

theriver,moreover,shouldnotvarytoomuchfromseasontoseason.Thismeansthat

theremustbeadequaterainfallthroughout

theyear.Therivermustbefairlyneartheindustrialcenterswhichwillutilize

itspower,forthegreaterthedistancetheelectricityhastotravel,themorepower

iswasted.1.Ifyouwanttomakewaterturnawheel,youshouldkeepinmindthe

difficultyto.A.useitdirectlyB.carrygoodsoutC.crossthefastflowingstreams

D.findenoughworkers2.Thesteamenginesoonreplacedflowingwaterbecause.A.

coalandoilarederivedfromthesunB.coalandoilarenotalwaysaccessibleC.

coalandoilareportableD.coalandoilarefoundinthinlypopulatedareas3.

Afterusingcoalandoilforatime,peoplefindtheadvantagesofwaterovercoal

andoilas.A.itiseasytorecovertheinitialcapitalB.itisascheaptouse

waterastousecoalandoilC.itisnaturethatrenewsthewaterwithoutanycost

D.itisdifficulttoextractandtransportcoalandoil4.Allofthefollowingare

requiredforanidealriverEXCEPTthat.A.thereshouldbeenergyofgravityB.

thereshouldbeasteepfallC.therivershouldbenearindustrialcentersD.there

shouldbeanadequateflowofwater5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatif

peoplewanttoestablishawaterpowerstation,theywillmostprobablygoto.A.

themountainousareasB.theplainsC.thelakeareasD.therivermouthsPassage2When

youtakeyourcar一or,indeed,anypieceofmachinery一toberepaired,itis

generallyanadvantagetoaskforanestimate.Youshouldmakesureanestimateis

clearlylistedsothatyoucancheckitafterwards.Thenyoucannotbechargedfor

unnecessarywork.Sometimestherepaircannotbeaccuratelyestimateduntilsome

partshavebeendismantled.Ifso,authorizethisamountofworkfirstandaskfor

anaccurateestimateafterithasbeendone.Wagesandmethodsofcostingdifferfrom

garagetogarage.Somegaragespaytheirmechanicsaflatrateperhourandpayone

timeandahalfforovertime.Othersaddafixedpercentageperhourtothehourly

rate.Theypayfortheovertimeatthesamerate.Garageswhichhaveanincentive

（激勵的）schemepaythemechanicapart,usuallythirtypercentorthirtythree

andonethirdpercent,ofwhatthecustomerischarged.Theydon,tusuallypay

attentiontothetimethemechanichastaken.Thechargetothecustomerisbased

onmanufacturerJssuggestedtimeschedulesforwork.Forexample,ifthetime

allowedisthreehoursandthemechanictakestwoandahalf,thecustomerischarged

forthreehours.Themechanicreceivesthirtypercentofthetotalamountcharged,

notthirtypercentofthechargeforthetwoandahalfhoursheactuallyworked

onthejob.Laborchargedtocustomerscoversnotonlythecostofwagesbutalso

overheads（管理費）.Togetthecostperhouroftheoverheads,dividethecostof

runningtheworkshopitselfbythenumberofhoursofworkavailable.Thenaddto

thisanamountforprofit.6.Theword“dismantled“inthefirstparagraphmost

probablymeans.

A.takenapartB.takenawayC.takenoffD.takenover7.Itisimportanttoobtain

aclearlylistedestimatesothat.A.youwillalwaysobtainalowerpriceB.

youwillgetbetterserviceC.youwillnothavetopayforunnecessaryworkD.you

willnothavetopayanyovertime8.Mechanicsarepaid.A.atanhourlyrateB.

accordingtotheskillneededC.inanumberofdifferentwaysD.byapercentage

ofthetotaloverheads9.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingdoesthe

customernothavetopayfor?A.Laborcharges.B.Overheads.C.Theestimate.D.The

profit.10.Howcanamechanicestimatethecostofajob?A.lieisunabletoestimate

it.B.Hecanchargeapercentageofthetotalworkshopcosts.C.Hecanusethe

manufacturer'sschedules.D.Hecanaskthecustomer.Passage3Manyprivate

institutionsofhighereducationaroundthecountryareindanger.Notallwillbe

saved,andperhapsnotalldeservetobesaved.Therearelowqualityschoolsjust

astherearelowqualitybusinesses.Wehavenodutytosavethemsimplybecause

theyexist.Butmanypromisinginstitutionsthatdeservetocontinuearethreatened.

Theyaredoingafinejobeducationally,buttheyarecaughtinafinancialsqueeze,

withnowaytoreducerisingcostsorincreaseincomesignificantly.Raisingtuition

（學(xué)費）doesn,bringinmoreincome,foreachtimettuitiongoesup,theenrollment

（招收人數(shù)）goesdown,ortheamountthatmustbegivenawayinstudentaidgoes

up.Schoolsarebadbusinesses,whetherpublicorprivate,notusuallybecauseof

mismanagementbutbecauseofthenatureoftheenterprise.Theylosemoneyonevery

customer,andtheycangobankrupteitherfromtoofewstudentsortoomanystudents.

Evenaverygoodcollegeisaverybadbusiness.Itissuchcolleges,promisingbut

threatened,thatIworryabout.Lowenrollmentisnottheirchiefproblem.Evenwith

fullenrollments,theymaygounder.Effortstosavethem,andpreferablytokeep

themprivate,areanationalnecessity.Thereisnobasisforarguingthatprivate

schoolsareinherentlybetterthanpublicschools.Therearemanyexamplestothe

contrary.Anyonecannamestateuniversitiesandcollegesthatrankasthefinest

inthenationandtheworld.Itisnowinevitablethatpublicinstitutionswillbe

dominant（占主導(dǎo)地位）,andthereforediversity（多樣性）isanationalnecessity.

Diversityinthewaywesupportschoolstendstogiveusahealthydiversityinthe

formsofeducation.Inanimperfectsocietysuchasours,uniformityofeducation

throughoutthenationcouldbedangerous.Inanimperfectsociety,diversityisa

positivegood.Supportersofpublichighereducationknowtheimportanceof

sustainingprivatehighereducation.11.Accordingtotheauthor?sopinionschools

arebadbusinessesbecauseof.A.mismanagementB.toofewstudentsC.toomany

studentsD.thenatureofschoolsl2.Theauthorusedthephrase“gounder“inthe

thirdparagraphtomean.A.getintodifficultiesB.havelowenrolImentC.havelow

tuitionD.bringinmoremoneyl3.We

canreasonablyconcludefromthispassagethattheauthormadeanappealtothe

publicinordertosupport.A.publicinstitutionsB.privateschoolsC.uniformity

ofeducationD.highqualityofeducation^.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.

Highqualityprivateschoolsdeservetobesaved.B.Ifthetuitionisraised,

theenrollmentgoesdown.C.Therearemanycasestoshowthatpublicschoolsare

betterthanprivateschools.D.Privateschoolshavemoremoneythanpublicschools.

15.Whichofthefollowingwayscouldpossiblysaveprivateschools?A.Raising

tuition.B.Fullenrollment.C.Nationalawarenessandsupport.D.Reductionofrising

costs.Passage4SylvesterandIarewatchingtelevisionadvertisementsbecausewe

needinformationforaclassresearchproject.Wehavetodiscussrealismand

distortion（扭曲）intelevisionadvertising,andsowearelookingforexamplesof

distortionsandfalsehoodsintelevisioncommercials.Thequestionweareaskingis,

“Isthecommercialtruetolife,ordoesitofferanunrealpictureoftheproduct?”

Sylvesteriskeepingtrackofthedistortions,andhealreadyhasquitealonglist.

Hesaysthatallhousewivesseemtoliveinlovelyhomes,dressbeautifully,andlove

theirhouseholdchores.Theysmileandboastaboutfloorwaxesandproudlydisplay

theirdirtylaundry,dustytabletops,anddirtyovens.Inaddition,hehadneverseen

mendoinghousework.Sylvesterthinksthatthisviewoffamilylifeisfilledwith

distortions.Iamkeepingtrackofthepeoplewhoappearintheadvertisements.1

havefoundhandsomemencourting（求愛）theAllAmericanGirl,andtheyarealways

recommendingbrandXtoothpasteorbrandYcologne（科隆香水）.1seeteenagersand

childrensurroundedbytheirfriends,havingwonderfultimesatpartiesandatschool,

andtheyareusuallyenjoyinglargeharmoniousfamilygatherings.Ithinkthatthese

advertisementsarealsofilledwithdistortions.SylvesterandIhaveconcludedthat

muchofAmericanlifeispicturedunrealisticallyincommercials.Teenagersdonot

alwayshavefunatparties,andveryfewpeoplelovedoingchores.Peopledohave

problems,butfewoftheseareevershownincommercials.16.Sylvesteriskeeping

trackof.A.advertisementsshowingbrandXB.advertisingdistortionsC.

advertisementsshowinghousewivesD.bothAandC17.Housewivesinadvertisements

are.A.disgustedwithlaundryB.happywiththeirchoresC.courtedbymenusing

cologneD.noneoftheabove18.Thebesttitleforthispassageis.A.OurResearch

Project

B.KeepingTrackofTelevisionAdvertisingC.DistortionsinTelevision

AdvertisingD.BeautifulPeopleonTV19.Theauthorfoundunrealisticadvertisements

picturing.A.schoolteachersB.citypeopleC.suburbanhousewivesD.happy

teenagers20.People'srealproblemsare.A.thebasisforalladvertisings,distorted

bycommercialsC.nevershownincommercials!）,toldhonestlyincommercialsUnitTwo

Passage5Wheremoneygoes?About70percentoftheaveragehousehold,sspending

goesfornecessitiessuchashousing,food,clothesandhealthcare.Tobeableto

affordtheseitemsandstillhavemoneyleftfornonessentialssuchastraveland

entertainment,mostfamiliesfindthemselveseconomizingandwatchingtheirpennies.

Thesameproblemofmatchinglimitedresourceswithseeminglyendlessdemands

confrontsbusinessesandpublicagencies.Thatisessentiallywhattheeconomyis

allabout-makingchoicesonhowtouselimitedresourcesofmoney,manpower,

machineryandmaterials,whetheritinvolvesashopperdecidingwhattobuyinthe

supermarketoramanufacturerdecidingwhatlineofgoodstoproduce.Choicesmade

intheeconomyinvolveacontinuoustugofwar（拔i可比賽）betweenconsumersand

producersoverprice.Ifmanybusinessesareofferingaproductandthereisplenty

ofittosatisfytheneedsofallconsumers,aproducerwillbeforcedtosellat

apricenotfarabovecostsinordertokeepfrombeingstuckwithalotofunmarketable

supplies.Thisiswhy,forexample,thepricesoffreshfruitsandvegetablesnormally

dropduringthesummermonthswhensuchproduceisinabundance.However,alowprice

一especiallyifitfallsbelowwhatitcostsasellertomakethegoods一will

discourageproduction,perhapsdrivethehighcostproducersoutofbusinessor

forcethemtomakesomethingelse.Againusinganexamplefromagriculture,farmers

periodicallyplantlesswheatorraisefewercattleifthepricesforthosegoods

givetoolittlereturnforthecostsinvolved.21.Mostfamiliesneedtobecareful

aboutspendingmoneybecause.A.theyneedmoneyforbothessentialsand

nonessentialsB.theyneedtomatchlimitedresourcesC.theyspend70%oftheirmoney

onnonessentialsD.thebusinessesandpublicagenciesdemandendlesslyfromthem

22.Thewriter,inorderto,tellsusthatmostfamiliessavemoney.A.explainclearly

whatthenatureofeconomyisB.introducethenewtopic—thewarbetweenconsumers

andproducersC.answerthequestionatthebeginningofthepassage,“Wheremoney

goes?"D.suggestwaystosavemoney23.Freshfruitsandvegetablesaresoldat

lowpriceswhen.A.theircosthasdroppedbecauseofmassproductionB.thereare

alotofunmarketablesuppliesbecauseofhighcostC.itiseasyforfruitsand

vegetablestobecomerotteninsummermonthsI）,therearemorethanenoughinmarkets

24.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribestheriseandfalloftheprice?

A.Regular.B.Unmarketable.C.Continuous.D.Low.25.Accordingtothepassage,

ifashoemakermakesshoesatthecostof$5apairandsellsitat4apair,hewill

mostprobably.A.increasehisproductionB.thinkofmakingsomethingelseC.lower

thecostD.usemoreresourcesPassage6Lookingbackonyearsoflivinginaworking

classhomeinthenorthofEngland,Ishouldsaythatagoodlivingroommustprovide

threeprincipalthings:gregariousness（群集）,warmthandplentyofgoodfood.The

livingroomisthewarmheartofthefamilyandthereforeoftenslightlystuffy

toamiddleclassvisitor.Itisnotasocialcentrebutafamilycentre;little

entertaininggoesonthereorinthefrontroom,iftherehappenstobeone;youdo

notentertaininanythingapproachingthemiddleclasssense.Thewife'ssocial

lifeoutsideherimmediatefamilyisfoundoverthewashingline,atthelittle

shoponthecorner,visitingrelativesatamoderatedistanceoccasionally,and

perhapsnowandagainavisitwithherhusbandtohispuborclub.Apartfromthese

twoplaces,hehasjusthisworkandhisfootballmatches.Theywillhave,eachof

them,friendsatalltheseplaces,whomaywellnotknowwhattheinsideoftheir

houseislike,havingneverusteppedacrossthethreshold,“astheoldfashioned

phrasehasit.Thefamilyhearth（爐旁）isreservedforthefamilyitself,andthose

whoaresomethingtous”（anotherfavoriteformula）andwholookinforatalk

orjusttosit.Muchofthefreetimeofamanandhiswifewillusuallybepassed

atthathearth.Juststayinginisstilloneofthemostcommonleisuretime

occupations.26.Thewritercomestoknowtheconditionshedescribedfrom.A.his

studiesasasociologistB.novelswithaworkingclasssettingC.theworkof

socialhistoriansD.hisownexperience27.Whatwouldstrikeanoutsiderwasthe

workingclasslivingroom,slackof.A.airB.refinementC.friendlinessD.

cookingfacilities28.Thekindoffamilyhedescribes.A.didalotofentertaining

B.oftenhadmiddleclassvisitorsC.rarelyentertainedD.neverhadvisitors

29.Thetypicalworkingclasswife,accordingtothewriter,.A.neversawpeople

outsidethefamilyB.usuallybelongedtoaclubC.disapprovedofpubsandclubs

D.sometimeswentoutwithherhusband30.Thepassageimplies,butdoesnotdirectly

say,that.A.theworkingclasslivingroomisthewarmheartofthefamily

B.theworkingclasslivingroomisthesamewiththatofamiddleclass

familyC.themiddleclasslivingroomisoftentheheartofentertainingD.

theworkingclasslivingroomisnotasocialcentrebutafamilycentrePassage

7

Notsolongagoitwasassumedthatthedangersmanwouldmeetinspacewould

beterrible,themainonesbeingradiationandthedangerofbeinghitbymeteors.

Itisperhapsworthrememberingthatlessthantwocenturiesago,thedangersoftrain

travelseemedsimilarlyterrible.Amanwouldcertainlydie,itwasthought,if

carriedalongataspeedof30m.p.h.Therearetwosortsofradiationmanmustfear

inspace.Thefirstisfromthesun,whichisdeadly.Thesecond,lessharmfulform,

comesfromthesocalledVanAllenBelts.Thesetwokindsofradiationareasfar

asabout1,500milesawayfromtheearth.Neitheroftheseformsofradiationis

dangeroustousontheearth,sinceweareprotectedbyouratmosphere.Specifically,

itisthatpartofouratmosphereknownastheozonosphere（臭氧層）whichprotects

us.Thisisabeltofthechemicalozonebetween12and21milesfromthegroundwhich

absorbsalltheradiation.Onceoutsidetheatmosphere,however,manisnolonger

protected,andradiationcanbeharmfulinanumberofways.Adistinctionmustbe

drawnbetweentheshortandlongtermeffectsofradiation.Theformeraremerely

unpleasant,butjustbecauseanastronautreturningfromajourneyinspacedoesnot

seemtohavebeengreatlyharmed.Wecannotassumethatheissafe.Thelongterm

effectscanbeextremelyserious,evenleadingtodeath.31.Thedangersofspace

travelare.A.radiationandVanAllenBeltsB.ozonosphereandmeteorsC.radiation

andmeteorsD.atmosphereandexplosion32.Whichsortofradiationismoredangerous

formantotravelinspace?A.Radiationfromthesun.B.Radiationfromtheso

calledVenAllenBelts.C.Radiationfromtheozonosphere.I）.Radiationfrommeteors.

33.Theozonospherewhichprotectsusfromthegroundis.A.12milesB.1,500milesC.

21milesD.between12and21miles34.Whatdoyouthinkoftheeffectsofradiation?

A.Unpleasant.B.Serious.C.Possiblycausingdeath.D.Alloftheabove.35.What

isimplied,butNOTdirectlystated,is.A.thedangerofspacetravelisexaggerated

B.thedangerofspacetravelisneglectedC.thedangerofspacetravelistalked

toomuchD.thedangerofspacetravelisthesameasthatoftraintravelPassage

8Dr.JackM.Gwaltney,aprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiaSchoolofMedicine,

infectedsixstudentvolunteerswithvirus（病毒）,themostcommoncauseofcolds.

Afewdayslater,whentheywerecoughingandsneezing,hegathered37morepeople

anddividedthemintothreegroups.Group1membersspentthreedaysandnightsin

thesameroomwithoneoftheinfectedstudents,separatedbyascreensotheycouldn,

ttouchoneanother.Group2sataroundatablewhileaninfectedvolunteertalked,

coughedandsangtothem.Group3heldhandswithaninfectedstudentfortenseconds,

andthentouchedtheirownnosesoreyes.Althoughmostscientistsatthetime,the

mid70s,believedcoldswerespreadbyvirusladendropletsspreadthroughthe

airwheninfectedpeoplecoughedorsneezed,Gwaltneysuspected

physicalcontactmightplayanimportantrole.Sureenough,ofthe15peoplewho

hadtouchedastudentvolunteer,11becameinfected一comparedwithonlyoneofthose

whohadbeensittingatthetable,andnonewhohadspentthreedaysandnightstogether.

“Thebestevidencewehaveisthathandtohandcontactisthemostefficient

wayoftransmittingvirus,“saysGwaltney.Thestudywasoneofaseriesthathelped

establishGwaltney'sreputationasaleadingauthority.Dr.RobertCouchsays,

“ItwouldnotbeinappropriatetocallhimMr.CommonCold."WhenGwaltneyisasked

howclosescientistsaretofindingacure,hereplies:"Ifyoumean'eradication'

（根除）Idon'thinkwe'goingtobeabletodothatwithcoldvirusesanytime,

tresoon.Butifyoulookinthedictionary,you'seethat'cure'isdefinedas

asuccessfultreatment.11Andwe'renotjustgettingmoreeffectiveattreating

thesymptoms（癥狀）-we*regettingattherootcausetoo."36.Dr.JackM.Gwaltney

conductedtheexperimentinorderto.A.findoutthemostcommoncauseofcolds

B.infectthestudentvolunteerC.findouttherolephysicalcontactplaysinthe

commoncoldsD.findouttherolevirusladenairplaysintheinfectionofcolds

37.Theresultoftheexperimentshowsthatplaysanimportantroleintheinfection

ofcolds.A.sneezingattheinfectedpersonB.touchingtheinfectedpersonC.sitting

togetherwiththeinfectedpersonD.talkingwiththeinfectedperson38.Whichof

thefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.Dr.Gwaltneywassure

thathandtohandtouchisthecauseofthecommoncold.B.Onlyoneofthe

peoplewhohadspentthreedaysandnightstogetherbecameinfected.C.Dr.Gwaltney

conductedmanyanexperimentastothecauseofcolds.D.Dr.Gwaltneytested

altogether43volunteerstoseehowtheycoulddevelopcolds.39.Mr.CommonCold

is.A.anewlyfoundvirusB.anickname（綽號）ofrespecttoDr.GwaltneyC.

awaybywhichtheotherscientistslaughedatDr.GwaltneyD.amethodtocurecolds

40.WhenDr.Gwaltneygivesareplyintheendofthepassage,hemeansthat.A.

theyhavefoundthefundamentalcauseofcoldsB.theyhavemanagedtowipeoutthe

coldvirusesC.theyhavemeanttoexperimentmoreD.theyhavemademuchprogress

indealingwithcoldsUnitThreePassage9Nowadaysmoreandmoreforeign

enterprisesandcompaniesarenolongerrelyingoninterviewsforrecruitment（招聘）.

Yearsofstudyinginterviewinghavemadeclearthatitisnotaveryobjectiveprocess.

Personnelofficersoftenhirethepersontheylikebest,oreventheonetheythink

mostphysicallyattractive.Lookinggoodisnoguaranteeofdoingthejobwell,

however.Ugliesorthosewhoareaestheticallychallenged,loseheart.

Togetamoreobjectiveview,manycompaniesarealsousingpsychologicaltests

tohirebothforrelativelyroutinejobsandforpositionsatseniorlevelsof

management.Itisimpossibletosayhowmanyemployersusetests,butestimatesof

testsalesintheUKfor1993wereover1million.Thebasicreasonemployers