高考英語二輪復習外刊閱讀訓練：大公司如何裁員

高考英語外刊閱讀訓練——閱讀理解：大公司如何裁員【原標題】HowBigCompaniesChooseWhoIsLaidOff【原文】Soonafteracompanydecidestocutitsheadcount,thedebatebegins:Whoshouldgo?Inthecurrenteconomicenvironment,afinaldecisioncantakeweeks,accordingtoexecutivesandcorporateadvisers.Workersremaininshortsupply,raisingthestakesofdeterminingwhoisexpendableandwhoisworthkeeping.Withlayoffsthattargetcorporatestaff,departmentheadsoftentaketheleadandhumanresourcestroubleshootstheirlists,whichcanleadtointensedebateandmultiplerewrites.SeniorityonceguidedlayoffsatmanyU.S.businesses,withcompanieseliminatingjunioremployeesfirst.Todayitismorecommonforcompaniestoconductlayoffsbasedonskillsratherthantenure,accordingtohuman-resourcesexecutives.Anemployee’srecentperformancewilllikelyfactorheavilyintoanydecision.Employeeswithhighsalariesalsomightfacegreaterattention,thoughadviserssaidthoseworkersmightbeamongacompany’stopperformers.Atmanycompanies,topleaders,includingthechiefexecutiveofficerandchieffinancialofficer,oftensethigh-levelcriteriaforalayoff,mandatingthatacompanycutacertainpercentageofitsworkforce,forexample,orreachaspecifiedcostsavings.Someconfinelayoffstospecificareas.BoeingCo.earlierthisyearsaiditplannedtocut2,000jobsprimarilyinfinanceandhumanresources,whilehiringinengineering.Amazonsaiditslatestcutswouldmostlybeconcentratedinitscloud-computing,advertisingandTwitchstreamingbusinesses.Thetaskofdecidingwhoshouldbeeliminatedoftenfallstodivisionalleadersanddepartmentheads,accordingtoexecutives.Thebusiness-softwarecompanyOktaInc.inFebruarysaiditwouldcut300employees,or5%ofstaff,afterthecompanysaiditoverhiredduringthepandemic.Manydepartmentsacrossthecompanyweregivenspecificfinancialcost-cuttingtargetstomeet,saidCEOToddMcKinnon,anddidsoindifferentways.Manythinkitisthejobofhuman-resourcesstafferstoselecttheindividualemployeestoterminate,thoughitisoftenfarmorelikelythatthebusinessleadersineachareaofacompanysuggestnamesofemployeestotarget,saidKathyZwickert,aformerchiefpeopleofficeratNetSuiteandmostrecentlyadirectoratthecloud-basedsoftwareproviderAvalara.Inadditiontoreviewinganemployee’sperformancehistory,manycompaniesconsiderworkers’potentialtoadaptandtakeonnewjobsinthefuture.“It’sreallydowntoaone-on-oneassessmentofperformanceindeterminingwhoyou’regoingtokeep,”saidPaulJ.Sarvadi,CEOofInsperityInc.,ahuman-resourcesservicesandoutsourcingcompany.Debatesarefrequent.Somemanagersmightattempttojockeyforcertainemployeestoremain,anddisputescanemergebetweenleadersaboutthephilosophyofalayoff—say,whethertocutalayerofmiddlemanagement,ortofiremoreexecutivesoverfront-lineemployees,Mr.Pennsaid.Evenwhencompaniesdecidetoshutdownentirebusinessunits,executivesmightmakedecisionstokeepsomehigh-achievingemployeesandmovethemelsewhere,saidAnnaA.Tavis,aformerglobaldirectoroftalentattheinsurerAmericanInternationalGroupInc.,whonowteachesandresearcheshuman-capitalmanagementissuesatNewYorkUniversity’sSchoolofProfessionalStudies.“There’salotofsubjectivityinvolved,evenwithalltherulesinplace,”shesaid.【重點詞匯】1.current[?k?r?nt]adj.現行的，當前的；通用的，流行的；最近的n.水流，氣流；電流；思潮，趨勢【名】（current）（英）柯倫特（人名）；currents2.economic[???k??n?m?k]adj.經濟的，經濟學的；有利可圖的；節(jié)約的3.accord[??k??d]n.協議，條約；符合，一致v.使受到，給予（某種待遇）；（與……）一致，符合；accords；accords；according；accorded；accorded4.executive[?g?zekj?t?v]adj.行政的，有執(zhí)行權的；高檔的，豪華的；供主管人員使用的；（有關）經營管理的，領導的n.主管，經理；行政部門，執(zhí)行委員會；executives5.stake[ste?k]n.股本，股份；樁，標樁，籬笆樁；賭注；賽馬獎金（stakes）；比賽，競賽（stakes）；利害關系；火刑柱；（制作籃子的）縱向基桿，經條；（鐵匠用的）小鐵砧；摩門主教管轄區(qū)v.拿…...冒險，以…...打賭；用樁支撐；資助，幫助【名】（stake）（瑞典）斯塔克（人名）；stakes；stakes；staking；staked；staked6.layoff[?le????f]n.解雇，下崗；休養(yǎng)，停工期；layoffs7.resource[r??s??s]n.自然資源；資源（指錢、物、人等）；有助于實現目標的東西，資料；（對付困境所需的）個人素質（resources）；（逆境中的）出路，應付辦法；謀略，智謀v.向……提供資金（或設備）；resources；resources；resourcing；resourced；ense[?n?tens]adj.很大的，十分強烈的；嚴肅緊張的，激烈的；熱情的，熱切的；專注的，認真的；intenser9.eliminate[??l?m?ne?t]v.剔除，根除；對……不予考慮，把……排除在外；（比賽中）淘汰；鏟除，殺害；（生理）排除，排泄；消去；eliminates；eliminating；eliminated；eliminated10.employee[?empl?????,?m?pl???]n.雇員；employees11.factor[?f?kt?]n.因素，要素；等級，系數；因數，因子；遺傳因子，基因；（血液中的）凝血因子；代理公司，代理商；地產管理人，管家；測量水平v.把……作為因素計入，把……包括在內（factorin）；把……作為因素排除，不把……包括在內（factorout）；將……分解為因子；代理經營，（代管）產業(yè)；做代理商【名】（factor）（英）法克特（人名）；factors；factors；factoring；factored；factored12.financial[fa??n?n??l,?f?-]adj.財政的，金融的；有錢的；（俱樂部或社團成員）已繳費的n.（組織或個人的）財務狀況；金融公司股票13.criterion[kra??t??r??n]n.尺度，標準，準則；criteria；criterions14.specify[?spes?fa?]v.明確指出；具體說明；把……列入說明書；specifies；specifying；specified；specified15.saving[?se?v??]n.（錢、時間或其他資源的）節(jié)約，節(jié)??；儲蓄金，存款；保留，例外；存錢adj.節(jié)約的，節(jié)省的；節(jié)儉的，省錢的prep.除了，除……外【名】（saving）人名，（瑞典）薩溫v.救援，挽救；節(jié)??；保存（sav.的現在分詞形式）；savings16.confine[?k?nfa?n]v.限制，局限；防止……擴散；關押，監(jiān)禁；使離不開（或受困于床、輪椅等）n.邊界，范圍；限制，局限；confines；confines；confining；confined；confined17.engineering[?end???n??r??]n.工程，工程學；控制，引導，管理；籌劃，出謀劃策v.設計，建造；策劃，精心安排（engineer的現在分詞形式）18.mostly[?m??stl?]adv.多半，主要地；幾乎全部，幾乎所有19.compute[k?m?pju?t]v.估算，計算；不合情理，講不通；用計算機計算n.計算，估計；computes；computing；computed；computed20.terminate[?t??m?ne?t]v.（使）結束，（使）終止；到達終點站；終止妊娠，人工流產；解雇；謀殺（某人）；在……結尾，以……收尾adj.結束的；terminates；terminating；terminated；terminated21.dispute[d?s?pju?t]n.爭論，辯論，糾紛v.對……提出質疑，否認；爭論，辯論；爭奪，競爭；阻止（著陸），抵抗（進攻）；disputes；disputes；disputing；disputed；disputed22.emerge[??m??d?]v.浮現，出現；顯露，知悉；恢復過來，幸存下來；形成，興起；emerges；emerging；emerged；emerged23.philosophy[f??l?s?f?]n.哲學；哲學體系，思想體系；人生哲學，生活（工作）準則；（某一知識或經驗領域的）理論基礎研究，基本原理；philosophies24.layer[?le??]n.層；層次，等級；擺放者，鋪設者，產卵者；壓條v.分層放置；把（頭發(fā)）分層剪短；用壓條培育（植物）；layers；layers；layering；layered；layered25.management[?m?n?d?m?nt]n.經營，管理，安排；管理人員，管理層；（成功的）處理手段，（有效的）處理能力；治療，監(jiān)控；欺騙，欺詐；managements26.elsewhere[?els?we?]adv.在別處，去別處pron.別處，別的地方27.global[?gl??b?l]adj.全球的，全世界的；全面的，整體的；（計算機）全局的；球形的28.issue[??sju?]n.議題，爭論點；（報紙、雜志等的）期，號；發(fā)放，分配；（新股票或郵票等的）發(fā)行；子女，后嗣；流出，發(fā)出；結果，后果v.發(fā)表，頒布；分發(fā)，分配；正式發(fā)行；流出，發(fā)出；由……產生，由……得出；issues；issues；issuing；issued；issued29.involve[?n?v?lv]v.牽涉，涉及；包含，需要；使陷入，使卷入；（使）參加，加入；使承擔，使面對；involves；involving；involved；involved【閱讀理解練習題】1.Whatisthemaintopicofthearticle?A.Thedifficultyinlayingoffemployeesduringaneconomicdownturn.B.Thevariousmethodscompaniesusetodeterminelayoffs.C.Theroleofhumanresourcesinselectingemployeesfortermination.D.Thedebateamongcorporateexecutivesoverlayoffs.答案：B。這篇文章主要講述了各種各樣的企業(yè)裁員方式。2.Accordingtohuman-resourcesexecutives,whatisthemostcommonfactorindetermininglayoffstoday?A.SeniorityB.JobskillsC.RecentperformanceD.Salary答案：B。根據人力資源高管的說法，現在決定裁員最常見的因素是工作技能。3.Whodoesthetaskofdecidingwhoshouldbeeliminatedoftenfallto?A.Human-resourcesstaffersB.JunioremployeesC.DivisionalleadersanddepartmentheadsD.Corporateadvisers答案：C。文章提到，決定裁員的任務通常落在部門領導和部門負責人身上。4.Inadditiontoperformancehistory,whatdomanycompaniesconsiderwhenselectingemployeestokeep?A.SeniorityB.PotentialtoadaptandtakeonnewjobsC.LengthoftenureD.Employee'ssalary答案：B。文章提到，除了績效歷史記錄外，許多公司在選擇留下哪些員工時還會考慮員工適應能力和接受新工作的潛力。5.Whattypeofdisputesmightemergebetweenleadersaboutthephilosophyofalayoff?A.DisputesoverwhichbusinessunitstoshutdownB.DisputesoverwhethertocutmiddlemanagementorexecutivesC.DisputesovertheroleofhumanresourcesinselectingemployeesforterminationD.Disputesoverwhichdepartmentheadsshouldleadlayoffs答案：B。文章提到，關于裁員策略的哲學，比如是否裁掉中層管理或高管，領導之間可能出現爭議?！鹃L難句分析】Atmanycompanies,topleaders,includingthechiefexecutiveofficerandchieffinancialofficer,oftensethigh-levelcriteriaforalayoff,mandatingthatacompanycutacertainpercentageofitsworkforce,forexample,orreachaspecifiedcostsavings.主句是主謂賓結構（topleaderssethigh-levelcriteria）。Atmanycompanies是地點狀語。includingthechiefexecutiveofficerandchieffinancialofficer是現在分詞作后置定語。often是副詞作頻率狀語。foralayoff是介賓短語作定語。mandatingthatacompanycutacertainpercentageofitsworkforce,forexample,orreachaspecifiedcostsavings是現在分詞作伴隨狀語。that引導賓語從句。or并列cut和reach。很多企業(yè)中，包括首席執(zhí)行官和首席財務官在內的高層管理者常常會為裁員設定高標準，例如規(guī)定裁員比例達到多少，或者節(jié)省的成本要達到多少?！菊Z言點積累】學習headcount的用法。這個詞有兩個含義：其一，theactofcountinghowmanypeoplearepresentinaparticularplaceatonetime，點人數，例：Theteachersdidaheadcounttocheckthatnoneofthekidswasmissing.老師們清點學生人數以核實沒有孩子丟失。其二，thenumberofpeopleworkingforacompany，職員總數?！救姆g】Soonafteracompanydecidestocutitsheadcount,thedebatebegins:Whoshouldgo?在一家公司決定裁員后不久，爭論就開始了：誰應該去？Inthecurrenteconomicenvironment,afinaldecisioncantakeweeks,accordingtoexecutivesandcorporateadvisers.Workersremaininshortsupply,raisingthestakesofdeterminingwhoisexpendableandwhoisworthkeeping.Withlayoffsthattargetcorporatestaff,departmentheadsoftentaketheleadandhumanresourcestroubleshootstheirlists,whichcanleadtointensedebateandmultiplerewrites.高管和企業(yè)顧問表示，在當前的經濟環(huán)境下，最終決定可能需要數周時間。工人仍然供不應求，這增加了決定誰是可消耗的，誰值得保留的風險。隨著針對公司員工的裁員，部門負責人往往會帶頭，人力資源部門會對他們的名單進行故障排除，這可能會導致激烈的辯論和多次重寫。SeniorityonceguidedlayoffsatmanyU.S.businesses,withcompanieseliminatingjunioremployeesfirst.Todayitismorecommonforcompaniestoconductlayoffsbasedonskillsratherthantenure,accordingtohuman-resourcesexecutives.Anemployee’srecentperformancewilllikelyfactorheavilyintoanydecision.Employeeswithhighsalariesalsomightfacegreaterattention,thoughadviserssaidthoseworkersmightbeamongacompany’stopperformers.資歷曾經引導許多美國企業(yè)裁員，公司首先淘汰初級員工。人力資源主管表示，如今，公司基于技能而非任期進行裁員的情況更為普遍。員工最近的表現可能會對任何決策產生重大影響。高薪員工也可能面臨更大的關注，盡管顧問們表示，這些員工可能是公司表現最好的員工之一。Atmanycompanies,topleaders,includingthechiefexecutiveofficerandchieffinancialofficer,oftensethigh-levelcriteriaforalayoff,mandatingthatacompanycutacertainpercentageofitsworkforce,forexample,orreachaspecifiedcostsavings.Someconfinelayoffstospecificareas.BoeingCo.earlierthisyearsaiditplannedtocut2,000jobsprimarilyinfinanceandhumanresources,whilehiringinengineering.Amazonsaiditslatestcutswouldmostlybeconcentratedinitscloud-computing,advertisingandTwitchstreamingbusinesses.在許多公司，包括首席執(zhí)行官和首席財務官在內的高層領導通常會為裁員制定高標準，例如，要求公司裁員一定比例，或達到特定的成本節(jié)約。有些公司將裁員限制在特定領域。波音公司（BoeingCo.）今年早些時候表示，計劃裁員2000人，主要是在財務和人力資源領域，同時在工程領域招聘。亞馬遜表示，其最新的削減將主要集中在其云計算、廣告和Twitch流媒體業(yè)務上。Thetaskofdecidingwhoshouldbeeliminatedoftenfallstodivisionalleadersanddepartmentheads,accordingtoexecutives.Thebusiness-softwarecompanyOktaInc.inFebruarysaiditwouldcut300employees,or5%ofstaff,afterthecompanysaiditoverhiredduringthepandemic.Manydepartmentsacrossthecompanyweregivenspecificfinancialcost-cuttingtargetstomeet,saidCEOToddMcKinnon,anddidsoindifferentways.高管們表示，決定誰應該被淘汰的任務往往落在部門領導和部門負責人身上。商業(yè)軟件公司奧卡股份有限公司（OktaInc.）2月份表示，將裁減300名員工，即5%的員工，此前該公司表示在疫情期間過度雇傭員工。首席執(zhí)行官ToddMcKinnon表示，公司的許多部門都被賦予了具體的財務成本削減目標，并以不同的方式實現。Manythinkitisthejobofhuman-resourcesstafferstoselecttheindividualemployeestoterminate,thoughitisoftenfarmorelikelythatthebusinessleadersineachareaofacompanysuggestnamesofemployeestotarget,saidKathyZwickert,aformerchiefpeopleofficeratNetSuiteandmostrecentlyadirectoratthecloud-basedsoftwareproviderAvalara.NetSuite前首席人事官、最近擔任云計算軟件提供商Avalara董事的KathyZwickert表示，許多人認為，選擇要解雇的員工是人力資源員工的工作，盡管公司每個領域的商業(yè)領袖建議目標員工的名字的可能性往往要大得多。Inadditiontoreviewinganemployee’sperformancehistory,manycompaniesconsiderworkers’potentialtoadaptandtakeonnewjobsinthefuture.“It’sreallydowntoaone-on-oneassessmentofperfo