tpo134閱讀解析小馬

TPO13-1-1原文：TypesofSocialLifecesusinacomplexwebofrelationshipswithotherpeople.Ourhumannessarisesoutoftheserelationshipsinthecourseofsocialinction.Moreover,ourhumannessmustbesustainedthroughsocialinction—andfairlyconstantlyso.Whenanassociationcontinueslongenoughfortwopeopleto elinkedtogetherbyarelativelystablesetofexpectations,itiscalledarelationship.Peopleareboundwithinrelationshipsbytwotypesofbonds:expressivetiesandinstrumentalties.Expressivetiesaresociallinksformedwhenweemotionallyinvestourselvesinandcommitourselvestootherpeople.Throughassociationwithpeoplewhoaremeaningfultous,weachieveasenseofsecurity,love,acceptance,companionship,and alworth.Instrumentaltiesaresociallinksformedwhenwecooperatewithotherpeopletoachievesomegoal.Occasionally,thismaymeanworkingwithinsteadofagainstcompetitors.Moreoften,wesimplycooperatewithotherstoreachsomeendwithoutendowingtherelationshipwithanylargersignificance.Sociologistshavebuiltonthedistinctionbetweenexpressiveandinstrumentaltiestodistinguishbetweentwotypesofgroups:primaryandsecondary.Aprimarygroupinvolvestwoormorepeoplewhoenjoyadirect,intimate,cohesiverelationshipwithoneanother.Expressivetiespredominateinprimarygroups;weviewthepeopleasendsinthemselvesandvaluableintheirownright.Asecondarygroupentailstwoormorepeoplewhoareinvolvedinanimalrelationshipandhavecometogetherforaspecific,practicalpurpose.Instrumentaltiespredominateinsecondarygroups;weperceivepeopleasmeanstoendsratherthanasendsintheirownright.Sometimesprimarygrouprelationshipsevolveoutofsecondarygrouprelationships.Thishappensinmanyworksettings.Peopleonthejoboftendevelopcloserelationshipswithcoworkersastheycometosharegripes,jokes,gossip,andAnumberofconditionsenhancethelikelihoodthatprimarygroupswillarise.First,groupsizeisimportant.Wefinditdifficulttogettoknowpeople allywhentheyaremillingaboutanddispersedinlargegroups.Insmallgroupswehaveabetterchancetoinitiatecontactandestablishrapportwiththem.Second,face-to-facecontactallowsustosizeupothers.Seeingandtalkingwithoneanotherinclosephysicalproximitymakespossibleasubtleexchangeofideasandfeelings.Andthird,theprobabilitythatwewilldevelopprimarygroupbondsincreasesaswehavefrequentandcontinuouscontact.OurtieswithpeopleoftendeepenasweinctwiththemacrosstimeandgraduallyevolveinterlockinghabitsandPrimarygroupsarefundamentaltousandtosociety.First,primarygroupsarecriticaltothesocializationprocess.Withinthem,infantsandchildrenareintroducedtothewaysoftheirsociety.Suchgroupsarethebreedinggroundsinwhichweacquirethenormsandvaluesthatequipusforsociallife.Sociologistsviewprimarygroupsasbridgesbetweenindividualsandthelargersocietybecausetheytransmit,mediate,andinterpretasociety'sculturalpatternsandprovidethesenseofonenesssocriticalforsocialSecond,primarygroupsarefundamentalbecausetheyprovidethesettingsinwhichwemeetmostofouralneeds.Withinthem,weexperiencecompanionship,love,security,andanoverallsenseofwell-being.Notsurprisingly,sociologistsfindthatthestrengthofagroup'sprimarytieshasimplicationsforthegroup'sfunctioning.Forexample,thestrongertheprimarygrouptiesofasportsteamyingtogether,thebettertheirrecordis.Third,primarygroupsarefundamentalbecausetheyserveaspowerfulinstrumentsforsocialcontrol.Theirmemberscommandanddispensemanyoftherewardsthataresovitaltousandthatmakeourlivesseemworthwhile.Shouldtheuseofrewardsfail,memberscanfrequentlywinbyrejectingorthreateningtoostracizethosewhodeviatefromtheprimarygroup'snorms.Forinstance,somesocialgroupsemployshunning(acanremaininthecommunity,butothersareforbiddentoinctwiththe)asadevicetobringintolineindividualswhosebehaviorgoesbeyondthatallowedbytheparticulargroup.Evenmoreimportant,primarygroupsdefinesocialrealityforusbystructuringourexperiences.Byprovidinguswithdefinitionsofsituations,theyelicitfromourbehaviorthatconformstogroup-devisedmeanings.Primarygroups,then,servebothascarriersofsocialnormsandasenrsofthem.Paragraph1:Lifecesusinacomplexwebofrelationshipswithotherpeople.Ourhumannessarisesoutoftheserelationshipsinthecourseofsocialinction.Moreover,ourhumannessmustbesustainedthroughsocialinction—andfairlyconstantlyso.Whenanassociationcontinueslongenoughfortwopeopleto elinkedtogetherbyarelativelystablesetofexpectations,itiscalledarelationship.Theword“complex”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueofaItisastructureofassociationswithmanyItshouldbestudiedinthecourseofasocialinItcesgreatdemandsonItdevelopsgraduallyParagraph2:Peopleareboundwithinrelationshipsbytwotypesofbonds:expressivetiesandinstrumentalties.Expressivetiesaresociallinksformedwhenweemotionallyinvestourselvesinandcommitourselvestootherpeople.Throughassociationwithpeoplewhoaremeaningfultous,weachieveasenseofsecurity,love,acceptance,companionship,andalworth.Instrumentaltiesaresociallinksformedwhenwecooperatewithotherpeopletoachievesomegoal.Occasionally,thismaymeanworkingwithinsteadofagainstcompetitors.Moreoften,wesimplycooperatewithotherstoreachsomeendwithoutendowingtherelationshipwithanylargersignificance.ThewordendowinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutinstrumentaltiesfromtheauthor'smentionofworkingwithcompetitorsinparagraph2?InstrumentaltiescandevelopeveninsituationsinwhichpeoplewouldnormallynotInstrumentaltiesrequireasmuchemotionalinvestmentasexpressiveInstrumentaltiesshouldbeexpectedtobeParagraph3:Sociologistshavebuiltonthedistinctionbetweenexpressiveandinstrumentaltiestodistinguishbetweentwotypesofgroups:primaryandsecondary.Aprimarygroupinvolvestwoormorepeoplewhoenjoyadirect,intimate,cohesiverelationshipwithoneanother.Expressivetiespredominateinprimarygroups;weviewthepeopleasendsinthemselvesandvaluableintheirownright.Asecondarygroupentailstwoormorepeoplewhoareinvolvedinanimalrelationshipandhavecometogetherforaspecific,practicalpurpose.Instrumentaltiespredominateinsecondarygroups;weperceivepeopleasmeanstoendsratherthanasendsintheirownright.Sometimesprimarygrouprelationshipsevolveoutofsecondarygrouprelationships.Thishappensinmanyworksettings.Peopleonthejoboftendevelopcloserelationshipswithcoworkersastheycometosharegripes,jokes,gossip,andsatisfactions.Accordingtoparagraph3,whatdosociologistsseeasthemaindifferencebetweenprimaryandsecondarygroups?Primarygroupsconsistofpeopleworkingtogether,whilesecondarygroupsexistoutsideofworksettings.Inprimarygroupspeopleareseenasmeans,whileinsecondarygroupspeopleareseenasPrimarygroupsinvolvealrelationships,whilesecondarygroupsaremainlypracticalinpurpose.Primarygroupsaregenerallysmall,whilesecondarygroupsoftencontainmorethantwoWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromtheauthor'sclaiminparagraph3thatprimarygrouprelationshipssometimesevolveoutofsecondarygrouprelationships?SecondarygrouprelationshipsbeginbybeingprimarygroupAsecondarygrouprelationshipthatishighlyvisiblequickly esaprimarygroupSociologistsbelievethatonlyprimarygrouprelationshipsareimportanttoEveninsecondarygroups,frequentcommunicationservestobringpeopleintocloseParagraph4:Anumberofconditionsenhancethelikelihoodthatprimarygroupswillarise.First,groupsizeisimportant.Wefinditdifficulttogettoknowpeopleallywhentheyaremillingaboutanddispersedinlargegroups.Insmallgroupswehaveabetterchancetoinitiatecontactandestablishrapportwiththem.Second,face-to-facecontactallowsustosizeupothers.Seeingandtalkingwithoneanotherinclosephysicalproximitymakespossibleasubtleexchangeofideasandfeelings.Andthird,theprobabilitythatwewilldevelopprimarygroupbondsincreasesaswehavefrequentandcontinuouscontact.OurtieswithpeopleoftendeepenasweinctwiththemacrosstimeandgraduallyevolveinterlockinghabitsandThephrase“sizeup”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningParagraph5:Primarygroupsarefundamentaltousandtosociety.First,primarygroupsarecriticaltothesocializationprocess.Withinthem,infantsandchildrenareintroducedtothewaysoftheirsociety.Suchgroupsarethebreedinggroundsinwhichweacquirethenormsandvaluesthatequipusforsociallife.Sociologistsviewprimarygroupsasbridgesbetweenindividualsandthelargersocietybecausetheytransmit,mediate,andinterpretasociety'sculturalpatternsandprovidethesenseofonenesssocriticalforsocialsolidarity.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.Sociologiststhinkthatculturalpatternsestablishconnectionsbetweentheindividualandthelargersociety.Sociologistsbelievethatindividualswithasenseofonenessbridgethegapbetweensocietyandprimarygroups.Sociologiststhinkprimarygroupscontributetosocialsolidaritybecausetheyhelpmaintainasociety'sculturalpatterns.Sociologistsbelievethattheculturalpatternsthatprovidesocialsolidarityariseasbridgesfromprimarygroups.ThispassageisdevelopedprimarilydrawingcomparisonsbetweentheoryandpresentingtwoopposingdefiningimportantconceptsandprovidingexamplesofdiscussingcausesandtheirParagraph7:Third,primarygroupsarefundamentalbecausetheyserveaspowerfulinstrumentsforsocialcontrol.Theirmemberscommandanddispensemanyoftherewardsthataresovitaltousandthatmakeourlivesseemworthwhile.Shouldtheuseofrewardsfail,memberscanfrequentlywinbyrejectingorthreateningtoostracizethosewhodeviatefromtheprimarygroup'snorms.Forinstance,somesocialgroupsemployshunning(acanremaininthecommunity,butothersareforbiddentoinctwiththe)asadevicetobringintolineindividualswhosebehaviorgoesbeyondthatallowedbytheparticulargroup.Evenmoreimportant,primarygroupsdefinesocialrealityforusbystructuringourexperiences.Byprovidinguswithdefinitionsofsituations,theyelicitfromourbehaviorthatconformstogroup-devisedmeanings.Primarygroups,then,servebothascarriersofsocialnormsandasenrsofthem.Theword“deviate”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph7,whywouldasocialgroupuseToenpracticeofthekindsofbehavioracceptabletotheTocommendandrewardthebehavioroftheothermembersoftheTodecidewhichbehavioralnormsshouldbepassedontothenextParagraph6:Second,primarygroupsarefundamentalbecausetheyprovidethesettingsinwhichwemeetmostofouralneeds.■Withinthem,weexperiencecompanionship,love,security,andanoverallsenseofwell-being.■Notsurprisingly,sociologistsfindthatthestrengthofagroup'sprimarytieshasimplicationsforthegroup'sfunctioning.■Forexample,thestrongertheprimarygrouptiesofasportsteamyingtogether,thebettertheirrecordis.■Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Peoplewhodonotlivealone,forexample,tendtomakehealthierlifechoicesanddevelopfewerpathologiesthanpeoplewholivebythemselves.WherewouldthesentencebestDirections:Completethetablebelowbyselectingthreeanswerchoicesthatcharacteristicsofprimarygroupsandtwoanswerchoicesthatarecharacteristicsofsecondarygroups.Thisquestionisworth3points.PrimaryProvidingmeaningforlifeSecondaryGroupspeopleasameanstoanExistingforpracticalpurposesAnswerChoicesExperiencingpressurefromoutsideViewingpeopleasameanstoanExistingforpracticalProvidingmeaningforlifeInvolvingclose..10.11.12.○PrimaryGroups:Develosociallyacceptablebehavior;Providingmeaningforlifesituations;InvolvingcloserelationshipsSecondaryGroups:Viewingpeopleasameanstoanend;Existingforpractical第一題，B，詞匯題。題干：文中的“complex”與哪一個(gè)含義最接近？“complex”：復(fù)雜的，復(fù)合的。選項(xiàng)：A.脆弱的，易損壞的；精美的，精細(xì)的；B.詳盡而復(fù)雜的；精心制作的；C.私人的，個(gè)人的；隱蔽的；D.普通的，常見的；共同的。正確的？根據(jù)“arelationship做定位至最后一句，注意relationships不能做關(guān)鍵詞，因?yàn)槎啻沃貜?fù)出現(xiàn)。Whenanassociationcontinueslongenoughfortwopeopletoelinkedtogetherbyarelativelystablesetofexpectations,itiscalledademand aresociallinksformedwhenwecooperatewithotherpeopletoachievesomegoal.Occasionally,thismaymeanworkingwithinsteadofagainstcompetitors.工具紐帶是我們競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。A選項(xiàng)說(shuō)的通常不合作的人也可能形成工具紐帶與此相符。到第一句：Sociologistshavebuiltonthedistinctionbetweenexpressiveandinstrumentaltiestodistinguishbetweentwotypesofgroupsprimaryandsecondary.得不出具體答案。分別以primarygroup和secondarygroup做定位至第二句和第四句：Aprimarygroupinvolvestwoormorepeoplewhoenjoyadirectintimatecohesiverelationshipwithoneanother….Asecondarygroupentailstwoormorepeoplewhoareinvolvedinanimalrelationshipandhavecometogetherforaspecific,practicalpurpose.分別說(shuō)了group，primary的是比較親密的，secondary是因?yàn)槭孪饶撤N共同的目的才形成的，所以答案是C。關(guān)系能推測(cè)出什么？以“evolveoutof”做定位至倒數(shù)第三句：Sometimesprimarygrouprelationshipsevolveoutofsecondarygrouprelationships.但這句話只是題干內(nèi)容的重復(fù)，得不出答案。往后看：Thishappensinmanyworksettings.Peopleonthejoboftendevelopcloserelationshipswithcoworkersastheycometosharegripes,jokes,變primary的一個(gè)例子，所以正確答案是D。第七題，B，詞匯題。題干：文中的“sizeup”與哪一個(gè)含義最接近？“sizeup”：判斷，估計(jì)。選項(xiàng)：A.擴(kuò)大；放大（）；詳述（on）；B.評(píng)價(jià)，估計(jì)；C.給留下印象，使銘記；D.接受。andthelargersocietybecausetheytransmit,mediate,andinterpretasociety'sculturalsociologistprimarygroup看成什么，因?yàn)槭裁?。只有C在結(jié)構(gòu)和主要信息上相符：社會(huì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為主要群組能帶來(lái)社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定因?yàn)樗鼈冇兄诰S持社會(huì)的文化模式。A主要在說(shuō)“culturalpatterns”，而且缺失主要信息，錯(cuò)；BD分別說(shuō)的是“individualswithasenseofonenessculturalpatterns”，其余部分說(shuō)的也不對(duì)，還都缺失了原句很重要的because部分，所以都是錯(cuò)的。第三段說(shuō)到兩種群組：primarygroupssecondarygroupsprimarygroupsprimarygroups的重要性。A的理論和實(shí)踐原文完全沒(méi)說(shuō)；B的不是強(qiáng)調(diào)它們的對(duì)立；D的因果是原文完全沒(méi)說(shuō)的。作者定義了兩個(gè)grouptie，所以C說(shuō)定義概念是對(duì)的，而且作者在定義概念之后都有解釋，所以C正確。第十題，D，詞匯題。題干：文中的“deviate”與哪一個(gè)含義最接近？“deviate”：背離，偏離。選項(xiàng)：A.貶低，減損（某事物的價(jià)值或重要性）；B.向前，前進(jìn)；提出；促進(jìn)，取得進(jìn)展；提高，增加；C.選擇，挑選；D.走開，離開；脫離，背離。“shunning”做定位至第四句：Forinstance,somesocialgroupsemployshunning(acanremaininthecommunity,butothersareforbiddentoinctwiththe)asadevicetobringintolineindividualswhosebehaviorgoesbeyondthatallowedbytheparticularlineforexample，說(shuō)明本句是上句的例子：Shouldtheuseofrewardsfail,memberscanfrequentlywinbyrejectingorthreateningtoostracizethosewhodeviatefromtheprimarygroup'snorms.說(shuō)如果不行，我們就排斥那些不守規(guī)矩的人，所以一切都是為了強(qiáng)化規(guī)則，答案是A。作出更健康的生活選擇并更少的患有疾病。根據(jù)連詞“forexample”和名詞“healthierlifechoices/fewerpathologies”，推測(cè)前后文，可以確定的是前文一定是說(shuō)不獨(dú)自生活的好處，或者獨(dú)自生活的壞處，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)B前一句話中的“senseofwell-being”與“healthierlifechoices/fewerpathologies”的同義替換，并且遵循觀點(diǎn)+論據(jù)的結(jié)構(gòu)，所以答案是B。第十三題，AFG、DE，圖表題。文章的第四到七段都是在講primary，第二和第三段講了primarysecondaryprimarysecondary，所以順序性還是有的。第三段的四五兩句分別對(duì)應(yīng)existing和viewing兩個(gè)答案，所以這兩個(gè)答案屬于案，最后一段的第三句和第四句對(duì)應(yīng)develo選項(xiàng)?？梢粤粼谌后w中，但其他成員與其交流，從而將特定群體中逾矩的慢慢同化TPO13-1-2原文：BiologicalSurvivalandsuccessfulreproductionusuallyrequiretheactivitiesofanimalstobecoordinatedwithpredictableeventsaroundthem.Consequently,thetimingandrhythmsofbiologicalfunctionsmustcloselymatchperiodiceventslikethesolarday,thetides,thelunarcycle,andtheseasons.Therelationsbetweenanimalactivityandtheseperiods,particularlyforthedailyrhythms,havebeenofsuchinterestandimportancethatahugeamountofworkhasbeendoneonthemandthespecialresearchfieldofchronobiologyhasemerged.Normally,theconstantlychanginglevelsofananimal'sactivity—slee,feeding,moving,reproducing,metabolizing,andproducingenzymesandhormones,forexample—arewellcoordinatedwithenvironmentalrhythms,butthekeyquestioniswhethertheanimal'sscheduleisdrivenbyexternalcues,suchassunriseorsunset,orisinsteaddependentsomehowoninternaltimersthatthemselvesgeneratetheobservedbiologicalrhythms.Almostuniversally,biologistsaccepttheideathatalleukaryotes(acategorythatincludesmostorganismsexceptbacteriaandcertainalgae)haveinternalclocks.Byisolatingorganismscompleyfromexternalperiodiccues,biologistslearnedthatorganismshaveinternalclocks.Forinstance,apparentlynormaldailyperiodsofbiologicalactivityweremaintainedforaboutaweekbythefungusNeurosporawhenitwasintentionallyisolatedfromallgeophysicaltimingcueswhileorbitinginaspaceshuttle.ThecontinuationofbiologicalrhythmsinanorganismwithoutexternalcuesatteststoitshavinganinternalWhencrayfisharekeptcontinuouslyinthedark,evenforfourtofivemonths,theircompoundeyescontinuetoadjustonadailyschedulefordaytimeandnighttimevision.Horseshoecrabskeptinthedarkcontinuouslyforayearwerefoundtomaintainapersistentrhythmofbrainactivitythatsimilarlyadaptstheireyesonadailyscheduleforbrightorforweaklight.Likealmostalldailycyclesofanimalsdeprivedofenvironmentalcues,thosemeasuredforthehorseshoecrabsintheseconditionswerenotexactly24hours.Sucharhythmwhoseperiodisapproximay—butnotexactly—adayiscalledcircadian.Fordifferentindividualhorseshoecrabs,thecircadianperiodrangedfrom22.2to25.5hours.Aparticularanimaltypicallymaintainsitsowncharacteristiccycledurationwithgreatprecisionformanydays.Indeed,stabilityofthebiologicalclock'speriodisoneofitsmajorfeatures,evenwhentheorganism'senvironmentissubjectedtoconsiderablechangesinfactors,suchastemperature,thatwouldbeexpectedtoaffectbiologicalactivitystrongly.Furtherevidenceforpersistentinternalrhythmsappearswhentheusualexternalcyclesareshifted—eitherexperimentallyorbyrapideast-westtravelovergreatdistances.Typically,theanimal'sdailyinternallygeneratedcycleofactivitycontinueswithoutchange.Asaresult,itsactivitiesareshiftedrelativetotheexternalcycleofthenewenvironment.Thedisorientingeffectsofthismismatchbetweenexternaltimecuesandinternalschedulesmaypersist,likeourjetlag,forseveraldaysorweeksuntilcertaincuessuchasthedaylight/darknesscycleresettheorganism'sclocktosynchronizewiththedailyrhythmofthenewenvironment.Animalsneednaturalperiodicsignalslikesunrisetomaintainacyclewhoseperiodisprecisely24hours.Suchanexternalcuenotonlycoordinatesananimal'sdailyrhythmswithparticularfeaturesofthelocalsolardaybutalso—becauseitnormallydoessodayafterday-seemstokeeptheinternalclock'speriodclosetothatofEarth'srotation.Yetdespitethissynchronizationoftheperiodoftheinternalcycle,theanimal'stimeritselfcontinuestohaveitsowngeneticallybuilt-inperiodcloseto,butdifferentfrom,24hours.Withouttheexternalcue,thedifferenceaccumulatesandsotheinternallyregulatedactivitiesofthebiologicaldaydriftcontinuously,likethetides,inrelationtothesolarday.Thisdrifthasbeenstudiedextensivelyinmanyanimalsandinbiologicalactivitiesrangingfromthehatchingoffruitflyeggstowheelrunningbysquirrels.Lighthasapredominatinginfluenceinsettingtheclock.Evenafifteen-minuteburstoflightinotherwisesustaineddarknesscanresetananimal'scircadianrhythm.Normally,internalrhythmsarekeptinstepbyregularenvironmentalcycles.Forinstance,ifahomingpigeonistonavigatewithitsSuncompass,itsclockmustbeproperlysetbycuesprovidedbythedaylight/darknesscycle.Paragraph1:Survivalandsuccessfulreproductionusuallyrequiretheactivitiesofanimalstobecoordinatedwithpredictableeventsaroundthem.Consequently,thetimingandrhythmsofbiologicalfunctionsmustcloselymatchperiodiceventslikethesolarday,thetides,thelunarcycle,andtheseasons.Therelationsbetweenanimalactivityandtheseperiods,particularlyforthedailyrhythms,havebeenofsuchinterestandimportancethatahugeamountofworkhasbeendoneonthemandthespecialresearchfieldofchronobiologyhasemerged.Normally,theconstantlychanginglevelsofananimal'sactivity—slee,feeding,moving,reproducing,metabolizing,andproducingenzymesandhormones,forexample—arewellcoordinatedwithenvironmentalrhythms,butthekeyquestioniswhethertheanimal'sscheduleisdrivenbyexternalcues,suchassunriseorsunset,orisinsteaddependentsomehowoninternaltimersthatthemselvesgeneratetheobservedbiologicalrhythms.Almostuniversally,biologistsaccepttheideathatalleukaryotes(acategorythatincludesmostorganismsexceptbacteriaandcertainalgae)haveinternalclocks.Byisolatingorganismscompleyfromexternalperiodiccues,biologistslearnedthatorganismshaveinternalclocks.Forinstance,apparentlynormaldailyperiodsofbiologicalactivityweremaintainedforaboutaweekbythefungusNeurosporawhenitwasintentionallyisolatedfromallgeophysicaltimingcueswhileorbitinginaspaceshuttle.ThecontinuationofbiologicalrhythmsinanorganismwithoutexternalcuesatteststoitshavinganinternalTheword“Consequently”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningInparagraph1,theexperimentonthefungusNeurosporaismentionedtotheexistenceofweeklyperiodsofactivityaswellasdailythefindingofevidencethatorganismshaveinternaltheeffectofspaceontheinternalclocksoftheisolationofonepartofanorganism'scycleforAccordingtoparagraph1,allthefollowingaregenerallyassumedtobetrueItisimportantforanimals'dailyactivitiestobecoordinatedwithrecurringeventsintheirEukaryoteshaveinternalTherelationshipbetweenbiologicalfunctionandenvironmentalcyclesisatopicofintenseAnimals'dailyrhythmsaremoredependentonexternalcuesthanoninternalParagraph2:Whencrayfisharekeptcontinuouslyinthedark,evenforfourtofivemonths,theircompoundeyescontinuetoadjustonadailyschedulefordaytimeandnighttimevision.Horseshoecrabskeptinthedarkcontinuouslyforayearwerefoundtomaintainapersistentrhythmofbrainactivitythatsimilarlyadaptstheireyesonadailyscheduleforbrightorforweaklight.Likealmostalldailycyclesofanimalsdeprivedofenvironmentalcues,thosemeasuredforthehorseshoecrabsintheseconditionswerenotexactly24hours.Sucharhythmwhoseperiodisapproximay—butnotexactly—adayiscalledcircadian.Fordifferentindividualhorseshoecrabs,thecircadianperiodrangedfrom22.2to25.5hours.Aparticularanimaltypicallymaintainsitsowncharacteristiccycledurationwithgreatprecisionformanydays.Indeed,stabilityofthebiologicalclock'speriodisoneofitsmajorfeatures,evenwhentheorganism'senvironmentissubjectedtoconsiderablechangesinfactors,suchastemperature,thatwouldbeexpectedtoaffectbiologicalactivitystrongly.Furtherevidenceforpersistentinternalrhythmsappearswhentheusualexternalcyclesareshifted—eitherexperimentallyorbyrapideast-westtravelovergreatdistances.Typically,theanimal'sdailyinternallygeneratedcycleofactivitycontinueswithoutchange.Asaresult,itsactivitiesareshiftedrelativetotheexternalcycleofthenewenvironment.Thedisorientingeffectsofthismismatchbetweenexternaltimecuesandinternalschedulesmaypersist,likeourjetlag,forseveraldaysorweeksuntilcertaincuessuchasthedaylight/darknesscycleresettheorganism'sclocktosynchronizewiththedailyrhythmofthenewenvironment.Theword“persistent”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningWhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.Stability,afeatureofthebiologicalclock'speriod,dependsonchangeablefactorssuchAmajorfeatureofthebiologicalclockisthatitsperioddoesnotchangedespitesignificantchangesintheenvironment.Afactorsuchastemperatureisanimportantfeatureintheestablishmentofthebiologicalclock'speriod.BiologicalactivityisnotstronglyaffectedbychangesinAccordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthecircadianperiodsofanimalsdeprivedofenvironmentalcues?Theyhavethesamelengthasthedailyactivitycyclesofanimalsthatarenotdeprivedofsuchcues.TheycanvarysignificantlyfromdaytoTheyarenotthesameforallmembersofasingle elongeroverAccordingtoparagraph2,whatwillananimalexperiencewhenitsinternalrhythmsnolongercorrespondwiththedailycycleoftheenvironment?ChangeinperiodoftheinternalReversalofdayandnightactivitiesInparagraph2,theauthorprovidesevidencefortheroleofbiologicalclockslistingthedailyactivitiesofananimal'scycle:slee,feeding,moving,reproducing,metabolizing,andproducingenzymesandhormonesdescribingtheprocessofestablishingtheperiodofabiologicalpresentingcasesinwhichananimal'sdailyscheduleremainedstabledespitelackofenvironmentalcuescontrastinganimalswhosedailyschedulesfluctuatewiththoseofanimalswhoseschedulesareconstantTheworddurationinthepassageisclosestinmeaningInparagraph2,whydoestheauthormentionthattheperiodfordifferenthorseshoecrabsrangesfrom22.2to25.5hours?Toillustratethatananimal'sinternalclockseldomhasa24-hourToarguethatdifferenthorseshoecrabswillshiftfromdaytimetonighttimevisionatdifferenttimesToillustratetheapproximaterangeofthecircadianrhythmofallTosupporttheideathatexternalcuesaretheonlyfactorsaffectingananimal'sParagraph3:Animalsneednaturalperiodicsignalslikesunrisetomaintainacyclewhoseperiodisprecisely24hours.Suchanexternalcuenotonlycoordinatesananimal'sdailyrhythmswithparticularfeaturesofthelocalsolardaybutalso—becauseitnormallydoessodayafterday-seemstokeeptheinternalclock'speriodclosetothatofEarth'srotation.Yetdespitethissynchronizationoftheperiodoftheinternalcycle,theanimal'stimeritselfcontinuestohaveitsowngeneticallybuilt-inperiodcloseto,butdifferentfrom,24hours.Withouttheexternalcue,thedifferenceaccumulatesandsotheinternallyregulatedactivitiesofthebiologicaldaydriftcontinuously,likethetides,inrelationtothesolarday.Thisdrifthasbeenstudiedextensivelyinmanyanimalsandinbiologicalactivitiesrangingfromthehatchingoffruitflyeggstowheelrunningbysquirrels.Lighthasapredominatinginfluenceinsettingtheclock.Evenafifteen-minuteburstoflightinotherwisesustaineddarknesscanresetananimal