猶太文化的資料

猶太文化的資料第1頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)ContentsI.ABriefAccountofJewishHistoryII.JewishArtandLiteratureIII.JudaismandJewishFestivalsIV.AnIntroductiontoTheOldTestament第2頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)JewsTherewerearound13.1millionJewishpeopleintheworldin2007,mostresidingintheUSAandIsrael.第3頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)AlthoughJewscompriseonlyabout0.2%ofthehumanrace,Jewishinfluenceontheworldhasbeenvastfarmorethantheirnumberswouldindicate.

第4頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TheLandofIsrael

([‘izrei?l])

wasthebirthplaceoftheJewishpeople.Heretheirspiritual,religiousandpoliticalidentitywasshaped.第5頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)JewishHistoryJewishcultureisknownforitscontributiontoreligionANDtheirpersecutionthroughouthistory第6頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)第7頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)StarofDavidHexagram(twoequilateraltriangles)OnetrianglerepresentstherulingtribeofJudahTheothertheformerrulingtribeofBenjaminDaletandYud,thetwolettersassignedtoJudahThereare12Vavor“men”representingthe12tribesorpatriarchsofIsrael第8頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)WesternWall/“WailingWall”第9頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudyTextStudyI.ABriefAccountoftheJewishHistoryII.JewishArtandLiteratureIII.JudaismandJewishFestivalsIV.AnIntroductiontotheOldTestament第10頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTheFormation,DivisionandFallofIsraelFormation

before16thcenturyBCbelongedtoSemiticrace,anddescendedfromAbraham16thcenturyBCsettledinnorthEgypt.12thcenturyBCenteredCanaan1040BC–1012BCSaulbecamethefirstkingofIsrael第11頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)Thesearethe3majorreligionswhichtracetheirrootsbacktoAbraham:Judaism,['d?u:diliz?m],猶太教Christianity,基督教Islam,[‘izlɑ:m],伊斯蘭教第12頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)GodgaveAbrahamandhisfamilytheLandofCanaan(['kein?n],迦南)

asthePromisedLandwherehisdescendantsaresupposedtocreatethenationthat’sthemodelfortheworldPromisedland應(yīng)許之地，樂(lè)土第13頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_I_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasFormation

David,kingofIsrael,declaredthefoundingofaunifiedIsraelcountryandmadeJerusalemthecapital.1012BC

–972BC972BC

–932BCSolomonbecamethekingofIsraelandbuiltimperialpalacesandcelestialtemples.MainIdeas第14頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)the

threepatriarchs[‘peitriɑ:k],家長(zhǎng),

元老,

主教,猶太人祖先the

threepatriarchs:Abraham,亞伯拉罕Isaac,[‘a(chǎn)iz?k],以撒,亞伯拉罕之子Jacob,雅各布第15頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)Joseph,whoisrecognizedasafourthpatriarchbyChristiansisnotconsideredonebyJews.第16頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)Moses[‘m?uziz],摩西thenextmajorleaderHeledhispeopleoutofcaptivityinEgypt,andreceivedtheMosaicLaw（摩西律法書）fromG-d.第17頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TheoriginaltribalorganizationwasconvertedintoakingdombySamuel

(撒母耳，SamuelinHebrewmeans:heardofGod).ItsfirstkingwasSaul(掃羅王，SaulinHebrewmeans:askedfor).第18頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)Thesecondking,David,(大衛(wèi)王)

establishedJerusalemasthereligiousandpoliticalcenter.DavidinHebrewmeans:beloved第19頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)Heisknownbothasagreatfighterandasthe“sweetsingerofIsrael”,thesourceofpoemsandsongs.↑TheShepherdDavid,byElizabethGardner第20頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)Statueof

David第21頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)第22頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)([‘s?l?m?n],所羅門,970-928BCE)knownastheGreatOneorSolomontheGreatthebuilderoftheFirstHolyTempleinJerusalem([d??'ru:s?l?m])KingSolomon,Date:circa1854Solomon,thethirdking

第23頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TheTempleofSolomon所羅門神廟第24頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_I_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasDivision

Israeldividedintotwokingdoms:JudahandIsrael.932BC

–914BC722BCTheAssyrianKingsackedJerusalem(AssyrianCaptivity),andIsraelwasruined.Fall

586BCBabyloniaKingattackedJudah,andthenJudahandIsraelwerenon-existentasindependentcountries.MainIdeas第25頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)2.TheDivisionandFallofIsraelShortlyafterthedeathofSolomonin922BCE,thekingdomwasdividedintotheNorthernkingdomofIsrael

([‘izrei?l],以色列王國(guó))theSouthernkingdomofJudah(['d?u:d?],猶太王國(guó))第26頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)Twotribes,JudahandBenjamin,remainedwithRehoboamandformedtheJudeankingdom.Rehoboam

son

of

Solomon

wasking

inJudah.（羅波安）TheIsraelitesfromthiskingdombegantobecalledJews.第27頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)IsraelfelltoAssyria

([?'siri?],亞述)

in722BCEnumerousIsraelitesweresentintoexile.AssyrianGodNinip→←AssyrianForcedIsraelite

LaborCamp第28頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)BabylonianCaptivity巴比倫之囚:

JudahfelltotheBabyloniansin587BCEtheBabylonianKingNebuchadnezzar

tookJerusalemplundereditsetitonfiredestroyedSolomon’sTempletothefoundation------------------------------Nebuchadnezzar[.nebjuk?d‘nez?],巴比倫國(guó)王尼布甲尼撒第29頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)2.TheDivisionandFallofIsraelShortlyafterthedeathofSolomonin922BCE,thekingdomwasdividedintotheNorthernkingdomofIsrael

([‘izrei?l],以色列王國(guó))theSouthernkingdomofJudah(['d?u:d?],猶太王國(guó))第30頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_I_1.4TextStudyMainIdeasLateron,AlexandertheGreatofMacedoniawithhispowerfularmy,tookplaceofthePersianreign,whichledtoatemporaryperiodoffreedomfortheJews.ButitwasnottoolongbeforetheRomansarrived.TheJewscouldnotbeartheRomans’crueltyandsubsequentlyrevoltedagainstRomansasaprotestaboutthecrueltyofthelatter,whichcostagreatlossofJewishlives.Consequentlytheyhadtoleavetheirhomelandandwentonceandforallonacenturies-longDiaspora.Subsequently,Jews’footprintsspreadoveralmosteverycornerTheSufferingandDepartureoftheJewsMainIdeas第31頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_I_1.5TextStudyMainIdeasofEurope,yetfoundnosettlementinonecountryafteranotheralthoughtheydemonstratedtheirgreatcapabilitiesanddiligenceinwhatevertheywereengagedinorhappenedtododuringtheendlessexilesaroundtheMediterranean,fromcontinenttocontinent,countrytocountry,sufferingfromracialdiscrimination,persecutionandevengenocide.However,muchofJewishculturewassafeguardedandwellpreservedbyexiledJews.MainIdeas第32頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_I_1.1_popTextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas第33頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_I_1.2_pop1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas第34頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_I_1.2_pop2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas第35頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_I_1.2_pop3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas第36頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)Week5第37頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)Israelite['iz,ri?lait]

adj.以色列人的；猶太人的

n.以色列人；猶太人Diaspora

[da?‘?sp?r?]

大流散

Nebuchadnezzar

[,nebj?k?d'nez?]

尼布甲尼撒二世（古巴比倫王）第38頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)Diaspora---

themovementofthepopulationfromitsoriginalhomeland.第39頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)WailingWall,orWesternWall

LocatedinJerusalem,Israel57meterstall,closeto500meterslongBelievedbyJewstobethewesternwalloftheSecondTemple“PlaceofWeeping“asacredplaceforJewsandothers,

TheJewsoftenpray,sometimeswail,andsometimesslipprayerswrittenonpaperthroughthewall'swelcomingfissures第40頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TheSufferingandDepartureoftheJews

AlexandertheGreatofMacedoniatemporaryperiodoffreedom

theRomansarrivedJewrevolvedagainstcrueltyDiaspora.Leavetheirhomelandracialdiscrimination,persecutionandevengenocide.(種族滅絕）However,muchofJewishculturewassafeguardedandwellpreservedbyexiledJews第41頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)ThreeJewishdiasporahistoryback1.diaspora~thefirstprisonersofBabylonHebrewHebrewafterthedeathofKingSolomon,theKingdomoftheKingdomofIsraelsplitintotheKingdomofJudahKingdomandwaslaterdestroyedbytheAssyrianempire,inthe7thcenturyago,capturedbythenewBabylon,theBabylonoftheprisonersknownastheDiaspora.2.TheseconderaoftheGreekDiaspora~NewBabylonbythePersianEmpire,theJewsandruledbythePersians,toreturntoJerusalem,butinthe4thcenturyGreeceseizedJerusalem,causingthesecondlargestJewishdiaspora.第42頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)3.thethirdtimetwothousandyearsofDiasporaandDiaspora~ParkinthefalloftheRomanEmpireacenturyagoinJerusalem,theJewsmultipleresistance,whichbeganover2,000yearsthethirdlargestdiaspora.第43頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_I_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsTheBabylonianCaptivity巴比倫之囚:TheBabylonianCaptivityreferstothecaptivationandimprisonmentoftheJewsbyNebuchadnezzarII,thekingofBabylonia,in586BC,whohadconqueredthecityofJerusalem.Theeventhadfar-reachingimpactonthedevelopmentofJudaismandthelaterlaterhistoryofJewishculture.TheJewsreflectedontheirhumiliationsandfrustrationsthattheyhadundergoneandpreparedthemselvesspirituallyforthelaterrevivalofJewishpeopleasanationandculture.InterpretationofCulturalTerms第44頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_I_2.3TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsJerusalem

耶路撒冷（古代以色列都城）:Jerusalemintheeast-centralpartofIsraelintheWestBankisaholycitytoJews,Moslems,andChristians.Thehistoryofcitycanbedatedbackasfaras4000BC.OriginallyKingDavidsettledthere,makingitthecapitalin1000BC,butitwasdestroyedbyNebuchadnezzarin600BC.ItwaslaterruledsuccessivelybyGreeks,Romans,Persians,Arabs,EuropeanChristianCrusaders,andTurksandfinallybyGreatBritainunderaLeagueofNationsmandate.From1967,Israelitookcontrolofthecityasthecapital.InterpretationofCulturalTerms第45頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)

B.MosesandDavid C.JacobandDavid D.JacobandSolomonTextStudy_I_3.2TextStudyComprehensionExercisesMultipleChoicesA.DavidandSolomon(2)Inhistory,Israelitemonarchyprosperedwiththethreekings,Saul,____.ComprehensionExercises第46頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)A.585BC

C.1000AD

D.588BCTextStudy_I_3.3TextStudyComprehensionExercisesMultipleChoicesB.1000BC (3)Jerusalemwasestablishedasthecapitalin___.ComprehensionExercises第47頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)A.Greek B.Germanic

D.RomanTextStudy_I_3.5TextStudyComprehensionExercisesMultipleChoicesC.Hebrew(5)TheancestoroftheJewsis___.ComprehensionExercises第48頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudyJewishPhilosophersNameandPeriodCharacteraBiblicalbelieverIsaacIsraeli(850–950)aNeo-PlatonistemphasizesonpriorityofformandmatteroverthatofauniversalmindPhiloJudaeus斐洛(20BC–40AD)SaadiahGaon(882–942)holdingaphilosophicalviewofnaturalorderandcreatedworldSolomonIbnGabirol(1020–1057)MainIdeas斐洛薩阿底·高恩撒·以色利所羅門·加布里奧第49頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_II_1.3TextStudyrepresentativeofmodernphilosophywhoremovesallthepoliticalradicalideasfromJudaismHermannCohen赫爾曼·科恩

(1842–1918)emphasizestheethicalandrationalelementsofJudaismMartinBuber(1878–

1965)FranzRosenzweig(1886–

1929)triedtointroduceintoJudaismsomeexistentialistideasBaruchSpinoza(1632–1677)pan-theologicalphilosophyMainIdeas[spi‘n?uz?],斯賓諾莎(1632–1677)GermanJewishphilosophersometimesdescribedasthefirstmodernJewishphilosopher摩西·門德爾松赫曼·科羅馬爾赫爾曼·科恩魯克·斯賓諾莎第50頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)Jewishliterature猶太文學(xué)可分為三個(gè)時(shí)期早期文學(xué)包括經(jīng)典文學(xué)、歷史文學(xué)和《塔木德》文學(xué)經(jīng)典文學(xué)指《圣經(jīng)》文學(xué)歷史文學(xué)是公元前200~10年間的歷史著作，有《猶太戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)史》和《猶太古事記》《塔木德》是猶太教口傳律法總集，地位僅次于《圣經(jīng)》，是一部公元前一到公元五世紀(jì)的百科全書，由《密西拿》和《革馬拉》組成。第51頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)猶太啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)意第緒文學(xué)、希伯來(lái)文學(xué)第52頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_II_1.4TextStudyMainIdeasJewishLiteratureStageTypicalWriters&WorksTheEarlyLiterature(200BC–AD100)classical,historicalandTalmudliteraturesHistoryofJewishWars,JewishRecordsofAncientAffairs,TalmudMedievalLiterature(100–18thcentury)religious,rabbinicwriting,poetrywritingTheBookoftheRighteous,AntiquitiesbyJosephus,thecreationofComparativeLinguisticsbyJudahibnKunraishandIsaacibnBarun,thefirstcompleteHebrewgrammarbyIbnJanahofCordobaCharacterMainIdeas第53頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_II_1.5TextStudyMainIdeas1ststage2ndstageroundEurope,featuredwiththerevivalofJewishnationaldignityandcultureAhaardHaarmtheestablishmentofIsraelasamodernstatetwogiants:SholemAleyshem&YitskhekleybPeretqModernLiterature(18thcentury–Now)MainIdeas3ndstageestablishingaworld-widenationalliteratureYehudaAmichaiMoheShamirAsherBarash第54頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_II_1.6TextStudyMainIdeasJewishHeritageofVisualArtandMusicwallpaintinginsynagoguesandintheOldTestament

scenesb.sculptureandarchitectureinthestyleofneoclassicismandhistoricismc.JewishmusiccharacterizedbytheMi-SinaitunesinchantsMainIdeas第55頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_II_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsJewishEnlightenment(TheHaskalah)猶太啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng):

ItreferstoanintellectualmovementinEuropeinthelate18thcentury.ItencouragedJewstoborrowenlightenmentvalues,learnsecularknowledge,Hebrew,andJewishhistoryandassimilateintoEuropeansociety.ItultimatelyresultedinboththeReformandZionistmovements.InterpretationofCulturalTerms第56頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)threeNobleprizewinnersforliteratureSaulBellowIssacSingerSamuelAgnon第57頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_II_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsShmuelAgnon(1888–1970)薩繆爾?約瑟夫?阿格農(nóng):AnIsraeliwriterborninPoland.HewasadeptatwritingdramaticnovelsinHebrew.HisimportantworkisAGuestfortheNight(1939).Hesharedthe1966NobelPrizeforliteratureforhisnovelOnlyYesterday.InterpretationofCulturalTerms第58頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_II_2.3TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsJoseph

Pulitzer(1847–1911)約瑟夫?普利策:AfamousHungarian-bornAmericanjournalistandnewspaperpublisher.HerunnewspapersinSt.LouisandNewYorkCityandestablishedandendowedthePulitzerPrizes.InterpretationofCulturalTerms第59頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_II_2.4TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsSaulBellow(1996

–

2005)索爾·貝婁:ACanadian-bornAmericanwriter.HisimportantworksareTheDanglingMan(1944),Herzog(1967),andHumboldt’sGift(1975),expressingtheconcernabout“analienatedindividualwithinanindifferentsociety”.HewaswinneroftheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1976.InterpretationofCulturalTerms第60頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_II_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsIsaacBashevisSinger(1904–

1991)

艾薩克·甚圣維斯·辛格:

APolish-bornAmericanwriterwhowrotehisworksinYiddish.HepublishedthecollectionsGimpeltheFool(1957)andPassions(1975).In1978,hewontheNobelPrizeforliterature.InterpretationofCulturalTerms第61頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)P(yáng)ulitzerJoseph B.SaulBellow

D.HemingwayTextStudy_I_3.4TextStudyComprehensionExercisesMultipleChoicesC.Singer(4)___wontheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1978.ComprehensionExercises第62頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_II_3.1TextStudyComprehensionExercisesPleasematchthefollowingnamesofgreatphilosophersandwriterswiththeirachievements.(1)IsaacIsraeli(2)BaruchSpinoza(3)SholemAleyshem(4)IssacSinger(5)ShmuelAgnona.pan-theologicalphilosopherb.followerofNeo-platonismc.theNobelPrizewinnerforliteraturein1978d.theMarkTwainofJewse.theNobelPrizewinnerforliteraturein1966ComprehensionExercises第63頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_III_2.2InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyEzekiel

以西結(jié)（希伯來(lái)語(yǔ)、基督教中提到的圣徒、先知）：InJudaism,ChristianityandIslam,EzekielisacknowledgedasaHebrewprophet.InJudeo-Christianity,heisalsoviewedastheauthoroftheBookofEzekielthatrevealspropheciesregardingthedestructionofJerusalemandtheMilleniaTemple

visions.InterpretationofCulturalTerms第64頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_III_3.1ComprehensionExercisesTextStudyFillintheblanks.(1)(2)(3)isworshippedasthechiefgodofthecountryofIsrael.helpedJewishpeoplespreadthereligionofJudaismandfinallyconfirmeditduringtheBabylonianCaptivityandlaterperiod.ThecoreofJudaismisand.Jehovah_______Ezekiel_______Moses’TenCommandments_______________________therabbis’interpretationsoftheprophet’sdoctrines__________________________________________ComprehensionExercises第65頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_III_3.2ComprehensionExercisesFillintheblanks.(4)(5)TheSabbathbeginsfromandlaststo,whichwassetapartbyasaholyday,forandincommemorationofthecompletionof.TheJewishNewYeariscalled.thesunsetofFriday________________thesunsetofSaturday__________________Moses______rest___worship______thecreation__________RoshHashanah_____________ComprehensionExercises第66頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudy(1)WhatistheessenceofMoses’

TenCommandments?Frommoralperspective,whatdoyoulearnfromit？TheessenceofMoses’TenCommandmentsistoloveGod,andloveothers…(Openfordiscussion.)(2)PleaseintroducemajorJewishFestivals.Formoreinformation,pleaseconsultthefollowingwebsites:/wiki/Jewish_holiday.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israel/People/Jewish%20Festivals%20in%20IsraelThinkandDiscuss第67頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_IV_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyPartsBooksContentsTheOldTestament(39books)Pentateuch(5books)GenesisGod’screationoftheworldExodushowMosesledthepeopleofIsraeloutofEgyptinthe13thor14thcenturyLeviticusbookoflawsandproprietiesMainIdeas第68頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_IV_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyPartsBooksContentsNumbers

howJewsfoughtagainstCanaanitesandwonundertheleadershipofJosueDeuteronomythefinalteachingsofMosesMainIdeas第69頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_IV_1.3MainIdeasTextStudyPartsBooksContentsJewishstoriesfromtheconquestofCanaantotheircaptivityinBabylon(Josue,Judges,Samuel,theKings)

3principalprophetsand12minorprophets(Amos,Hosea,Isaias,Jeremiah,Ezekiel,Esdras,etc.)

Prophets(21books)

MainIdeastheFormerProphets

theLatterProphets第70頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_IV_1.4MainIdeasTextStudyPartsBooksContentshistoryoftheJewsafablewhichteachesIsraelitestopassGod’sknowledgetoforeignersastheirdutyHagiogra-pha&ApocryphaNehemias(13books)MainIdeasRuthJonah第71頁(yè)/共80頁(yè)TextStudy_IV_1.5MainIdeasTextStudyPartsBooksContentsJobaphilosophicalplayHagiogra-pha&ApocryphaNehemias(13books)Odes,Elegypo