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細節(jié)題:定位對比猜詞題:前后對照主旨題:Thesecondmajorcauseofthechangesinculturalthatwearewitnessingatthepresenttimeistheradicaltransformationoftheeconomicenvironmentinwhichculturalgoodsareproduced,distributedandconsumed,broughtaboutbywhatislooselyreferredtoas“globalization”.Thistermiswidelyusedinthecontemporarydiscoursetoidentifyaseriesofrelatedtrendsthatcanbeobservedineconomic,socialandgeopoliticalspheres.Essentially,globalizationcanbedefinedasthreephenomena:labobeteencountriesandregions;theemergenceofaglobalmarketceformanycommodities,withincreasedcommercialopportunitiesforbothnationalandtransnationalcompanies;andtheinternationalizationofcommunications,leadingto,amongotherthings,thetransmissionofculturalsymbolsandmessagesaroundtheworld.Therearebothtechnologicalandeconomiccausesunderlyingthesephenomena;thedigitalrevolution,theexplosionincomputationalpoweravailableacrossawiderangeofapplications,thegrowthoftheinternetandtheinventionofnewdevicesforcommunicationanddatatransmissionhavetogetherprovidedthetechnologicalimpetusforglobalization,whileitsoperationshavebeenenabledbyawidespreadacceptanceofneoliberaleconomicprinciplesasthebasisfornationalandinternational-making.Theeffectsofthesetrendsons,creativeworkers,commercialand havebeenprofound.Tobeginwith,ontheproductionsidenewcommunicationstechnologistshavefosterednewformsofculturalexpressionandopenedupnewavenuesforculturalexchange.Atthecuttingedge,sworkinginnewmediaareexperimentingwithinnovativemethodsformakingartandcommunicatingittoconsumers;thesedevelopmentscanbelikenedtoR&Dactivitiesinindustry,giventhattheeventualpayoff(inboth icandcommercialterms)isuncertainbutcouldbesubstantial.ManuelCaslshasobservedthatthisnewtechnologicalenvironmentcanbedescribedasculturalinsofarasitsdynamicsaredependenton"thecultureofinnovation,onthecultureofrisk,onthecultureofexpectationsand,ultimay,onthecultureofhopeinthefuture.businessoperations,throughimprovedinformationandmarketingservices,moreefficientmanagementsystems,andsoon.Forexample,museumsandgalleriesaredigitizingtheircollections,performinggroupsareadoptingelectronicticketing,newspapersarebeingmadeavailableon-line.Atthesametime,threatshaveemergedtotraditionalmodesofculturalproductionanddistribution,nowheremoreevidentthaninthemusicindustry,whereillegaldownloadsfromtheinternetcontinuetoaffecttherevenuestreamsofperformers,publishersandrecordcompanies.Thebesttitleforthepassageis TheCulturalCausesofTheEmergenceofWhichofthefollowingphenomenacloselyrelatedto“globalization”isNOTmentionedinthepassage?TheemergenceofaglobalmarketceformanyThetransmissionofculturalsymbolsandmessagesaroundtheOneofthecausesunderlyingtheglobalizationtrendsis themovementoflaborresourcesacrossthethesupportof-makersacrosstheWhichofthefollowingisTRUEabouttheeffectsofglobalizationonculturalTheeffectsofglobalizationon sandcreativeworkershavebeenmoreprofoundthanonculturalagenciesandinstitutions.MuseumsandgalleriescandisyandselltheirdigitizedDownloadsfromtheinternetcontinuetoaffecttherevenuestreamsofperformers,publishersandrecordcompanies.Thewordimpetusinparagraph1isclosestinmeaning TextFormanyenvironmentalists,allhumaninfluenceonthenetisbad.Manynaturalscientistsimplicitlysharethisoutlook.Thisisnotunscientific,butitcancreatetheimpressionthatgreensandenvironmentalscientistsareauthoritariantree-huggerswhovaluenatureabovepeople.Thatdoesn’tywellwithmainstreamsociety,astheapparentbacklashagainstclimatescienceEnvironmentalistsneedtofindanewstorytol.Likeitornot,wenowliveintheanthropocene(人類世)-anageinwhichhumansareperturbingmanyofthenet’snaturalsystemsfromthewatertotheacidityoftheoceansWecannotwishthatawaywemustrecognizeitandmanageoutimpacts.JohanRockstrom,headoftheStockholmEnvironmentInstituteinSweden,andcolleagueshavedistilledrecentresearchonhowEarthsystemworkintoalistofnine“netaryboundaries”thatwemuststaywithintolivesustainably.Itispreliminarywork,andmanywilldisagreewithwheretheboundariesareset.Butthepointistoofferanewwayofthinkingaboutourrelationshipwiththeenvironment-ascience-basedpicturethatacceptsacertainlevelofhumanimpactandevenallowsussomeroomtoexpand.Theresultisabreathoffreshairthoughwearealreadywellpastthreeoftheboundaries,wehaven’ttrashedtheceyet.ItisinthesamespiritthatwealsoprobethebasisforkeyclaimsintheInterernmentalPanelonClimateChange’s2007reportonclimateimpacts.ThisreporthasbeenmuchdiscussedsinceourrevelationsaboutitsunsubstantiatedstatementonmeltingHimalayanglaciers.Whyreturntothetopic?BecausethereisasensethattheIPCCsharesthesameanti-humanagendaand,asaresult,istoodangerousofunverifiednumbers.Whilethemajorityofthereportisassuredlyrigorous,thereisnoescathefactthatpartsofitmakeclaimsthatgobeyondtheForexample,thechapteronAfricaexaggeratesaclaimaboutcrashesinfarmyields,andalsohighlightsprojectionsofincreasedwaterstressinsomeregionswhileignoringprojectionsinthesamestudythatpointtoreducedwaterstressinotherAboveall,weneedadispassionateviewofthestateofthenetandourlikelyfutureimpactonit.Thereisnoroomforcomcency:Rockstrom’sysisshowsusthatwefacerealdangers,butexaggeratingourproblemsisnotthewaytosolveAsthe1stparagraphimplies,thereisbetweenenvironmentalistsandmainstreamsociety B.aC.aD.aWithinthenetaryboundaries,asRochstrom wehumanshavegonefarbeyondtheourhumanactivitiesareactuallymoderateinac

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