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千里之行,始于足下讓知識(shí)帶有溫度。第第2頁/共2頁精品文檔推薦對(duì)外漢語拼音教學(xué)(英文版)PUTONGHUA
1.PutonghuaisthecommonlanguageoftheHanethnicgroupinChina.It'sstandardChineselanguage.It'sMandarinandofficial.It'sbasedonBeijingphoneticsandthedialectofthenorthernChina.
2.TheChineselanguageisdividedintosevenmajordialects.Speakersofdifferentdialectsinsomecasescannotunderstandeachother,butdialectsareunifiedbythefactthattheyshareacommonscript.ThesevenChinesedialectsareNortherndialect,Wudialect,Xiangdialect,Gandialect,Mindialect,Hakka(spokeninnorthernGuangdongandotherprovinces)andCantonese.
3.Min,HakkaandCantonesearewidelyspokenamongoverseasChinesecommunities.InTaiwanaformofMindialectisused,thoughtheofficiallanguageisMandarin.MandarinisalsowidelyusedinSingapore,whereit'sknownasHuayu.CantoneseismainlyusedinHongkong,MacaoandGuangdongprovince.
4.TherearetwosysteminwrittenChinese.Oneissimplified,theotheristraditional.ThesimplifiedisusedinMainland.ThetraditionalisusedbyH.k.Macao,TaiwanandoverseasChinesecommunities.
Howdowelearnpinyinwell?
1.Todaywewilllearnpinyin.
2.Whatispinyin?PinyinisthemarkofphoneticnotationforChinesecharacters.It'smadeofthreeparts:initials,finalsandtones.
3.Forexample,p?nyīn,n?hǎo,xièxiè,zaìjìan
4.Afterlearnthreeparts,weshouldbeabletopronounceeverysingleword.
5.Howdowelearnpinyin?
Wedivideourpinyinclassinto10classes.
Inthefirstorsecondclass,firstlyrecognizeall(threeparts).Secondly,practicegroupbygroup.Thirdly,dosomeexercises.Steps:①帶讀②解釋③辦法④放棄
Mistakes:①發(fā)音部位②發(fā)音辦法③莫名其妙
ü的讀法:i→üFirst,trytopronounce"i",andthenyourtonguestayshere,graduallypurseyourlips.Tryityourself.
ü的標(biāo)調(diào)辦法:Whenyouseejqxyinitialgoeswithü,youcanseeu.
INITIALSANDFINALS
InitialSounds:(22)
TheseinitiallettershavethesamepronunciationasinEnglish:(f,l,m,s,(w),(y))?m--(asin"man")n--(asin"no")l--(asin"letter")
?f--(asin"from")s--(asin"student")w--(asin"woman")
Thefollowinginitiallettershaveslightdifferencesasnotedbelow.Ifthecommentcallsforastrongpuffofbreath,oldyouropenhandseveralinchesfromyourmouthandmakecertainthatyoucanactually"feel"thebreathasyoupronouncetheletter.
?p--(asin"pun"or"pop")note:useastrongpuffofbreath
?k--(asin"cop")note:useastrongpuffofbreath
?t--(asin"top")note:useastrongpuffofbreath
?b--(asin"bum")note:nopuffofbreath
?d--(asin"dung")note:nopuffofbreath
?g--(asin"good")note:nopuffofbreath
?h--(asin"hot")note:slightlymoreaspiratedthaninEnglishThefollowinginitiallettersarethemoredifficultforEnglishspeakers:
?z--(asin"friends")
?c--(asin"bits")
?s--(almostthesameasthepronounceof"s'inEnglish)
?zh--(asin"judge")
?ch--(asin"church",butwithastrongpuffofbreath)
?sh--(asin"shirt")
?r--(asin"run")
?j--(asin"jeep")
?q--(likethe"ch"in"cheese")
?x--(likethe"sh"in"sheep")
Final(Ending)Sounds:(39)
ThefinalsconnectwiththeIntitialsoundstocreatetheonesyllablewordsthatarethebasisoftheChineselanguage.
AlthoughallChinesewordsareonesyllable,theyareoftencombinedtocreatetermsmadefromseveralwords.
?-a(asinfather)
?-an(likethesoundsof"John"or"angry")
?-ang(likethesoundof"under"or"rang')
?-ai(asin"high")
?-ao(asin"how"or"out")
?-o(like"aw")
?-ou(likethe"ow"in"low"or"boat")
?-ong(likethe"ung"in"lung"withaslight"oo"sound)
?-e(soundslike"uh")
?-en(like"un"in"open")
?-eng(likethe"ung"in"lung")
?-ei(likealong"a"orthe"ei"in"eight")
?-er(likethe"er"in"herd")
?-i(likealong"e"orthe"i"in"machine"or"see")
?-ia(likeyain"yard")
?-ian(similarto"yen")
?-iang(-ifollowedbyang)
?-iao(likeyowin"yowl")
?-ie(likeyein"yes")
?-in(asin"bin")
?-ing(like"sing")
?-iong(imergedwithong)
?-iu(likeyoin"yoga")
?-u(likethe"oo"in"loop")
?-ua(ufollowedbya)
?-uai(likewiin"wild")
?-uan(ufollowedbyan)
?-uang(likewangin"twang")
?-uang(ufollowedbyeng,whichexistsonlywithzeroinitialasweng)
?-ui(similarto"way")
?-un(asin"fun")
?-uo(asin"war")
?-ü(First,trytopronounce"i",andthenyourtonguestayshere,graduallypurseyourlips.Tryityourself)
?-uan(üfollowedbyan,onlywithinitialsj,q,x)
?-ue/üe()
?-un(üwithn,likeFrenchune)
Rulesofspelling
1.Thefinalsofzhichishirizicisiare"i".
2.Asforfinalsbeginningwith"i"withoutinitials:
Ifthereisnoothervowel,justadd'y'tothebeginning:yī,yīn,yīng.
Ifthereisanothervowelorothervowels,remove'i'andadd'y'tothebeginning:ya(-ia);ye(-ie);yao(-iao);you(-iou);yang(-iang);yong(-iong)3.ASforfinalsbeginningwith'u'withoutinitials:
Ifthereisnoothervowel,justadd'w'tothebeginning:wu
Ifthereisanothervowelorothervowels,remove'u'and'w'tothebeginning:wa(-ua);wo(-uo);wan(-uan);wang(-uang);weng(-ueng);wai(-uai);wei(-uei);wen(-uen).
4.Whenyouseejqxyinitialgoeswithü,youcanseeu.Forexample,Ju;quan;xue;yu;yue;yuan;yun.
5.Tonemarksaremarkedonthevowels'aoeiuü'accordingtotheorder.Forexample,kāizhāo.Whenthetonemarkisonan'i',thedotonthe'i'shouldbeomitted.Forexample,jīn,tì,zhǐ.
ASforfinalsiuandui,wealwaysputthetonemarksonthelatter.Forexample,diūniúhuī
TONES
1.Definition
Chineseistonelanguage.BytonelanguageImeanthelanguageinwhicheverywordhasitsspecifictoneortones.
2.Importance
Tonescandistinguishmeanings.Differenttoneshavedifferentmeanings.Forexample,thetwopinyinhavethesameinitialandfinal.Theyaredifferentonlyintones.Forexample,mǎiandmài,māandmǎ.
mǎiisthethirdtoneandmeanstobuy.
màiisthefourthtoneandmeanstosell.
3.AvividillustrationofChinesetones.(pitchgraphofthe4tones)
Thetonemarks:motherYes?(notfound)Yes!What!
Inordertogiveyouabetterunderstanding,Iwillshareyouapitchgraphsothatyouwillknowwhatistonelikevividly.
55555
44
33
22
111
Thebiggerthenumber,thehigherthepitch.Thefirsttoneisnumber5.Thesecondtoneisfromnumber3tonumber5.Thethirdtoneisfromnumber2to1andthengoesfromnumber1tonumber2to4.Thefourth
toneisfromnumber5tonumber1.
4.Wheretoplacetonemarks?
Generally,putitonthemajorvowelofthe"final".Thenwhat'sthemajorvowels?It'sthatonethatappearsaheadaccordingtotheorder"aoeiuü".
Eg.mǎikāizhāoxièdōu
5.Theneutraltone/lighttone/toneless
Somewordshaveunstressedsyllableswhichonetonelessandthereforetheyarenotgiventonemarks.Eg....
6.Howdoweknowawordistheneutraltone?
①Structuralwordslikeparticlesarealsooftenunstressedandsimilarlyunmarked.Eg.de(的)le(了)ma(嗎)
②Whenweaddressothers,some
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