自考英語詞匯學(xué)重點(diǎn)及大題

自考英語詞匯學(xué)重點(diǎn)及大題LT第頁自考英語詞匯學(xué)00832重點(diǎn)及大題目錄Chapter1 1課文重點(diǎn) 1名詞解釋 4簡答題 4Chapter2 5課文重點(diǎn) 5名詞解釋 6簡答題 7分析題 7Chapter3 7課文重點(diǎn) 7名詞解釋 8簡答題 9分析題 9Chapter4 9課文重點(diǎn) 9名詞解釋 12簡答題 12分析題 13Chapter5 13課文重點(diǎn) 13名稱解釋 15簡答題 15分析題 16Chapter6 16課文重點(diǎn) 16名詞解釋 19簡答題 20分析題 21Chapter7 22課文重點(diǎn) 22名詞解釋 23簡答題 23分析題 23Chapter8 24課文重點(diǎn) 24名詞解釋 24簡答題 25分析題 25Chapter9 26課文重點(diǎn) 26名詞解釋 28簡答題 28分析題 29Chapter10 29課文重點(diǎn) 29名詞解釋 30簡答題 30局部試卷中的大題 312021-10 312021-04 32Chapter1課文重點(diǎn)1-Thedefinitionofawordcomprisesthefollowingpoints:(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage;(2)asoundunity;(3)aunitofmeaning;(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.1詞定義包括以下幾點(diǎn)：〔1〕一門語言中最小的自由形式;〔2〕一個聲音的統(tǒng)一體〔3〕一個意義單位;〔4〕在一個句子中獨(dú)立起作用的一個形式。詞是一門語言中具有一定的聲音、意義和句法功能的最小的自由形式。2-SoundandMeaning:symbolicconnectionisalmostalwaysarbitraryandconventional.Adogiscalledadognotbecausethesoundandthethreelettersthatmakeupthewordjustautomaticallysuggesttheanimalinquestion.2-聲音和意義：象征性聯(lián)系幾乎總是任意和約定成俗的，狗稱為狗不是因?yàn)檫@個聲音以及這三個字母在一起就能自動表示這種動物。3-OldEnglish,thespeechofthetimewasrepresentedverymuchmorefaithfullyinwritingthanitistoday.TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombination.3–古代英語，隨著語言的開展，聲音和形式之間的差異越來越大。產(chǎn)生這種差異的內(nèi)在原因是英語拼寫采用了拉丁字母，從而使英語中的每個音位并不能都用單獨(dú)的字母來表示，有些字母必須起雙重職能或組合在一起來表示一個音。Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.另一個原因是，發(fā)音比拼寫變化的快，在某些情況下，兩者產(chǎn)生了很大的差異。Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.第三個原因是，是由于早期抄寫僧所造成的一些差異。Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.最后一個原因是外來詞。外來詞是豐富了英語詞匯的重要途徑。5-Vocabulary:Allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary.Notonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Wealsouseittorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.Thegeneralestimateofthepresent-dayEnglishvocabularyisoveronemillionwords.5-詞匯：一門語言中所有的詞構(gòu)成該語言的詞匯?！霸~匯〞一詞具有多重含義。它不僅可以指一門語言的詞匯量，還可以指某一特制定時期的詞匯。我們還可以用該詞指稱某一方言的詞匯、某一本書的詞匯、某一學(xué)科的詞匯，甚至還可指某個人的詞匯量。英語是世界上高度興旺的語言之一，也是詞匯量最大、最豐富的語言之一。據(jù)初步統(tǒng)計，當(dāng)代英語詞匯量已達(dá)100多萬詞。6-Wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandnon-basicvocabularybyusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion,andintonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin.按使用頻率分，詞可以分為根本詞匯和非根本詞匯;按有無實(shí)義來分，詞可以分為實(shí)義詞和功能詞；按起源分，它又可分為本族語詞和外來語詞。7-Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.ThoughwordsofthebasicwordstockconstituteasmallpercentageoftheEnglishvocabulary,yetitisthemostimportantpartofit.Thesewordshaveobviouscharacteristics.7-一門語言的根本詞匯是長期積累下來的，是該語言的共核。雖然英語中的根本詞匯只占總詞匯量的一小局部，但卻是最重要的局部。根本詞匯具有以下明顯的特點(diǎn)。8-Allnationalcharacter.Wordsofthebasicwordstockdenotethemostcommonthingsandphenomenaoftheworldaroundus,whichareindispensabletoallthepeoplewhospeakthelanguage.Theyincludewordsrelatingtothefollowingrespects:Naturalphenomena/Humanbodyandrelations/Namesofplantsandanimals/Action,size,domain,state/Numerals,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions.全民性。根本詞匯指稱我們周圍世界最常見的食物和現(xiàn)象，是講這門語言的人們所必不可少的。根本詞匯包括以下幾個方面相關(guān)的詞：自然現(xiàn)象/人體和人們之間的關(guān)系/動、植物名稱/行為、尺寸、范疇，狀態(tài)/數(shù)詞、代詞、介詞、連詞等9-Stability.Wordsofthebasicwordstockhavebeeninuseforcenturies.-穩(wěn)定性。根本詞匯長期為人們所使用。10-Productivity.Wordsofthebasicwordstockaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords.Theycaneachbeusedalone,andatthesametimecanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.能產(chǎn)性。根本詞匯大多根詞或單音節(jié)詞。他們可以分別單獨(dú)使用，也可以和其他根源和詞綴一起構(gòu)成新詞。11-Polysemy.Wordsbelongingtothebasicwordstockoftenpossessmorethanonemeaningbecausemostofthemhaveundergonesemanticchangesinthecourseofuseandbecomepolysemous.多義詞。根本詞中的詞由于長期使用過程中產(chǎn)生了語義變化，単義變成了多義。12-Collocability.Manywordsofthebasicwordstockenterquiteanumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbialsayingsandthelike.–搭配性。根本詞匯中的許多詞形成了諸多固定的詞語，慣用用法，習(xí)語和諺語等。Words,voidofthestatedcharacteristics,donotbelongtothecommomcoreofthelanguage.theyincludethefollowing.不具備上述特點(diǎn)的詞不屬于改語言的共核，包括：13-Terminologyconsistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareas.術(shù)語。是指特定學(xué)科和表達(dá)領(lǐng)域所使用的專有名詞。14-Jargonreferstothespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselvessuchasinbusiness.-行話。是流行于藝術(shù)，科學(xué)，商業(yè)和其他職業(yè)內(nèi)部的專有名詞。15-Slangbelongstothesub-standardlanguage,acategorythatseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsincludinginformalonesavailabletoeveryoneandin-groupwordslikecant,jargon,andargot,allofwhichareassociatedwith,ormostavailableto,specificgroupsofthepopulation.-俚語屬非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語言，介于一般標(biāo)準(zhǔn)詞匯和團(tuán)體內(nèi)部用詞之間，如套語、行話和黑語，都在特定人群中流行。Slangiscreatedbychangingorextendingthemeaningofexistingwordsthoughsomeslangwordsarenewcoinagesaltogether.Slangiscolorful,blunt,expressiveandimpressive.俚語大多還是由現(xiàn)有詞匯語義的改變或引申，只有少數(shù)是自創(chuàng)的，俚語在表達(dá)上富有色彩，直接，表現(xiàn)力強(qiáng)，效果明顯。16-Argotgenerallyreferstothejargonofcriminals.黑話通常指罪犯的行話。17-Dialectalwordsarewordsusedonlybyspeakersofthedialectinquestion.-方言詞限于講方言的人所使用。18-Archaismsarewordsorformsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.古語詞是指過去曾經(jīng)廣泛使用而現(xiàn)在僅限于某些特殊用法的詞。19-Neologismsarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.-新詞語是指新創(chuàng)造的詞語或又產(chǎn)生新義的舊詞。20-Bynotion,wordscanbegroupedintocontentwordsandfunctionalwords.Contentwordsdenoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnotionalwords.Theyincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals,whichdenoteobjects,phenomena,action,quality,state,degree,quantity.20-詞匯可以根據(jù)有無實(shí)義分為實(shí)義詞和功能詞。實(shí)義詞表示明確的概念，它們包括名詞，動詞，形容詞，副詞和數(shù)詞，表示事物、現(xiàn)象、行動、物質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、程度、數(shù)量等。21-Functionalwordsdonothavenotionsoftheirown.Therefore,theyarealsocalledemptywords.Astheirchieffunctionistoexpresstherelationbetweennotions,therelationbetweenwordsaswellasbetweensentences,theyareknownasformwords.Prepositions,conjunctions,auxiliariesandarticlesbelongtothiscategory.21–功能詞本身不具有實(shí)義，因此又稱為虛詞。虛詞就是表示兩個實(shí)義之間的關(guān)系以及詞與詞之間、句子與句子之間的關(guān)系，也可稱為形式詞。虛詞有介詞，連詞，助動詞和冠詞。22-However,functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressioninEnglishonaveragethancontentwords.-然而在英語中，功能詞比實(shí)義詞起著更重要的作用。23-NativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybytheGermantribes;theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknownasAnglo-Saxonwords.英語本族語詞是公元5世紀(jì)由日耳曼部落盎格魯人、薩克遜人和朱特人帶入英國的，又稱盎格魯-薩克遜詞語。24-Apartfromthecharacteristicsmentionedofthebasicwordstock,incontrasttoborrowedwords,nativewordshavetwootherfeatures:除了上文提到的英語根本詞匯的共同特點(diǎn)外，與外來語詞相比，本族語詞還有另外兩個特點(diǎn)：(1)Neutralinstyle.Theyarenotstylisticallyspecific.Stylistically,nativeswordsareneitherformalnorinformalwhereasthewordsborrowedfromFrenchorLatinareliteraryandlearned,thusappropriateinformalstyle.文體上中性。文體上有什么特定的色彩。從文體上來講，本族語詞無所謂正式或者不正式，而來源于法語和拉丁語的外來詞富有文學(xué)色彩，為有學(xué)問人所用，使用的場合也較為正式。(2)Frequentinuse.Nativewordsaremostfrequentlyusedineverydayspeechandwriting.使用頻繁。本族語詞在日常口語和書面語中使用的最為頻繁。25-Wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodemEnglishvocabulary.TheEnglishlanguageisnotedfortheremarkablecomplexityandheterogeneityofitsvocabularybecauseofitsextensiveborrowings.來自其他語言的詞簡稱為外來詞或者借詞。英英語中源于其他主要語言的借詞有很多，據(jù)估計，現(xiàn)代英語詞匯有80%是借詞。由于廣泛地使用借詞，英語中的詞匯呈現(xiàn)極為復(fù)雜而不純的局面。26Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing,wecanbringtheloan-wordsunderfourclasses.1〕Denizens.DenizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowwellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.2〕Aliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.Thesewordsareimmediatelyrecognizableasforeigninorigin.3〕Translation-loans.WordsandexpressionsformedfromexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.Wordstranslatedaccordingtothemeaning.Wordstranslatedaccordingtothesound.4〕Semantic-loans.Wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform.Buttheirmeaningsareborrowed.Inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinthelanguage.-根據(jù)同化的程度和借詞的方式，可以把外來語詞歸為4類。同化詞是指早期從其他語言中借來現(xiàn)今已被英語通話了的詞。非同化詞是仍保存他們原來的發(fā)音和拼寫形式的詞。僅從發(fā)音和拼寫形式我們便可看出這些詞是外來詞.譯借詞，是利用母語現(xiàn)有的詞語但在構(gòu)詞模式上模仿了外語而構(gòu)成的詞。借義詞，只借義，不借形。換句話說，英語利用現(xiàn)有詞的形式賦予其新的外來語含義。名詞解釋1-vocabularyTheterm“vocabulary〞isusedindifferentsenses.Notonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.2–terminologyTerminologyconsistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmedicine:photoscanning,penicillin.3–jargonJargonreferstothespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselves.4–slangSlangbelongstothesub-standardlanguage,acategorythatseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwords(includinginformalonesavailabletoeveryone)andin-groupwords(likecant,jargon,andargot,allofwhichareassociatedwithspecificgroupsofthepopulation).5–archaismsArchaismsarewordsorformsthatwereonceincommonusebutnowarerestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.6–contentwordContentworddenoteclearnotionsincludingnouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals.7–nativewordNativewords,alsoknownasAnglo-Saxonwords,arewordboughttoBritaininthe5thcenturybytheGermanictribes.8–borrowedwordsWordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowedwords.9–semanticloansWordswhosemeaningsareborrowedandwhoseformsarenotborrowed.簡答題1–Explaintherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningwithexamples.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning,andtheconnectionsbetweenthemarearbitraryandconventional.Inotherwords,aclusterofsoundsreferstosomethingbecausethespeakersofthelanguagehaveagreedtodoso.Forexample,differentlanguagesusedifferentsoundstorefertothesamething,婦女inChinesebecomeswomeninEnglish.Inthesamelanguagethesamesoundcouldexpressdifferentthings,sunandson,nightandknight.2–HowdoyouclassifyEnglishwords?Englishwordscanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteriaandfordifferentpurposes.Wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandthenon-basicvocabularybyusefrequency,contentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion,andnativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin.3–Wordsofthebasicwordstockdenotethemostcommonthingsandthephenomenaoftheworldaroundus.Illustratewithexamplestherespectsthewordsrelatingto.Wordsofthebasicwordstockareusuallyrelatedtothefollowingrespects:(1)naturalphenomena:rain,snow,fire,water,sun,moon,etc.(2)Humanbodyandrelations:head,foot,hand,father,brother,etc.(3)Namesofplantsandanimals:pine,grass,tree,sheep,cat,dog,etc.(4)Action,size,domain,state:come,go,good,young,cold,black,etc.(5)Numerals,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions:one,you,etc.4–Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenbasicwordstockandnon-basicvocabulary?Basicwordstockpossessesfiveobviouscharacteristics,butnon-basicvocabularydoesn’t.Basicwordstockformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage,whereasnon-basicvocabularydoesn’tbelongtothecommoncoreofthelanguage.5–Whyshouldwesaythattheallnationalcharacteristhemostimportantoftheallfeaturesamongthefive?Notallthewordsofthebasicwordstockhavethefivecharacteristics.Takepronounsandnumeralsforexample,theyenjoynation-wideuseandstability,butaresemanticallymonosemousandhavelimitedproductivityandcollocability.Therefore‘a(chǎn)llnationalcharacter’isthemostimportantofallfeaturesthatmaydifferentiatewordofcommonusefromallothers.6–Whatareneologisms?Giveoneexampletoillustrateit.Neologismsarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings,foeexampleAIDS,Internet.7–Whatisthedifferencebetweencontentwordsandfunctionalwords?

Contentwordsdenoteclearnotions,e.g.objects,phenomena,action,quality,state,degree,quantity,etc.functionalwordsareemptywordsorformwords,whosechieffunctionistoexpresstherelationbetweennotions,therelationbetweenwordsaswellasbetweensentences.Functionalwordsdonothavenotionsoftheirown.8–HowdoyouaccountfortheroleofnativewordsinEnglishinrelationtoloan-words?Incontrasttoborrowedwords,whichcomefromotherlanguages,nativewordsofEnglishformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage.9–Whydowesay“Englishisaheavyborrower〞?Pleasejustifyit.Englishowes80%ofitsvocabularytootherlanguages.Infact,theEnglishvocabularycontainswordsformallthemajorlanguagesoftheworld.Nootherlanguageoftheworldhasborrowedsoheavily.Therefore,thename“heavyborrower〞isappropriate.10–groupthefollowingwordsandtelltheirorigins.FromChines:tea,ketchup,kowtow,kungfu;FromLatin:cook,port,wine,a.m.,p.m.,i.e.,colony;FromFrench:commence,fraternal〔兄弟般的〕,pork,blackhumor,barber〔理發(fā)師〕,mutton;FromGerman:surplusvalue(剩余價值),masterpiece;FromItalian:intermezzo〔間奏曲〕;FromOldNorse〔古挪威語〕:shift,shirt.11–Supplytwoexamplestoillustratethattheinfluxofborrowinghascausedsomewordstochangeinmeaning.Pig/pork,sheep/mutton.InOldEnglish,animalsandtheirmeatsharedthesamename.WiththeNormanConquestandtheborrowingofcorrespondingFrenchwords,theEnglishwordswerekeptonlyforliveanimalsandtheFrenchwordsfortheanimalskilledandbroughttothetable.Chapter2課文重點(diǎn)1-Itisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000(someputit5,000)languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar.-據(jù)估計，世界上約有3000多種〔有人認(rèn)為5000種〕語言，這些語言可以根據(jù)他們的根本詞匯和語法的相似性大致劃分為300個譜系。2-TheIndo-Europeanisoneofthem.ItismadeupofmostofthelanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.-印歐語就是其中之一。該語系包括歐洲的大多數(shù)語言、近東諸語言和古梵語。3-Theyaccordinglyfallintoeightprincipalgroups,whichcanbegroupedintoanEasternset:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,ArmenianandAlbanian;aWesternset:Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic.-這些語族相應(yīng)地分為8大語族，這8大語族又可分為東部諸語族。東部諸語族有波羅的海-斯拉夫語族，印度-伊朗語族，亞美尼亞-阿爾巴尼亞語族;西部諸語族有凱爾特語族，意大利語族，希臘語族，日耳曼語族。4-IntheEasternset,ArmenianandAlbanianareeachtheonlymodernlanguagerespectively.TheBalto-SlaviccomprisessuchmodernlanguagesasPrussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,Bulgarian,SlovenianandRussian.-在東部諸語族中，亞美尼亞-阿爾巴尼亞語族都只留下今天的亞美尼亞語和阿爾巴尼亞語。波羅的海-斯拉夫語族包括普魯士語，立陶宛語，波蘭語，捷克語，保加利亞語，斯洛文尼亞語和俄語等。5-IntheIndo-IranianwehavePersian,Bengali,Hindi,Romany,3thelastthreeofwhicharederivedfromthedeadlanguageSanskrit.-印度-伊朗語族語族波斯語。孟加拉國語，印地語，普吉賽語，后3門語言來源于已經(jīng)消亡的古梵語。6-IntheWesternset,GreekisthemodernlanguagederivedfromHellenic.-在西部諸語族中，現(xiàn)代希臘語來源于古希臘語族。7-TheGermanicfamilyconsistsofthefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages:Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,whicharegenerallyknownasScandinavianlanguages.ThenthereisGerman,Dutch,FlemishandEnglish.7-日耳曼語族包括4門北歐語言：挪威語，冰島語，丹麥語和瑞典語，這4門語言統(tǒng)稱為斯堪的納維亞語。其次是德語，荷蘭語，佛蘭芒語和英語。8-OldEnglish(450-1150)Anglo-SaxonasOldEnglish.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.8盎格魯-撒克遜語被稱為古英語。古英語約有50000至60000詞匯。而且也如現(xiàn)代德語一樣是一門典型的屈折語。9-MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)-中古英語〔1150年至1500年〕AlthoughtherewereborrowingsfromLatin,theinfluenceonEnglishwasmainlyGermanic.Between1250and1500about9000wordsofFrenchoriginpouredintoEnglish.Seventy-fivepercentofthemarestillinusetoday.Wecanfindwordsrelatingtoeveryaspectofhumansociety.IfwesaythatOldEnglishwasalanguageoffullendings.MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledendings.9-雖然英語也從拉丁語中借詞，但影響英語的主要還是日耳曼語。從1250年到1500年的250年間，大約有9000個法語詞匯進(jìn)入到英語中，其中75%仍在使用。這些詞與人類社會的各個方面都有關(guān)系。如果說古英語近視此為的話，那么中古英語的詞尾已去了一半。10-ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow)ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland.Early(1500-1700)andLate(1700-uptothepresent)ModernEnglish.IntheearlyperiodofModernEnglish,EuropesawanewupsurgeoflearningancientGreekandRomanclassics.ThisisknowninhistoryastheRenaissance.在早期現(xiàn)代英語階段，歐洲掀起了學(xué)習(xí)希臘和羅馬的古典著作的運(yùn)動。這場運(yùn)動史稱文藝復(fù)興。LatinandGreekwererecognizedasthelanguagesoftheWesternworld’sgreatliteraryheritageandofgreatscholarship.當(dāng)時拉丁語和希臘語被認(rèn)為是代表西方世界燦爛文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)的語言，是學(xué)術(shù)語言。Infact,morethantwenty-fivepercentofmodernEnglishwordscomealmostdirectlyfromclassicallanguages.事實(shí)上，現(xiàn)代英語詞匯中有25%以上幾乎是直接從古典語言中直接介入的。InmodernEnglish,wordendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexceptions.ItcanbeconcludedthatEnglishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguage(OldEnglish)tothepresentanalyticlanguage.在現(xiàn)代英語中，除了少數(shù)幾個詞之外，詞尾幾乎都消失了。可以這樣說，英語已從古英語的綜合型語言開展成了現(xiàn)在的分析型語言。11-Threemainsourcesofnewwords:therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology〔45％〕;social,economicandpoliticalchanges〔11％〕;theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages〔24％〕.11-新詞的產(chǎn)生有3大來源：現(xiàn)代科學(xué)和技術(shù)的迅猛開展〔45％〕;社會，經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治的變化〔11％〕;其它文化和語言的影響〔24％〕。12-ModernEnglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthreechannels:creation,semanticchange,borrowing.現(xiàn)代英語詞匯的開展主要通過三個渠道：創(chuàng)詞、舊詞新義和借詞。Creationreferstotheformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixesandotherelements.Inmoderntimes,thisisthemostimportantwayofvocabularyexpansion.創(chuàng)造是指通過使用現(xiàn)有的材料，即詞根，詞綴和其它形式創(chuàng)造新詞。這是詞匯擴(kuò)展的最重要的形式。Semanticchangemeansanoldformwhichtakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.Thisdoesnotincreasethenumberofwordformsbutcreatemanymorenewusagesofthewords,thusenrichingthevocabulary.舊詞新義是指賦予舊有新詞新的含義以滿足新的需要。這一方式不增加詞得數(shù)量，但卻創(chuàng)造了詞的許多新用法，以豐富詞匯。Borrowinghasplayedavitalroleinthedevelopmentofvocabulary,particularlyinearliertimes.Borrowedwordsconstitutemerelysixtosevenpercentofallnewworlds.InearlierstagesofEnglish,French,GreekandScandinavianwerethemajorcontributors.借詞在詞匯的開展中起了重要的作用，尤其是在早期。借詞在所有新詞中，借詞只占6%。英語在早期階段主要是向法語、拉丁語、希臘語和斯堪的納維亞語借詞。RevivingarchaicorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.復(fù)活古詞和廢棄詞對整個英語詞匯來說雖然影響不大，但卻是是一種開展方式。名詞解釋1–inflectedlanguageItisalanguageinwhichavariousformsofagivenwordshowitsrelationshiptootherwordsinasentence.2–GermanicGermanicrefersisatermusedtorefertoabranchofIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily,whichconsistsofEnglish,German,Dutch,etc.3–MiddleEnglishItreferstothelanguageusedfrom1150to1500.4–CreationCreationreferstotheformationsofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixes,andotherelements.Thisisthemostimportantwayofvocabularyexpansion.5–SemanticchangeSemanticchangemeansanoldformthattakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.Thisdoesnotincreasethenumberofthewordforms,butcreatemanymorenewusagesofthewords,thusenrichingthevocabulary.簡答題1–explainthethreedifferentperiodsoftheEnglishdevelopment.OldEnglish(450-1150),alsoknownasAnglo-Saxon,hasavocabularyofabout50000-60000words.Itwasahighlyinflectedlanguage.MiddleEnglish(1150-1500),theNormanconqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow),beganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland.InmodernEnglish,Englishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage.2–leorn->ian->lern->en->learnAboveisthechangeof‘learn’fromoldEnglishthroughmiddleEnglishtomodernEnglish.WhatcanyouconcludefromtheviewpointofthedevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary?InmodernEnglish,wordendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexceptions.ItcanbeconcludedthatEnglishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage.3–Asfarasgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabularyisconcerned,whatarethethreemainsourcesofnewwords?therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology.Social,economicandpoliticalchanges.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.4–Enumeratethemajormodesofmodernvocabularydevelopment.(1)creationreferstotheformationsofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixesandotherelements.(2)sematicchangesmeansanoldformwhichtakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.Thisdoesnotincreasethenumberofwordformsbutcreatemanymoreusagesofthewords,thusenrichingthevocabulary.(3)borrowinghasplayedavitalroleinthedevelopmentofvocabulary,particularlyinearliertimes.分析題Hehasbeensicksincethisfall.(1)’sick’means‘ill’and‘fall’means‘a(chǎn)utumn’inpresentAmericanEnglish.(2)thesewordsnolongerhavesuchmeaningsinpresentBritishEnglish.(3)AmericanEnglishhasrevivedtheoldmeaningof‘sick’andthatof‘fall’.Thisistherevivalofarchaicorobsoletewords.Chapter3課文重點(diǎn)1-Thesedifferentformsoccurowingtodifferentsoundenvironment.Theseminimalmeaningfulunitsareknownasmorphemes.Inotherwords,themorphemeis"thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords"1–在不同的發(fā)音環(huán)境下以不同形式出現(xiàn)。這些最小的有意義單位稱為詞素。換言之，詞素是“構(gòu)詞中最小功能單位“。2-Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.Themorphemeistothemorphwhataphonemeistoaphone.2-詞素〔形位〕是抽象的單位，是由分立的形素在話語中具體實(shí)現(xiàn)的。“形素〞是實(shí)際說出來的最小的意義攜帶體形位與形素的關(guān)系同音位與因素的關(guān)系一樣。Discrete=separate3-Thesemorphemescoincidewithwordsastheycanstandbythemselvesandfunctionfreelyinasentence.Wordsofthiskindarecalledmonomorphemicwords.3-這些詞素與詞一致，因?yàn)樗鼈冊诰渥又锌梢元?dú)立起作用，這類詞叫單語素詞。4-Somemorphemes,however,arerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Suchalternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs.4-有些詞素根據(jù)它們在詞中的位置不同可有一個以上的不同形素實(shí)現(xiàn)，這些不同的形素叫詞素變體。5-Therearecaseswheretheallomorphsofthepluralmorphemearerealizedbythechangeofaninternalvowelorbyzeromorph.5–名詞復(fù)數(shù)詞素的變體也有一些特殊情況，可以通過改變內(nèi)部元音來實(shí)現(xiàn)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。6-FreeMorphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesareconsideredtobefree.Thesemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.Theyareidenticalwithrootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreeroot,wemightaswellsaythatfreemorphemesarefreeroots.6-彼此之間相互獨(dú)立的詞素叫自由語素。這些詞素本身具有完整的意義，在句子中用作自由語法單位。自由詞素與根詞一致，因?yàn)楦~就是由單個的自由詞素構(gòu)成的。因此，我們不妨說自由詞素就是自由根詞。7-BoundMorphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyaresonamedbecausetheyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.Boundmorphemesarechieflyfoundinderivedwords.7–不能獨(dú)立成詞的詞素叫做粘附詞素。之所以叫粘附詞素是因?yàn)樗鼈円掣皆趧e的詞素上才能構(gòu)成詞。粘附詞素重要出現(xiàn)在派生詞里。8-Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:boundrootandaffix.Boundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.Unlikeafreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombin