周二新機(jī)放送機(jī)經(jīng)

第第2頁共16PTE（2019813日更新發(fā)布 Describe RubbishSoup/ Re-l CommunityHIV FaultsandEarthquake/斷層和DevolutionofPower/權(quán)力下放分 第第3頁共16TheDefinitionofRisk/風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的定 Summarizewritten 第第4頁共16DescribePercentageofPopulationinUrbanAreas城市人口的百分ThisgraphshowsmanydataofthesurveyanditisaboutPercentageofPopulationinUrbanAreas.Totheleft,itgivestheworld'snumberintotal,andthen,showsdetailedinformationinAfrica,Asia,Europe,LatinAmericaandNorthAmerica.Thedataincludesthepercentageinthreeyears:1950,2007and2030.It'sclearthatthegeneraltrendisincreasing.FromthegraphwecannoticethattheurbanpopulationinNorthAmericaisthelargestandAfricaandAsiaarethesmallest.AlthoughLatinAmerica'snumberisnotquitehighin1950,itwillbethehighestamongthewhole第第7頁共16 languages/:語ThepicturegivesinformationaboutlanguagesdistributioninSwitzerland.Accordingtothegraph,wecanseethatpeoplewhospeakinGermanhavethehighestproportioncoveredbypinkinthemiddleofthismap,andpeoplewhospeakFrenchaccountforthesecondcommonlanguageandthisareaiscoveredbylightgreen.Ontheotherhand,thereisayellowarea,includingdistributionofpeoplewhospeakItalian,whichmeansthesmallestproportioninSwitzerland.Itisclearthatthenumberofdarkgreenareaismuchhigherthanthatofyellowarea.Inconclusion,therearemultiplelanguagesspeakersinSwitzerlandandthetrendwillcontinueinthefuture.TheAverageHouseholdEnergyConsumption/家庭平均能Thispiechartshowstheaveragehouseholdenergyconsumption.Tobeginwith,otherapplianceshadthelargestproportion,at24%,whilethefigureforwaterheatingwaslower,at23%andthatforcookingandstandbywerethelowest,atonly5%.Inaddition,heatingandcoolingwerecitedby20percent,makingitthethirdmostcommonconsumptionforhouseholdenergy,morethantwotimethefigureoflighting.Inconclusion,thistrendwillkeepcontinueinthefuture.Thefollowinggraphisaboutexportsandimportsinsomecountries.ItisshownthatsomeEgyptianstraveledtotheupperNiletotradewithAfricans.Accordingtothisgraph,itcanbeseenthatexportsarewhattheytookwiththem,comprisingscrolls,linen,goldandjewelry.Onthecontrary,importsmeanwhattheybroughtback,includingexoticwoods,animalskinsandlivebreasts.Itisclearthattradereferstotransfergoodsorservicesamongdifferentcounties,andoftenexchangesformoney.Inconclusion,thistrendwillcontinueinthefuture.RubbishSoup/Thepicturepresentsthecontinent-sizedvortexofsticwasblightingthepacificcalledrubbishsoup.Accordingtothispicture,wecanseethattherearetworubbishsoupsmarkedinredcolorabovetheequatorinPacificOcean.ItisclearthattheeasterngarbagepatchwitchisnexttoHawaii,Japan,whilethewesterngarbagepatchisnexttoCanada,USandMexico.Inaddition,thetranslucentsoupofdegradingsticwasteisasdeepas10meters.Inconclusion,theoceanproblemneedstobetackledimmediay.第第13頁共16 lSampleanswer:Thislectureisaboutthedeterminantsofhumanbehavior.Itisaffectedbybothinternalandexternalfactors.Attheendofthelecture,thespeakermentionedthatpsychologistsareinterestedinexininghumanbehavior.Generally,the alfactorsareconsideredtobeinternalandenvironmentalfactorsareexternal. alfactorsincludepeople’sbeliefoncertainthingsandtheirindividualthinkingaboutit,whiletheenvironmentalfactorsincludetemperature,airpressureandtheothers’thinkingaboutthem.Inconclusion,humanbehaviorisaffectedbybothhimselfandtheenvironment.ImplicitandExplicitMemory/內(nèi) 和外Iwantyoutotryandremembertwothings.First,Iwantyoutotryandrememberlearninghowtorideabike.Maybeyouhaveascaryoureceivedwhenyouflippedoverthehandlebars.ThenextthingIwantyoutorememberishowtorideabike.ThereasonIaskedyoutorecallbothofthesememoriesisthattheybelongtotwodifferentdesignatedreaofmemory.Memoryisafluidanddynamicsystemthatisexceedinglycomplicated.Tothisend,psychologistshaveattemptedtodividememoryuptomakeiteasiertostudy.Therearetwomaincategories.Explicitmemoryisamemorythatcanbeintentionallyandconsciouslyrecalled.Thisisyourmemoryofridingabikeandfallingoverthehandlebars,andskinningyourknee.Theotherisimplicitmemorywhichisanexponentialfunctionalformofmemorythatcannotbeconsciouslyrecalled.Thisisyourmemoryofhowtorideabikeorhowtobalance.Theseareoftennottiedtoavisualmemory,butamorelikemusclememory.Theexamplesofimplicitmemoryincludeusinglanguagenaturally,drivingandreading,andansweringmultiplequestionsinthetest,etc.willbenatural.Let’slookatexplicitandimplicitmemoryinalittlemoredetail,andseehowageinfluencesthese.Itisanexperimentalorfunctionalformofmemory.Explicitmemoryconsistsofagreatdealofhighlyalmemoriesrelatedtotime,spaceandpeople.Itistotallydifferentfromimplicitmemory.Now,ifwelookattheexamplesofexplicitmemory,itincludesrememberingpeople’sbirthdaysandansweringmultiplequestionsonthetest.FaultsandEarthquake/斷層Today,wewilldiscusstherelationshipbetweenthefaultlinesintheEarth’scrustandanearthquake.ThisdislocationoftherockoccursfromtheEarth’ssurface,sevenkilometerstoseveralhundredkilometersverticallydowntothecrust.Theearthquake’sfocusiscalledepicenterwhichisverticallybeneaththeinterioroftheEarth’scrustandtheenergyreleasesandtransfersthroughepicenter.ThefaultsarethefractureontheEarth’scrust.Thepositionoftheepicenterscanbeidentifiedbythefaults’maps,lookingdownfromthecenteroftheEarth.Itwillresultinseismicwavewhichisdecreasedasitmovedawayfromtheepicenter. Communityserviceisanimportantcomponentofeducationhereatouruniversity.Weencourageallstudentstovolunteerforatleastonecommunityactivitybeforetheygraduate.Anewcommunityprogramcalled"OneOnOne"helpselementarystudentswho'vefallenbehind.Youreducationmajorsmightbeespeciallyinterestedinitbecauseitofferstheopportunitytodosometeaching,thatis,tutoringinmathandEnglish.You'dhavetovolunteertwohoursaweekforonesemester.Youcanchoosetohelpachildwithmath,English,orboth.Half-hourlessonsarefine,soyoucoulddoahalfhourofeachsubjecttwodaysaweek.ProfessorDodgewillactasamentortothetutors.He'llbeavailabletohelpyouwithlessonnsortooffersuggestionsforactivities.HehasofficehourseveryTuesdayandThursdayafternoon.Youcansignupfortheprogramwithhimandbeginthetutoringnextweek.I'msureyou'llenjoythiscommunityserviceandyou'llgainvaluableexperienceatthesametime.Itlooksgoodonyourresume,too,showingthatyou'vehadexperiencewithchildrenandthatyoucareaboutyourcommunity.Ifyou'dliketosignup,orifyouhaveanyquestions,stopbyProfessorDodge'sofficethis munityhealthworker,HIV,heartdisease,trainingscanpreventspreadingofthedisease,nhasquarterlymeetings,seminarsnotnecessaryinsomecitiesV2:ThelecturetalksaboutCommunityServiceWorkerin.Diseases,suchasHIV,aredifficulttocontrol.Trainingisessentialforworkerstounderstandtheprecautionknowledgeandpreventdiseasefromspreading.Somelargehospitalsandorganizationsprovideconsultations.etoyourveryfirsttutorialinbiology.Now,inthis serieswhatIwanttodoisIwanttotalktoyouguysaboutmanydifferenttopicsconcerningbiology.Forexample,IwanttotalktoyouguysaboutDNAandgeneticsincells,inbacteria,inlifeandawholebunchofinterestingstuff.Butsincethisistheveryfirst,Ithinkwhatweshoulddointhis isjuststickwiththeverybasics.AndthefirstthingIwanttodoistalktoyouguysaboutwhatisbiology.So,let'sgoaheadandanswerthatquestion.Andthedefinitionofbiologyisthis:thestudyoflifeinlivingorganisms.Allright,thatmakessenseuptoacertainpointupuntilorganismsbecauseyoumayhaveheardoforganismsbefore.Andyoumayhaveyourowndefinitionbutthescientificdefinitionofanorganismisalivingthing.Well,that'seasy.Weknowwhatlivingthingsare.I'malivingthing,nts,grassisalivingthing.MypuppynamedoldDan,cutestpuppyever,bytheway,isalivingthingbutwheneverwetalkaboutlivingthings.Believeitornot,thingsgetridofcomplicatedbecausethenyouhavetoaskyourself'whatislife'.Well,ofcourse,ifyouaskyourgrandmaoryourbestfriendorevenifyouaskaphilosopher'whatislife',everyoneisgoingtogiveyoukindofadifferentdefinitionoftheiroutlookonlife.However,wheneverscientistandbiologistswerefirstdeciding,youknowwhat,whatislife?That'stheproblemthattheyhadeveryonehadtheirownseparatedefinitionoflifeitself.So,whattheyneedtodobeforebiologywaseveninvented,whichis,ofcourse,thestudyoflifeisscientistsneededtoagreeonthedefinitionoflife.SummarizespokenEarthquakesoccuronfaults.Afaultisathinzoneofcrushedrockseparatingblocksoftheearth’scrust.Whenanearthquakeoccursononeofthesefaults,therockononesideofthefaultslipswithrespecttotheother.Bylookingatafaultne,wecanlocateearthquakes.Wecanalsolookdownontheearthvertically.Thedislocationoftherockoccursfromtheearth’ssurfacesevenkilometerstoseveralhundredkilometersverticallydowntothecrust.Itreferstotheepicenter,whichlocatedverticallytothefocusorhypocenter,andtheenergyrealizesandtransfersthroughepicenter.Itwillresultinseismicwave,whichisdecreasedasitmovedawayfromtheepicenter.”Earthquakesoccuronfaultswhichareathinzoneofcrushedrockseparatingblocksoftheearth’scrust.Theearthquake’sfocus,calledhypocenter,occursverticallybeneaththeepicenterintheinterioroftheearth’scrust,fromsevenkilometerstoseveralhundredkilometers.Seismicwavesaregeneratedtopassthroughthefocus.Wecanidentifythelocationofthefocusbyusingfaultsmaps.Earthquakeiscausedbymovementsoffaultswhicharefracturesintheearth'scrust.Thefocusofanearthquakeiscalledhypocenterwhichisintheearth'scrust,whileepicenterislocateddirectlyabovethehypocenter.Thepositionofepicenterscanbeidentifiedbyusingfaultsmaps,lookingdownfromthesurfaceoftheearth.Overall,thelectureisabouttherelationshipbetweenearthquakeandfaults.DevolutionofPower權(quán)力下放分權(quán)Well,that’soneaspectofwhat’scalled,reducing ernment—modifyingernment,tobemoreprecise.Anotheraspectofitiswhat’scalled“devolution”—reducing—movingernmentalpowerfromtheFederalto第第16頁共16Statelevel.Andthathasakindofarationalewhichyouhearalloverthetime—ce.Forexample,therewasanop-edacoupleofweeksagointheNewYorkTimesbyJohnCoganHooverInstituteatStanfordwhohaspointedoutwhathecalledaphilosophicalissuethatdividestheDemocratsfromtheRepublicans.ThephilosophicalissueisthattheDemocratsbelieveinbigernmentandentitlements,andtheRepublicansbelieveingettingpowerdownclosertothepeople,totheStates,becausethey’rekindofpopulisttypes.Well,ittakesaboutmaybethreeseconds’thoughttorealizethatmovingpowerdowntotheStates,infundingandsoon,isjustmovingitawayfromthepeople,foraperfectlyelementaryreason:there’sahiddenpartofthesystem—ofthepowersystemthatyou’renotsupposedtoknowaboutorthinkaboutandthat’sprivatepower.Sampleanswer:DevolutionmeansmovingernmentalpowerfromtheFederaltotheStatelevel.Moreover,thephilosophicalissueisthattheDemocratsbelieveinbigernmentandentitlements,whiletheRepublicansbelieveinapopulisttypes,whichmeansgettingpowerdownclosertothepeopleandtheState.However,movingpowertotheStatemeansmovingpowerawayfromthepeople,aspeoplearenotsupposedtoknowaboutorthinkabout.GeneDevelopment/的開Thepace,thepaceofwhichthatthehumanmindshaveevolvedoverthelasthalfmillionyearsandmorerecentlythelast200,000yearshasbeensofrighteninglyrapidthattheevolutionofcognitivefunctionandperceptionindifferentways,canonlyhappentotheactionsofasmallnumberofgenes.Ifoneneededtoadaptadozenofgeneschangesandconcert,inordertoacquirethepenetratingmindsthatwenowhave,whichourancestors500,000yearsagodidn'thave,theevolutioncouldnothavetaken,couldnothaveoccurredsoquickly.Andforthatreasonalone,onebeginstothatthegeneticdifferencesbetweenpeoplewholived500,000yearsagoseverthatcognitivefunctionsthanoursarenotsolarge.Therefore,arathersmallnumberofgenesmayberesponsibleforourpowerfulminds.Thepaceofwhichthehumanmindshaveevolvedhasbeensofrighteninglyrapidthattheevolutionofcognitivefunctionandperceptionindifferentways.Whilegenescouldnothaveoccurredsoquicklycomparedwithourancestors500,000yearsago,peoplebegintothatthegeneticdifferencesbetweencognitivefunctionsofancestors’peopleandoursarenotsolarge.第第25頁共16TheDefinitionofRiskWhat'stheli ldefinitionof"risk"?Businessschoolsuserisk ysis.So,whatdoyoumeanby"risk",andweneedadictionary.Whenyoulookatdictionary,thisis l,li ldefinitionofrisk.Whatitsaysis,thedefinitionforexample,thepossibilityofinjury,adangerouselementorfactor,chanceof,degreeorpossibilityofsuchloss,andsoon.So,riskhastwoparts,asyoulookattheli ldefinitionofrisk.Onepartistheconsequenceofsomekindofparticulardanger,hazardloss.Andtheotherisabouttheprobability,ofit:chanceandconsequence,OK?AndthenatleastjustasEnglishlanguageconcerns,whenyoulookupthewordofsafeandsafety,whichyou'llearnas,it'salittlebitofaloop,alittlecircularargumentthatfromharmorrisks,securefromdanger,harmorloss,theconditionofbeingsafeandsoonforall.Andwhywetakeoutofit?AtleastwhenwetalkaboutsafeatleastinEnglishlanguage,wearetalkingabsolutesomethingissafe,oritsoundsTherearedifferentlildefinitionsofrisk.Onepartistheconsequenceofsomekindofparticulardangerandhazardloss,andtheotherpartisabouttheprobability,chanceandconsequence.Furthermore,thewordsofsafeandsafetymeanalittlecircularargumentthatfromharmorrisks,securefromdanger,harmorloss,theconditionofbeingsafeandsoonforall.Beforeweconsiderinternationalenvironmentallawandclimatechangeweneedtoconsiderdomesticlegislation,asitiswithinthesovereignstatesthatinternationallawisputintopractice.Thisreflectstheenvironmentalists’ ,‘thinkgloballyactlocally’.UnitedKingdomlegislativecontrolovertheimpactsofmans’activityontheenvironmentisnotnew.AslongagoasthereignofCharlesIIthemainconcernwastheproductionofsmokefromtheburningof‘seacoal.Almostallareasoftradeandindustryweresubjecttoverydetailedlegislativecontrolsatthattime,althoughsomewereernedby‘self-regulation’intheformofguilds,whoregulatedbothsupplyandmethodsofproduction.However,themeasuresimplementedweremostlyineffectivebecausethen,asnow,thespecifyingoflegaldutiesandstandardswithoutprovidinganyappropriateenmentmerelyindicatedgoodintentionsbutwereoflittlepracticaleffect.ThenextstagewaspromptedbytheIndustrialRevolutionwiththeurbanizationofsocietyanditsprofoundeffectsontheenvironment.LocalindustrialistsusedtheAdamSmithmodelto izetheireconomicbenefit,butthiswastothedetrimentofthelocalenvironmentwiththeoperationof‘Gresham’sLaw’thatis,thebaddrivesoutthegood.Thoseindustrialistswhowereconcernedforeitherthehealthoftheiremployeesorthelocalenvironmentfacedhighercoststhantheircompetitors.Theresultwastheneedforincreasinglycomprehensivestatutorycontrolsonthedischargeofpollutantsintovariousreceivingmedia.Fortheenvironmentallaw,weneedtothinkgloballyandactlocally.Environmentallegislativecontrolsarenotnew.Initially,themainconcernwastheproductionofthesmoke,althoughithaddetailedlegislativecontrols,themeasuresimplementedwereineffectivebecauseofinappropriateenment.DuringtheIndustrialRevolution,localindustrialiststriedto izeeconomicbenefitsregardlessofenvironment,socomprehensivelegislativecontrolsonthedischargeofpollutantswereneeded.SummarizewrittenElectrictrolleycarsortramswereoncethechiefmodeofpublictransportationintheUnitedStates.Thoughtheyrequiredtracksandelectriccablestorun,thesetrolleycarswerecleanandcomfortable.In1922,automanufacturerGeneralMotorsnextdecade,thisgroupsuccessfullylobbiedforlawsandregulationsthatmadeoperatingtramsmoredifficultandlessprofitable.In1936GeneralMotorscreatedseveralfrontcompaniesforthepurposeofpurchasinganddismantlingthetrolleycarsystem.TheyreceivedsubstantialinvestmentsfromFirestoneTire,StandardOilofCalifornia,PhillipsPetroleum,andotherpartiesinvestedintheautomotiveindustry.Somepeoplethatthesepartieswantedtorecetrolleycarswithbusestomakepublictransportationlessdesirable,whichwould136thenincreaseauto sales.ThedeclineofthetramsysteminNorthAmericacouldbeattributedtomanythings—laborstrikes,theGreatDepression,regulationsthatwereunfavorabletooperators—butperhapstheprimarycausewashavingagroupofpowerfulmenfromrivalsectorsoftheautoindustryworkingtogethertoensureitsdestruction.TherelativelycleanandcomfortableelectrictrolleycarsortramswereoncethechiefmodeofpublictransportationintheUnitedStates,however,theirpopularitystartedtodeclinewhentheautomanufacturerGeneralMotor,agroupofpowerfulmenfromtherivalsector,attemptedtorecethemwithbuses,trucksandcarsin1922,inordertoboostauto sales,whichultima yresultedinthetram’scompletedestruction.Kenya’sGeothermalEnergy/肯尼亞的地?zé)醀hatisthesolutionfornationswithincreasingenergydemands,hinderedbyEastAfrica,atleast,expertsthinkgeothermalenergyistheanswer.Morepromisingstill,theKenyanernmentandinternationalinvestorsseemtobelistening.Thisisjustintimeaccordingtomany,asclaimsofanacuteenergycrisisareafootduetohighoilprices,populationesanddroughts.Geothermalenergyworksbypumwaterintobedrock,whereitisheatedandreturnstothesurfaceaswhichisuseddirectlyasaheatsourceortodriveelectricityproduction.SourceEnergyInformationAdministration,geothermalEnergyintheWesternUnitedStatesandHawaii.Currentlyover60%ofKenya’spowercomesfromhydroelectricsourcesbuttheseareprovingincreasinglyunreliableastheissueofseasonalvariationisintensifiedbyerraticrainpatterns.Alternativeenergysourcesareneeded;andtheleadingenergyrinKenya,KenyaElectricityGenerating(Kegan),hopestoexpanditsgeothermalenergysupplyfrom13%to25%ofitstotalusageby2020.ThepotentialofgeothermalenergyintheregionwasfirstrealizedinternationallybytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram,whengeologistsobservedthermalanomaliesbelowtheEastAfricanRiftsystem.Localshavebeenutilizingthisresourceforcenturies;using ventstocreatetheperfecthumidityforgreenhouses,orsimplytoenjoyaswiminthemanynaturalhotlakes.Alongthe6000kmoftheriftfromtheRedSeatoMozambique,geochemical,geophysicalandheatflowmeasurementsweremadetoidentifyareassuitableforgeothermalwells.OnearealiesnexttotheextinctIkariavolcano,withinthe’sGateNationalPark,andsitsoversomeofthethinnestcontinentalcrustonEarth.Thisisaresultofthethinningofthecrustbytectonicstretching,causinghottermaterialbelowtheEarth’ssurfacetorise,resultinginhighertemperatures.Thisthincrustwasidealforthedrillingofgeothermalwells,reachingdepthsofaround3000m,wheretemperaturesgetupto342°C,farhigherthantheusualtemperatureof90°Catthisdepth.Waterinthesurroundingrocksisconverted bytheheat.The canbeusedtodriveturbinesandproduceKenya,whichisanEastAfricannationexperiencingenergycrisis,isnowtryingtoexpanditsgeothermalenergysupplyfrom13%to25%ofitstotalusageby2020,attemptingtofindmoregeographicallocationssuitablefordrillinggeothermal