口語寫作綜合小范圍

文明前，Anasazi人已經(jīng)規(guī)模的修建水利公事，但估計最后是這些公事沒能保證足夠的水源，使得Anasazi人無法應(yīng)對突如其來的旱災(zāi)，家園。當(dāng)年他們離開他們居住地的時候，走得很abrupt^是fledawayfromdwelling，.把很多artifacts都：教授說，關(guān)于Anasazi的文明突然消逝的原因很多，但至今沒有定論，干旱的全球變暖說。文明的1800AD前后是有一次大變暖，但考古發(fā)現(xiàn)Anazia原住Anasazi人在幾百年前就修建水利公事，而且他們完全有能力儲備足夠的水源，所文明突然消逝，可能是由其他原因造成的。比如和war。有一種理論civilizationAnasazi人打仗，.迫使后WhilethereadingpassagehighlightsthreepossiblereasonsoftheAnasazipeople'sleavingtheircliffdwellings，thelectureclaimstheyarecastindoubtbythreecorrespondingissues.ThereisnodenyingthefactthatthereasonbehindAnasazipeople'sleavingtheirhomesisatopicworthyofdebate.Consequently,itiscriticaltoyzetheargumentsrelatedtothisThepassageclaimsthattherewasabigmigrationoftribesintotheAnasazilivingareaandthismighthavecausedawar.Therewasalsoarchaeologicalevidenceofbonesandweaponry.Unfortunaythisargumentdoesnotholdupundercloseexamination.ThemainproblemwiththisargumentisthatthesacredritualgroundsmayhavebeenburntbytheAnasazithemselves.Thisistruebecausesometribesheldtheseburningritualstoindicatetheywouldnevercomebackagain.Despitethepassage'sassertion,theclaimthattherewasawarismisleading.Also,thepassageemphasizesthatarchaeologistshaveevidenceoffamineanddroughtinneighboringareas:thisinevitablywouldhaveledto.ThispointisovershadowedbythefactthatthereweremanypossessionsleftbehindbytheAnasazipeople.Furthermore,hadtherebeenawar，theintruderswouldhavetakenallthepossessionsaway.Asaresult，theclaimthatawarhappeneddoesnotholduponcloseysis.Basedonthislineofreasoning，onecanseehowtheassumptionisnotsoconvincing.Finally,thepassageassertsthatNavajotraditionclaimstheAnasaziweredefeatedinbattleanddtoflee.Ontheotherhand,thespeakerarguesthattheAnasazipopulationgrewtooquicklysoitbecamevulnerabletowatershortages.Allthingsconsidered,thespeakermakesamuchstrongercase.Herargumentisbasedonthefactthatalargepopulationcanbeeasilysubjecttoproblemscausedbydrought.Withalloftheseargumentsinhand,itisobviousthatthepassage'sbasicassertionis1閱讀:有一種蚊子一種疾病,科學(xué)家發(fā)明了一種改良過的蚊子和這種蚊子交配v導(dǎo)致后代有缺陷,減少這種蚊子的population,可以預(yù)防疾病:有些人不同意,原因（1)蚊子數(shù)量下降,可能導(dǎo)致其他帶有同樣的蚊子數(shù)量上升,其中可能包括一些有些可能有更厲害的蚊子（2)如果改良的蚊子咬人的話,傳到人的身上,對無益（3)放出這些蚊子可能導(dǎo)致環(huán)境問題，可能會對其他物種產(chǎn)生影響,例子是種改良過的菜,但是菜周圍的蝴蝶數(shù)量減半2閱讀:現(xiàn)代都市里glass越來越多,嚴(yán)重干擾鳥類飛行,有三個solutions可以防止birds撞到玻璃上。⑴做one-waywindow(單一光線玻璃)，里面看得到外面外面的鳥看不到里面。（2)玻璃上晝圖案(彩色的玻璃),比如stripes(3)制造人工磁場,鳥類向玻璃飛近:所有觀點(1)鳥以為是鏡子，同樣會撞上（2)找縫隙撞到?jīng)]有顏色的玻璃上（3)制造人工磁場導(dǎo)航在短距離沒效果。3為了防止沙漠化的擴(kuò)大，有人提出用可以collectwater的device種樹，是否可1、太貴，2、當(dāng)?shù)厝藳]有motivationinstallmaintaindevice;3、樹長大后就要移除DEVICE了，因為太大呀，然后他們自己生存能力不行，就掛了，這不是浪費錢嗎？1device可重復(fù)利用20次，所以是reasonable2、那些設(shè)備也可以種蔬菜啊，當(dāng)?shù)厝司蜁惺澄锪?，而且樹長大后可以branch砍下來當(dāng)firewood燒，當(dāng)?shù)厝藭湛丛O(shè)備的3、樹長大后根系也發(fā)達(dá)了，可以達(dá)到更深處的土層，一旦他reachwaterresources,就能獨立存活了，而且90%的樹木在離開設(shè)備后兩年都活得好好的。4動物界發(fā)現(xiàn)一個52-hertzwhale，很少見，有三種theory:—是這只whale是hybrid，二是它有問題，三是它是一種rarespecies;教授一一：whale很難有hybrid，whale通過throat，和沒有connection，如果是rarespecies應(yīng)該會有其它只whale被發(fā)現(xiàn)。5Reading:Gastornisisacarnivorousbird.Reasons:(1)it'soverallappearanceresemblesothermeat-eatingbirdsliketerrorbirds(2)ithasalarge,powerfulbeaktocutthroughmeatandbones(3)ithaslargetalonsatitsfeettocapturefoodsListening:(1)itresemblesbothmeat-eatingandnt-eatingbirdssotheappearancecannotdetermineit'sacarnivore.Eg.Ithasthesamefeatureastheostrichesandemus.(2)ithasastraightbeakinsteadofcurvedbeak.Thestraightbeakismorelikelytobeusedonntssuchasnuts.(3)thefootprintsleftbyGastornisdon'tshowclaws.Thelastboneofitsfootmaybethestructure,nota6海藻制油不現(xiàn)實。文章給的理由，1，海藻是水生動物的食物，不能大規(guī)模養(yǎng)。2，海藻留下的細(xì)菌會降低由的品質(zhì)。3，海藻不能在低溫下浮起來。教授不同意。認(rèn)為是好的方法。他對此反駁了有其他的海藻可以用于產(chǎn)油。2，可以用其他方法清潔油;3，可改變海藻上的fattyacid，這樣的話，粘度改變，就比較容易低溫時候浮游起來獨立寫作：做好旅游業(yè)，可以花錢用于雇傭更多還是修整老房子和老街道。7一個古代sculpture被認(rèn)為是 的，閱讀一 他不止一 他有一幅畫和雕塑很像被認(rèn)為是作為雕像的準(zhǔn)備稿 為了錢 年幼無知時為了出名，出名之后不必 畫有2處和雕塑不同，是巧合三 毀名8RichardIII是否殺了他的侄子來爭奪王位的故事。1、閱讀說他又動機(jī)殺，因為想當(dāng)king，說還有很多其他方法當(dāng)king，比如說他哥哥和老婆的 ，不被認(rèn)可，侄子也無法合理繼承2、除了還有很多其他作家也這么覺得，但是說這是值得懷疑的，因為這些作家和德的敵人tudors有關(guān)，朵朵想 德之類3、倫敦塔里有小孩頭骨在房間里，證明是他殺的，可是說當(dāng)時有很多小孩在倫敦塔，不能判斷是誰的，也不能斷定和9solartechnologyfossilfuels1solarenergyothersourcespollutant,比如沒有fossilfuelpollutantnuclearenergyradioactive反駁：使用solarenergy需要大量占地，比如NY如果要用能，那么得占用它25%的土地面積來建thousandsofpanels，而在土地越來越珍貴的今天，大量占用土地也是一種environmentalproblem閱讀2solarenergyisalwaysavailableandplentiful。能不像其他能源需beminedwithgreateffort,而且可以store起來等沒陽光的日子用！反駁：儲藏能的電池是METAL做的，那些metal也需要beminedwitheffort，能的使用也會被effectedbynatureresources閱讀3Solarenergy能在remotelocations使用，比如mountainsandships。現(xiàn)在這些邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)難以接電線還是什么管道，所以能源使用，然而他們可以用solarpanels，就可以自己發(fā)電反駁solarenergyisacomplextechnology.如果你在CITY里，solarenergy的設(shè)備壞了，修起來還方便；如果在邊遠(yuǎn)地方，那就要花很長時間來修，也很困難。所以邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)還是用gasoline好，easytomaintainThreetheoriestoexinwhymothsoftenflytowardsartificialreason1:Theymistakenartificiallightsforthemoon.(itisthenatureofmoths5toavoidpredatorsuchas,itwillflytowardsthemoon5sowhenmothsencounterapredator5itwillconsideranylightasmoon,somothswillflytowardsthelightwhichitobserved)reason2:Mothstakeman-madelightsasthelightfromflowers.(flowersreflectmorelightthanotherobjectsinthenight)，Mothsoftenflytoflowerssotheycansuckthenectarfromflowers.Sowhenartificiallightison,theythinkitisthelightfromflowers.reason3:Mothsflytoartificiallightbecausetheywanttoheatthemselves,becausethelightsourceiswarm.Listeningrefute3ideasreason1:Mothscirclearoundtheartificiallightandevencollideintoeachotherwhentheyfly.Theyalsoflymuchlongerthannecessary,evenlongafterthepredatorisgone.Ifthemoontheoryisvalid,mothswouldonlybeflyingupwardsratherthancircling.reason2:MothsdetectthepresenceofflowersbecausetheycandetecttheCO2thattheseflowersrelease,notbecausethereislightaroundtheflower.Ithasbeenfoundthatmothscandetectthekindofflowerandtherichnessoftheflowerfromtheamountofco2thattheseflowersrelease.SinceartificiallightdoesnotreleaseanyCO2,the“flowertheory”isalsoflawed.reason3:Ifthe“heattheory”isreasonable,thenmothswouldbeflyingtowardssometypesoflightmorethanothers.Forexample,theywouldflyintoflorescentlightmuchlessoftenbecauseflorescentlightiscold.Butonthecontrary,mothsprefertoflyintoflorescentlightratherthanotherwarmerlights.綜合寫作：東北部一個小區(qū)公園突然發(fā)現(xiàn)一批針葉樹木逐步死掉，懷疑是附近Household使用的一種新型除草劑（Herbicide)惹的搞。文章認(rèn)為不是的，主要原因：-這種除草劑在投放市場之前經(jīng)過了機(jī)構(gòu)詳細(xì)的長達(dá)數(shù)年的測試木有問 并非所有的針葉樹木受，還有好多其他種類樹木木有問題-」專家「發(fā)現(xiàn)這段時間氣候突然變化（變冷）可能是因為氣候原因?qū)е聵淠舅繪ecture講到還是認(rèn)為這個除草劑是元兒：-的測試主要是針對人和動物的安全測試，沒有太多對植物的-那些沒有被的樹木發(fā)現(xiàn)都是在高處的，而低處的都被了因為是流經(jīng)附近小區(qū)的河流將除草劑帶到了公園里這些樹木的根部-氣候變化應(yīng)該是那些枯黃的老樹葉先死掉，而事實上很多新綠的樹葉也掉落了12講的是spaceship在宇宙空間中會遇到debris，三種解決方法1trackingdebris2shield3broom教授認(rèn)為，第一種有很多小碎片很難追蹤，第二種是航天飛船需要的能量來建立防御罩，第三種用宇宙飛船把碎片脫離宇宙空間版2:講如何處理太空，reading里往方案，一bracking這些debris，二是加一個金屬的shield，三是用laserbroom給掃走。里面逐一批駁，方案一只能追蹤到大的piece，小的一樣很有性，且法追蹤。二會加重飛船重量，需要更powerful的 。三laserbroom有可能會被用作。tusksofnarwhals(NarwhalsNarwhilefunctions獨角鯨頭作用Piercethroughthickicesheettobreathe的，因為獨角鯨待的地方在冰層下面不好呼吸，還說有eyewitnesssee曾經(jīng)有獨角鯨冰層。malenarwhalsCompetefor此角與鯨的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)相連，可以起到—個sensor的作用，感知oceanpropertiestemperatureetc),importantinnarwhals'Bendmanydirections，所以說獨透厚厚的冰層，只能弄碎很薄的冰面。目擊者看到的情況很有可能只是獨角itsheadicesheethavealreadybeguntobreak的地方。她說其實所謂兩條公獨角鯨為領(lǐng)地而戰(zhàn)只是遠(yuǎn)觀而得的結(jié)論，如果是從close的地方看就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，其實獨角録在gentlyrubeachother，這是它們的一種交流方Femalenarwhalsdon'thavetusksnarwhilesurvival里真important，為啥一般母的獨都livelongerthanThetopicisaboutthefunctionalityofNarwhal'stusks;Narwhalsakindofwhaleinocean;however,sinbothreadingandlisteningcontentaredifferentforthefunctionoftheFirstofall,thelecturerindicatesthatthetuskcannotbetobreakicesheetsintheoceanbecausethetusksarebendableandnothardenoughtopiercethroughthethickice.Eventhoughsomepeoplewitnessedtheice-breakingphenomenonNarwhalsdidasthereadingexins;itistruepartlybecausetheicesheethavealreadybrokeintosmalleronesorthinnerones,whichmakesitmucheasiertoSecondly,thereadinginsiststhatthetuskisasweaponsformaleNarwhalstocompeteforterritoryforsuperiormatingopportunities.Likewisethisstandpointisrefutedbythespeakerwhotusksthatobservationfromadistancemakespeopleconfusedaboutwhattheyactuallywereng.Theywerecommunicating,notfightingeachother.MaleNarwhalsrubtogetherasawayofcommutationLastly,ifthetusk,possessedmostlybymale,isreallyessentialinthesurvivalgameforsuchcreatureintheocean,thelifespanofmaleshouldbelongerthanthatofthefemalethatrarelyhavetusks.HoweverthefactinthatfemaleNarwhalshavelongerlifespanthanmaleNarwhals.ThereadingsaystuskscanbeusedtosensethechangesoftheirlivingenvironmentandarevitaltoalltheNarwhals.Sothisdoesnotmakesense.Asabovementioned,thereadingandthelisteningcontentsareopposing.Thistopicisaboutthreesolutionsforavoidingthesalinitylevelbeinghowever,sinbothreadingandlisteningcontentareFirstofall,thelecturerindicatesthatduringtheprocessofdesalination,harmfulchemicalstheS-word閱讀文本中會有具體拼寫)asmentionedcitedinthelisteningcannegativelyaffecttheseaandthecreatureslivinginthesamearea,includinghumanbeings;however,readingsayssuchpumoutwatermethodforremovingthesaltfromitisaneffectivetogetthesalt.Secondly,thereadinginsiststhatconstructingcorpipelinestointroducewaterthatislesssaltythantheGulfofCalifoniatotheseaisagreatidea.Likewise,thisstandpointisrefutedbythespeakerwhothinksthatisverypricytobuildsuchconpipeline.ItcostsmillionsofdollarsandthelocalernmentcannotafforditatLastly,thelisteningj^6ntentpointsoutthatthewallbuiltin°^rtoeitherbalancethesalinitymaintainthesalii#yforthemajorpartisnotagoodSincetheSaltonSeaissitedingeologicallyacl^eregion,itisvulnerabletoearthquakes^notherwords,thewallcaneasilybedestroyedor^rackedforpossibleleakagecausingoretrouble.Nevertheless,theauthordisprovesit^yputtingforththeideathatwallscan^ieusedtoseparatethelakeintodifferentsections,fablingtokeepthemainsectionlesssalt^^romtheabovepoints,thereadingthusandthelistingcontentsareopposing.不能徹底解決問題，因為只是丨^^1油顆粒變小，burning才能徹底消分解后的物質(zhì)對海里的生物只在特定環(huán)境下才、f效，當(dāng)海洋風(fēng)浪較大或流速過快時不能解決問題。分散劑把低，不會對生物有害相比dispersant來說oil更，overallreducethetoxicThetopicdebatedisaboutwhetherornotoildispersantsaregreatagentasmethodtobeutilizedforoilspills;thespeakerandtheauthorholdadifferentonit.Thefirstpointisregardingthefactthatoildispersantscannotreallysolvetheproblemonceandforallbecausetheyjustturntheoilintosmallerdropletsadtheoilisstillthere.Eitherburningorskimmingtheoilisabettersolution.However,thespeakersaysthatthosetwomethodsofremovingtheoilcannotbecarriedoutwhenthewavesarehighorthewindisstrong.Thus,themethodsarenotefficientandSecondly,accordingtothelecturer,theoildupletswithdetrimentalchemicalsareonlyathighconcentrationinthelabs,notintherealseacondition.Soinrealscenario,theconcentrationislowanddoesalmostnoharmtoseacreaturestheecosystem.However,，thereadingindicatesthatthesmallerdropletscanbeconsumedbycreatureslivingintheecosystemandaredeadlytothem.Lastly,thereadingpointsoutthatoildispersantsarepoisonousthemselves,However,thespeakerclaimsthateverythingisatrade-offToputitdifferently,oilchemicalsfromtheoilspillarewaymoretoxic.Withlimitedways,oil-dispersantmethodisstillthebestforthetimebeing.Insummary,thespeakerthinksthattherearenomethodsthatcanperfectlywithoutanyflawordefect.Oildispersantarestillidealforthesolutionofoilspillatthistime.Thus,thestancesonbothmaterialsarecontradictory. 1，自己開公司要面對的手續(xù)會Anincreasingnumberofpeoplechoosetostarttheirownbusinessinsteadofworkingfora.Thereadingpassageexinswhyself-employmenthas esopopular,whilethelecturerpointsoutseveralrisksassociatedwiththistrend.First,thereadingsaysthatbigcompaniesoftenhavetoomanybureaucraticregulationsandrules,makingitdifficultforindividualemployeestopursuetheirownideas.However,thelecturerarguesthatstartingone’sownbusinessinvolvesevenmorerulesduringtheprocessofbusinessregistration.Second,thereadingstatesthatemploymentbybigcompaniesnowadaysisnotasstableasitusedtobe,leadingtoadecreasedsenseofsecurityamongHowever,thelecturerrefutesthispointbysayingthatstartingupainvolvesfarmorerisksandfarlessstabilitybecauseitcouldmeanthelossof investmentorotherassets.Finally,thereadingsuggeststhatrecentlythereisatrendforbigcompaniestostopofferingextrabenefits,suchaspensionormedicalinsurance,totheiremployees.Yetthelecturerpointsoutthattheseextrabenefitsareevenlesslikelytobefoundina 關(guān)于遠(yuǎn)征船隊的鉛。有人認(rèn)為是灌裝里的鉛引起。文章說，【1】因為罐頭食物不可ThefamousexpeditionledbyCaptainJohnFranklinendedinthedeathofallcrewmembersaboardtheshipafteritbecameiceboundinthearcticterritory.Itissuggestedthatthecauseofthecrew’sdeathwasleadpoisoningfromcontaminatedcannedfood.Thereadingpassagerefutesthistheory,butthelecturerarguesthatthereisreasontobelieveinthistheory.First,thereadingstatesthatbecausethetincontainersdidnothavedirectcontactwiththefood,foodpoisoningfromleadwasnotpossible.However,accordingtothelecture,theorderforthecannedfoodwasrushed,sotheworkerswhowereprocessingthefoodmightbecarelessandsloppyinhandlingthefood.Asaresult,asignificantportionoftheexpedition’scannedfoodmighthavebeencontaminatedbyleadinthecanningprocess.Second,thereadingpointsoutthattherewerenoleadpoisoningreportsofcrewmembers.Thisindicatesthatleadpoisoningwasnottherealcause.However,thelecturerarguesthatthelackofsuchreportsmaybeduetothesimilaritybetweensymptomsofleadpoisoningandsymptomsofothernormalseasicknesses.Forexample,ifacrewmembersuffersheadachecausedbyleadpoisoning,itmaywellbeviewedasacommonsymptomofseasickness.Finally,thereadingindicatesanotherpotentialsourceofleadpoisoning-theship’sfreshwatersystemwhichusedleadpipes.Thelecturerdoesnotagreewiththisexnationeither.Hesaysthatthiswatersystemwasusednotfordrinkingandcooking.Itwasusedforproviding topropeltheship’sengine.Thecrewhadanotherseparatesystemfordrinkingwater,sothefreshwatersystemthatthereadingmentionedcouldnothavebeenthecauseofleadpoisoning.1【新型燈泡CFL】文章說推行新型燈泡（CFL)替換老燈泡的政策不好.給了3點理由1太貴.2有污染.3光對眼睛不好對眼睛好了.2【REDRAINKerala2redrain的三個原因閱讀文章要點：1.volcaniceruption;2.meteoricexplosion;3.sporesoflichens;1redrain,redrain因為和一般的雨差不多，而且雨水成分中沒有火山噴發(fā)物；3【TheHohokam】人類的原因里面的物種，而這些動物呢又是人依賴生存的meat，于是人類沒東西吃；：再說在那以前1000年他們一直用得好好的，咋就一下沒了？3乏明確，有工事不等于有，也許只是預(yù)防而己；再說沒有其他關(guān)于的遺跡留下。ThetopicisaboutthereasontheHohokampeoplewentextinctandvanished.Thecontentofbothmaterialsinreadingandlisteningaredifferent.Thefirstpointisaboutfoodscarcityproblem.Fromthereading,theirrigationtheHohokampeopleusedcausealkalinequalityofthewaterthatleadstoinfertilizationonthelandHowever,thelisteningcontentindicatesthatfallow,themethodofleavinglandunseeded,allowedthelandto efertileagainbyrainwaterwashingawaythesaltywater.Besides,theHohokampeoplehadbeenusingsucharablemethodforthousandsofyears.Thiswasacommonpractice,sothelandwouldnot eunabletofarminashortperiodoftime.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,thetreementionedwasabletogrowfastwiththenurtureoftheMotherNature.Iftheywereonlyusedformaterialsofsettingupfiresorbuildinghouses,theywouldnotbeusedupeasily.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthattheychoppeddowntoomanytreesthattheir“meatsource”,livedon.Inotherwords,whenthoseanimalsdiedout,theHohokampeoplewerecutoffthefood.Atlastfromthereading,Navajogroups,theinvasivepeoplehassuccessfullyoccupiedthecetheHohokampeoplelived.Thusthereweresomefortificationsleftasevidence.Fromthelistening,however,mightnotbeemployedforwars.Maybetheywerejustusedfordefendingagainstinvadingpeopleandtheyneverusedit.Ontopofthat,therewerenothingelseleftexpectthosefences.Thereshouldbemoreevidenceleftiftherewerewars.Allpointsmentionedabove,thespeakerandtheauthorholddifferentviewsonthisissueforhowtheHohokampeoplevanished.4【甲殼蟲】閱讀：AmericanBuryingbeetles大量減少的三個可能的原因/理論2beetle的生活模式需要完整的habitat，人為的環(huán)境改造，使得環(huán)境破碎，fragmentationofhabitatorDiscontinuity造成其是競爭不過scavengerm 1從pesticide的使用時間來看，根本就不是殺蟲劑引起這個問題的。的northeasternpesticide之前就有beetle'slossMiddleWest，2有些跟其生活模式差不多的beetle沒有，他們同樣受到fragmentationof3reading忽略了這種beetle另外一種特性，他可以在發(fā)現(xiàn)食物之后釋放一種氣味chemicalsmell，防止（block)其他動物對食物的探尋，他具有這樣的優(yōu)勢，不可能競爭不過那些scavengers。ThetopicisabouthowtheAmericanburyingbeetlesgoesextinctinawidescale.Thereadingandlisteningpointsofviewaredifferentinstoit.Tobeginwith,fromthereading,itsaysthatpoisonouspesticide,suchasDDTmadealarge-scalewipeoutinthebeetlealongwithothercreaturesthatarefoodtoAmericanburyingbeetles.Fromthelistening,however,priortotheusageofDDT,therewereunknownreasonsofbeetlelossalready.Inaddition,DDThasbeenusedinseveralpartsoftheUS,especiallyintheMiddleWest,formorethantwentyyears,anditdidnotbringanyextinctiontoothersimilarbeetlesandwhyonlysuchkindofAmericanburyingbeetles?Thus,thereisnodirectcorrelationlinkedbetweenthispesticideandthebeetleextinction.Secondly,duetothereadingmaterial,thefragmentationofhabitatledtotheextinctionofthebeetles.However,othersimilarbeetlesandcreatureswerealsoencounteringsuchfragmentationofhabitatbyhumanbehavior.Theyarealsolivinginthesamenature,yettheywerestillstableinnumbers.Inotherwords,suchhumaninterruptionasfragmentationofhabitatisnotthecause.ThereisnoreasontojustsingleoutAmericanburyingbeetlesandwipethemout.Thirdly,theolfactorysensitivityofAmericanburyingbeetlesissuperiorthatitcansmellthefoodasfarastwoaway.However,theauthorindicatesthatotherscavengerstookprevalenceovertheminlocatingfoodbetter,leadingtothescantyoffoodsource.Thismaybesomewhattrue,howeverthereisanotheradvantageforthisspecialbeetle—chemicalweapon-,whichmeansitwillsecretastrongodorthatcanpreventotherscavengersfrom“stealing”it.SuchstrongaciditymakesAmericanburyingbeetlesfeedontheirfoodexclusively.13brokenintopieces2物還是什么的碎片，然后它們可以datingbacktoXXX年以前，并且，speech說沒有250-millionold這么老。第二碎片只在那三個國家被發(fā)現(xiàn)過，如果沖擊力那么ThereadingpassagepresentsthreepiecesofevidencetosupportthetheorythatthePermian–TriassicmassextinctionwastriggeredbyameteoriteimpactingEarth.However,thelecturerrejectsthistheorybypointingoutitsThefirstevidenceistherecentdiscoveryofmeteoritefragmentscontainingmineralgrainswhichdatedto250millionyearsago,thesametimewhentheextinctionoccurred.However,thelecturerrejectsthistheoryasunconvincing,arguingthatanyysubstancewouldbetransformed 250millionyearsofychemicalprocess,sothemineralsnowp inthefragmentsmusthavebeenformedquiterecently.Thesecondevidenceisthescatteredmeteoritefragmentsin,and[],indicatingthemagnitudeofadisastrousmeteoriteimpactthatcouldwipeoutalmosttheentirespeciesonEarth.Yetaccordingtothelecture,thefactthatthefragmentswereonlyfoundinthreecountries,andnotintherestoftheworldsuchasEurope,wasactuallyproofthatthemeteoritecollisionwasnotstrongenoughtocausesuchamassiveextinction.ThethirdevidenceisalargecraterfoundoffthecoastofAustralia.Itssizematchesthatofameteorite,indicatingthatitwasanimpactsiteforameteoritecollision.Nevertheless,thelecturerproposesadifferenttheory.HeexinsthatthiscratermayhavebeencausedbyEarth’sinternalssuchasvolcanicactivities.3閱讀：GM 有好【1】可以導(dǎo)入抗蟲，少用殺蟲劑，有利于保護(hù)環(huán)境【2】可以耐干旱，在非洲種可以提高農(nóng)民收入【3】可以讓大米里含更生素a，防止維a缺乏。部分認(rèn)為gm的好處被夸大了，【1】這種如果擴(kuò)散到野草里，那野草也該瘋長了，一樣破壞生態(tài)平【2】農(nóng)民往往用去年的播種，用gm的話就得年年買新，多花的錢【3agm大米高，為什么不建議人們吃Thereadingpassageintroducestothereadersthebenefitsofgeneticallymodifiedcrops,whilethelecturetriestoconvinceusthatthesebenefitsareoverThefirstbenefitisthatGMcropsaregoodfortheenvironmentbecausetheypossesspestresistantgeneswhichcanreducetheneedtousepesticide.However,thelecturerarguesthatifthesegenesspreadtowildcrops,theywillgrowoutofcontrolwhichmaybringmoredamagetotheenvironment.ThesecondbenefitisthatGMcropscanincreasefarmers’profitsbecauseGMcropscanproducegoodyieldsevenindryseasons.However,thelecturerpointstothefactthatfarmersofGMcropshavetopayaheavysumofmoneytoGMseedcompanies,andtheyhavetodoitannually.ThisbringsupthecostofgrowingGMcropssignificantly.ThethirdbenefitisthatGMntcanaddimportantnutrientslikevitaminAtothedietofpeoplewholackthosenutrients.However,accordingtothelecture,thenutrientsintroducedthroughGMcropsarefarfromenough.Thecorrectandmoreeffectivewaytodealwithnutrientdeficiencyistoencouragepeopletoeatmorevegetableslikesweetpotatoes.4bee200millionyears1沒化石。沒花沒食物?；Y(jié)構(gòu)可能不是beespeaker反駁1，沒有化石是因為那時候沒樹，無法preserve化石。beefeedonpinetreeThereadingpassageandthelecturepresentcontrastingviewsregardingthehypothesisthatbeesexistedpriorto200millionyearsago.Accordingtothereading,allfossilrecordsofbees,includingtheearliestonefoundinthestateofArizona,datetheexistenceofbeestonomorethan200millionyearsago.However,thelecturerexinsthatthisisbecausetreesdidnotexistuntilaboutthattime,soonlyafterthenwasitpossiblefortreeresinstopreserveafossilizedbee.Clearly,thisdoesnotruleoutthepossibilitythatbeesmayhavepredatedtheexistenceoftree(andtreeresin)andsohaveanancestrylongerthan200millionyears.Furthermore,thereadingpresentsasimilarargument,sayingthatflowersandfloweringntsdidnotexistuntil200millionyearsago,sopollen-dependentbeescouldnothaveexistedbeforethen.However,thelecturerarguesthattheearliestbeesdidnotnecessarilyfeedonflowers.Theycouldhavefedonnon-floweringntssuchaspinetreesorferns,andonlygraduallyevolvedtodependonfloweringnts.Finally,thereadingcautionsthatthefossilnestmightnotbethatofbeesbecausethereisacruciallackofspiralingstructureinthebeechambersthatisprevalentinmodernbeenests.However,thelecturerpointstothesamewater-proofsubstancefoundinboththefossilizedchamberandmodernbeechambers,arguingthatthemakersofthefossilnestwereindeedbees.5Harappancivilizationdecline個是受到游牧民族nomadictribe。第二個是氣候變化導(dǎo)致農(nóng)業(yè)垮了，沒第一個是當(dāng)時H文明的地盤很大largescale游牧民族雖然打了他幾個地區(qū)但是還不至于導(dǎo)致他decline。surplus的food。所H也不可能因為氣候decline。第三個是H人都是出色ThereadingpassageputsforwardthreehypothesestoexinthedeclineoftheHarappancivilization.However,thelecturerchallengesthesehypothesesandusesevidencetoprovethatallofthemarebasedonflawedspeculations.ThefirsthypothesisisthatthedeclineofHarappancivilizationwascausedbyinvasionfromanomadictribe.However,thelecturearguesthattheHarappanculturecoveredahugeexpanseofterritory,soevenifthenomadpeopleinvadedHarappanland,suchinvasionwasconfinedtoasmallnumberofHarappancitiesonly,soit’sunlikelytohaveledtothetotaldestructionoftheHarappanculture.ThesecondhypothesisisthatclimatechangehadledtothecollapseofHarappanagriculture.Withnofoodavailable,theHarappanpeoplehadtoabandontheirhome.Reasonableasitmaysound,thereareflawsinthisargumenttoo,because,asthelectureindicates,theEgyptiancivilization,acontemporaryoftheHarappancivilization,wasabletomakeadjustmenttoitsagricultureandmanagedtocopedwiththesameunhospitableclimatechanges.ThereisnoreasonwhytheHarappanpeoplecouldnothavealsoadaptedsuccessfullytoclimatechange.Thethirdhypothesisputstheblameonwatercontamination,ingthatawater-bornediseasehaddtheHarappanpeopletomigratetootherlocations,leadingtothedeclineoftheentirecivilization.Thistheoryisnotvalidaccordingtothelecture.Theprofessorex insthatHarappanpeoplewereexcellentengineerswhohadcreatedadvancedc systemsthatshouldbecapableofpreventingthetransmissionofdiseasethroughwater.6閱讀：講要meetthedemandofenergy.—個國家應(yīng)該采用核能發(fā)電，但是有些批評(1).Safety,說如果coreoverheat的話會輻射外泄造成對環(huán)境生態(tài)及人類的危害；和coal;(3).有othertechnology，比如風(fēng)力發(fā)電持normaltemperature，不會有； unprecedentednotreliable，因此需要其他的發(fā)電廢當(dāng)backup，所以還不如用nuclear呢。Thetopicisaboutwhetherornotthenuclearpowerisabetterpowersourceamongotheralternatives.Thereadingandlisteningmaterialholdadifferentviewpointstowardthisdebatedissue.Tobeginwith,thereadingindicatesthattheoverheatingofthenuclearreactorwillreleaseradioactivityinleakagethatdoesgreatharmtonotjusthumanbeings,butthewholeenvironment.However,thespeakerrefutesandsaysthatwiththeadvancedtechnology-PebbleBedReactor--,theproblemcanbesolved.Whenthereactorisabouttooverheat,itwillautomaticallybesloweddowninspeedandtheheatingproblemcanbetackled.Inthesecondce,speakersaysthatnuclearpowerisnotexpensivebasedonthelongterm.However,theauthorclaimsthatthecostofbuildingtheunclearntiswaytoomuchandoilorcoalntisthebetterchoice.Forthispoint,thelisteningindicatesthattheconstructionofunclearntisindeedmoreexpensive,yetthefuel,Uranium,isverycheapincomparisonofthefueltotheoilorcoalnt.thelongrun,unclearntsareabetterchoicetothisenergygenerationThirdly,windpowerseemsagreatalternativeenergysinceitisrenewable.Nevertheless,thespeakerindicatesthatwindpowergeneratedfromwindturbineisfromournatureandthusisnotreliableandstable.Usually,countriesusingsuchpowerallhaveabackuppowernt,whichiswaytootroublesome.Nuclearreactorscangenerateasteadyamountofpowerwithoutanylimitations.Thus,viewedfromtheabovereasons,thereadingandthelisteningare7閱讀：naturalgasThisarticletalksaboutwhetherornottheextractionofnaturalgascanbereducedsinceitiscontroversialforeitherbringingmorebenefitstohumanbeingsorleadingtomoredisasters,thespeakerandtheauthorholddifferenttowardthisissue.Tobeginwith,thereadingsaysthatthenaturalgasisnotacleanenergybecauseitreleasesgreenhousegasesandweshoulddevelopcleanerenergyinstead.Yet,fromthespeaker,duetotheutilizationofenergyinourmodemsociety,thosecleanerenergies,suchaswindpowerorsolarpowerhasdifficultysatisfyingtheneeds;additionally,thegreenhousegasesemittedfromthenaturalgasisonlyhalfasmuchasthatreleasedbyburningcoal.Secondly,thespeaker,modemtechnologycantransportedwastewaterintoa